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THE STATE OF OHIO 



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CONTENTS. 



HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 
Antiocli College, 



Baldwin rniversity. 

Clevel;iii(l Ac:i(l<'niy, 
CIcncImikI Kciiinic Spiuiiiai y, 
CleniKtut A<-;uli'my, 
C'inciiiiiali Weslcyan ('dllege, 

iH'imisoii liiivcrsity, 

(Traiid River inslitiitc, 

Heidt'lltcix < Olit'i^e, 
Hilisl)or(> Kciiialc College, 
Hiram ( 'oileue. 

Keiiyoii Collcfie, 

Lake Kiie Female ISeiniiiary, 

Marietta College, 
^^l. I 11 ion ( 'ollege, 



North-western Ohio Xoi'iutt! 
School , 

Ohio Agricultural and .Me- 
dia nieal College, 

( )lierlin ( "ollege, 

< >liio Central Noi'iual School, 

( )liio llniversity, 

Ohio VVeslevan Keuialc Col- 
lege, 

Ohio W'esleyan Univer.'^ity, 

( H t(M'liein I'ui versify, 

Sleiiheuville Female Semi- 
nary, 

St. Xaviei' College, 

Twinshui'gh Institute, 

Westerji Reserve College, 
Wittenherg College, 
W'ilherforce Fni versily. 

\'an Sickle's lUi-siness College. 



BENEVOLENT AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 

Ohio institution for the Kducatioii of the Blind, 

Ohio Institution tor the Education of the Deaf and Dunili, 

Ohio State A.sylum for Kdvication of Idiotic and lnil)ecil<' Yoinh, 

Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' ()r|)hans' Home, 

Western Ohio Hospital for the insane, 

Oliio (rirls' industrial liome. 

oiiio Reform I'^arm School, 

< )liio Penitentiary. 

PRIVATE BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 
Cincinn.'ili <>ri>haiis' Asxium, 
Jewish ()r|ihans' Asylum, 
Widows' Home. 



PREFACE. 



The historical sketches contaiiKMl in this Niihiiiie liave 
hecn prepai'cd in accordance witli the i-e(|iicst of the State 
Centennial Kducational Committee. It is |)i-esnme(l that 
the liistoi'ical mattei- is uf-nei-ally accurate, and |)rol)a-h]y as 
comph^e as it conhl Ite made from tlie data accessihh' to the 
anthers. These autlmrs alone ai'e responsihle for any inac- 
cui'acies in dates or statements of facts. 

It is not claime(l that the volume is comjilete. The con- 
trihutions contained in it ha\M^ heen i)i'e[)ai-ed voluntarily, 
and the managers of many |)uhlicas well as [)rivate insti- 
tutions have tailed toconijily with the i-e(|uest of tlie com- 
mittee. 

There ai-e undouhte(lly many omissions in these sketches. 
Tlu> writers, in mo<t instances, have chai'uc of the institu- 
tions whose histories they have uritteu. and the tacts 
i'es))ectinii- their own administi'ations ha ve hcen most (-asily 
collect(Ml: hence the ureater ]>rominence uiven. in a few of 
these sketches, to more recent administrations. 



ANTIOCH COLLEGE, 

OF YELLOW SPRINGS, GREENE COUNTY, OHIO. 



ORIGIN AND NAME. 

This Institutiou was organized and named in a Convention 
of" the religious denomination called " Christians," held in 
Marion, Wayne county, N. Y., October 2d, 1850. 

It was legally incorporated under the name of "Antioch 
('ollege," May 14th, 1852. It was reorganized under the name 
of "Antioch College of Yellow Springs, Greene county. Ohio,"' 
April 19th. 1859. 

The name "Antioch " was given in honor of the Syrian (;ity 
where " the disciples were first called Christians." 

AIiNJS AND METHODS. 

The denomination which founded the College, aiming from 
its origin to stand on a basis on which all true Christians can 
unite, assumed no name but ''Christians;" adopted, or required 
assent to, no creed but the Bible, allowing each man his own 
judgment in interpreting its teachings; and made the evidence 
of Christian life and character the only requisite to admis- 
sion to their fellowship. 

The aim of the Convention was — 

1. To establish a non-sectarian College of high rank. 

2. To offer in it equal opportunities for students of both 
sexes. 

These principles have continued to characterize the College 
through all its history. 

To secure its liberal character, a,s its founders understood 
liberality, it was provided that two-thirds of the Board of 
Trustees and a majority of the Board of Instruction should 
at all times be members of that denomination. 



This Convention appointed a Provisional Committee of 
thirty-four, comprising representatives from different States, of 
whom the Convention designated thirteen, namely: A. M. 
Merrifield, of Massachusetts; David Millard, David Ely, 
Esq., Rev. Amasa Stanton, Rev. W. R. Stowe, Rev. Eli 
Fay, Dr. J. Hale, and C. C. Davison, Esq., of New York ; 
Rev. John Phillips, Rev. D. F. Ladley, Rev. Josiah Knight, 
E. W. Devore, Esq., and Hon. B. Randall, of (3hio, to act as 
a sub-committee, having in charge the work of raising funds, 
and l(»cating and building the College. Of this committee, 
Rev. David Millard was Chairman, Rev. Eli Fay, Secretary, 
and A. M. Merrifield, Treasurer. Under its direction agents 
were put into the field to raise funds at once. 

THE FINANCIAL SCHEME, 

The original design was to establish a College proper, with 
four undergraduate classes. The funds for the endowment 
were to be raised by the sale of scholarships, at one hundred 
(100) dollars each, entitling the holder to keep one scholar in 
the school continually, free of tuition charges. Fifty thousand 
(50,000) dollars were fixed upon as the minimum of funds to 
be so raised. It was also the expectation to build it in the 
State of New York, "■ somewhere on the thoroughfare between 
Albany and Buffalo." The agents were directed to take 
notes for the scholarship subscriptions, payable September 1st, 
1852. 

At a meeting of the sub-committee, held in Stafford, N. Y., 
October 29th, 1851, it was found that the Ohio agents had far 
outstripped the others in success, and that that State had 
earned the right to the College. Here it was decided — 

1. That the College should be located in Ohio. 

2. That a department of Preparatory study should be an- 
nexed to it. 

3. That at least one hundred thousand (100,000) dollars 
must be raised as a permanent endowment, no part of 
which should ever be diverted from its purpose, but the in- 
terest alone should be used to pay the tuition of the students 
who might be sent on the scholarships. 



4. That fifty thousand (50,000) dollars must be raised to 
erect buildings, and grade and ornament the grounds. 

5. That dormitories should be built for the accommoda- 
tion of students. 

To the dangers inherent in the itriginal scheme was added a 
measure still more fatal, in the encouragement given by agents, 
on the authority of the committee that employed them, that 
the principal of the scholarship notes would never be called 
for so long as the interest, at six per cent, per annum, was 
promptly paid. With this encouragement many gave their 
notes, believing that, though they might not be able to pav 
the principal, they could pay six dollars a year for the privi- 
lege of keeping a scholar in the school perpetually; especially 
as the scholarships were neg<»tiable, and manv expected to be 
able to rent them for nmch more than the annual interest 
they would have to pay. 

For building funds, reliance was placed upon the contribu- 
tions which might be made for the purpose of securing the 
location, and upon special donations for building purposes. 

THE LOCATION DECIDED (JX AND PLANS ACCEPTED. 

The sub-c<tmmittee met again at En(»n, Ohio, January 21, 
1852. Here, after canvassing the claims (tf tiie different places 
bidding for the location of the College, the preference was 
given to Yelloic Springs, Greene ibunty, Ohio. 

The moving causes of this decision were, first, the beauty 
and health fulness of the pla(;e ; and, secondly and chiefly, 
the pledge from the citizens of twenty acres of land for 
a campus, and thirty thousand (30.000) dollars in money, to 
be paid in ten monthly installments of three thousand dollars 
each. Hon. William Mills made a gift of the land, and be- 
came personally responsible tor the payment of the money, 
paying in tiie end twenty thousand (20,000) dollars himself. 

Yellow Springs lies on the Little Miami Railroad, mid- 
way between Xenia and Springfield, nine miles from each 
place. It is seventy-four tniles north-northeast of Cincin- 
nati, twenty miles east of Dayton, and sixty-five miles south- 
west of Columbus. From the earliest settlement of the conn- 



try, it has been a favorite summer resort for invalids and per- 
sons seeking quietude and rest, who were attracted hither 
both by the delightful scenery of the vicinity, and by the 
medicinal qualities of the mineral spring from w'.iich the place 
takes its name. 

The site donated to the College lies on the southeastern 
outskirts of the village, and has a gentle slope eastward, 
towards the railroad, on which it fronts, and the glen, which 
it overlooks. It is surrounded on all sides by streets seventy- 
five feet in width. 

A set of plans and elevations for buildings was presented 
to the sub-committee at this meeting by A. M, Merrifield, 
Esq., of Worcester, Massachusetts, and accepted ; and a build- 
ing committee of seveii (D. F. Ladley, J. G. Reeder, and E. 
W. Devore, of Ohio. Oliver Barr, of Illinois, and A. Sturte- 
vant, of Pennsylvania,) was appointed. Mr. Merrifield was 
appointed building agent, to make the contracts, provide the 
material, and oversee the w<»rk. He estimated the cost of the 
buildings at $60,000. 

thp: buildings 

Were erected according to the ])lans adopted. There are three 
large buildings of brick. Antioch Hall, the main and central 
building, is in the form of a cross, 170 feet, loug, with a 
transept of 110 feet. It has three stories of 15 feet each, 
besides the basement, with towers and minarets at the several 
corners. It contains a Chapel 50 by 90 feet and 32 feet high, 
Lecture room. Recitation rooms. Library, Laboratory, Society 
rooms, etc. Standing back from this are two dormitory build- 
ings, one on the north, containing dining hall, |)arlors, and 
dormitories for ladies, and one on the south, occupied as dormi- 
tories for gentlemen. Their dimensions are each 40 by 160 
feet, and foui' stories high. All of them front the east. 

Subsequently, (tn the opposite side of the street which 
bounds the College lot on the north, a dwelling was erected 
for the Presideni. This is a fine brick building, three stories 
high. 



The corner-stone of the main building was laid, with due 
ceremonies, June 23d, 1852. Judge Probasco, of Lebanon, 
delivered the chief address, and was followed by Dr. J. R. 
Freese, of Philadelphia. The North Hall was finished, and 
Antioch Hall all but the towers, and were opened for occu- 
pation Oct. 5th, 1853. The South Hall and the President's 
house were built during the following year, and were ready for 
occupation September, 1854. The total cost of the buildings 
was finally estimated at $120,000, At present prices of labor 
and material, they would cost far more. 

INCORPORATION. 

A legal incorporation was effected May 14th, 18")2, under 
the general laws of Ohio. The corporators were David Mil- 
lard, Oliver Barr, John Phillips, Jo.siah Knight, E. W. De- 
vore, William Mills. D. F. Ladley, Christian Winebrenner, 
Ebenezer Wheeler. 

The articles of incorporation reaffirmed the original pro- 
visions as to the name, the scholarships, the rights under 
them, the protection to the fund, and the deuominationalism 
of the Trustees and Board of Instruction. They also set forth 
that " the object of this College is to afford instruction in the 
Liberal Arts and Sciences usually taught in Colleges; and it 
shall be allowed to establish any department for the instruc- 
tion of students in the various branches of academical educa- 
tion, moral and theological sciences, and general knowledge, 
not included in the usual collegiate courses, and shall afford 
equal privileges to students of both sexes." 

That it "shall he under the management of a Board of 
thirty-four (34) Trustees, who shall be elected for the term 
of three years, and shall remain in office until their succes-sors 
are chosen and qualified." That this Board should be elected 
by the owners ol scholarships, each scholarship entitling the 
holder to one vote. No one person, however, could cast more 
than ten votes. 

That "■ the Board of Trustees shall appoint the President, 
Professors, teachers, and assistants, and all such officers and 
agents as the interests of the Institution demands ; and the 



Faculty so appointed shall have authority to prescribe rules 
for the reception, discipline or expulsion oi" any pupil or 
pupils, to prescribe the course of studies to be pursued in 
the College or any department thereof, to prescribe books, 
charts, chemical, philosophical and other scientific apparatus, 
and shall have authority to confer such honors and degrees a>' 
are usually conferred by Colleges." 

By these articles the sub-committee became the legal Trus- 
tees, and so remained until an election under the charter. 

It will be seen that this charter contemplated no State or 
municipal control or influence of any kind, and provided for 
no members, ex-offieio, not even the President of the College; 
that the Board of Trustees, two-thirds of whom were to be 
of the Christian denomination, were elected by the scholarship 
holders, who thus constituted a joint stock company, with 
shares of one hundred (100) dollars each ; that the Trustees 
had the power of holding and controlling the property, man- 
aging the finances, and appointing the Faculty and other offi- 
cers, while the Faculty had the sole control of the educational 
work, including the conferring of degrees. 

THE FIRST BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

Was elected at a meeting of scholarship holders, held in the 
College Chapel September, 4th, 1854. 

The following |)ersons were elected: Aaron Harlan, Elias 
Smith, Horace Mann, Jacob F. Crist, Joseph E. Wilson, 
Charles Ridgeway, E. W. Devore, Nathan Ward, Jacob Ree- 
sor, David Cross, Joseph P. Cory, John Kershner. John 
Kneisley, A. S. Dean, Noah P. Sprague, James Maxwell, 
Samuel Stafford, John Phillips, William H. ('arey, Moses 
H. Grinnell, William Mills, Eli Fay, Amasa Stanton, Peter 
Cooper, A. M. Merrifield, D. P. Pike, Benjamin Cummings, 
Charles H. Olmstead, N. S. Morrison, George W. Webster, 
J. R. Freese, William R. King, and F. A. Palmer. 

The Board was organized by the choice of Hon. Aaron 
Harlan, President: EHas Smith, Esq., Vice President; Wil- 
liam R. King, Secretary ; aiid Hon. William Mills, Treasurer. 

The second election took place .lune 27, 1857. This Board 
continued in office until the reorganization in 1859. 



THE FmST FACTTLTY. 

At the meeting of the sub-eomniittee in Ennn, Ohio, Jan- 
uary 21st, 1852, a conimittee was appointed " to correspond 
with suitable persons to constitute the Faculty of the College." 
Here, for the first time, the idea was seriously entertained of 
inviting Hon. Horace Mann to become its President. Cor- 
respondence was opened with hira, and in June following it 
was announced that he would accept the position. 

At a meeting in Yellow Springs, September 15, 1852, the 
committee on a Faculty made their report, and the election 
took ])lacc. Horace Mann was elected President, and C. S. 
Pennell, and Miss R. M. Pennell, of Massachusetts, Rev. 
Thomas Holmes, of N. H., Rev. W. H. Doherty and Ira W. 
Allen, of N. Y., colleagues on the Faculty, and A. L. Mc- 
Kinney, of Indiana, Principal of the Preparatory Department. 

HORACE MANN AND HIS COLLEAGUES. 

When the oiler of the Presidency of Antioch was made 
to Mr. Mann, he had completed his historical twelve years' 
work, as Secretary of the Board of Education in Massachu- 
setts, in which he had inaugurated and carried so far forward 
the reforms in common schools, of which he is the acknowl- 
edged father. He was now just entering upon his second 
term as representative in Congress, to which he had been 
elected as the successor of John Quincy Adams. He had 
already found that the Congress of the United States, espe- 
cially under the influences that then predominated, was not 
a field of reform so receptive and ho})eful as was found in 
connection with the education of the young. Besides, his 
high and uncomprouiising moral and humanitarian views, 
which made him so thoroughly anti-slavery, did not comport 
with the conservative spirit of the times, even as it prevailed 
in the most respectable districts of Eastern Massachusetts. 
When, therefore, the op])ortunity was opened to him to be 
put at the head of what promised to be a large and liberal 
institution in the southwestern part of Ohio, it seemed to him 
a providential opening, where he might spend (he remainder 
of his days in his chosen work. He saw the opportunity to 



sow the good seed, Id which he had so much confidence, ib 
the fresh and fruitful soil of the West, where there was 
promise and prophesy of a rich harvest of results, which 
should perpetuate themselves throughout that fast-unfolding 
portion of our nation,, in all succeeding time. 

The peculiarities of the new institution which attracted 
him, in addition to its location, favorable for an extensive in- 
fluence, were : 

First — The non-sectarian character which it promised to 
have. 

Second — The offering of all its |)rivileges equally to both 
sexes. 

Third — The sympathy and enthusiastic support which was 
tendered him from the founders and friends of the Institu- 
tion. 

On accepting the position, Mr. Mann devoted himself heart 
and soul to his work. 

Professor and Miss Pennell were relatives of Mr. Mann, 
who had already become distinguished as teachers in High 
and Normal Schools in Massachusetts. Mr. Mann had sig- 
nified his wish that, if he should accept the Presidency, they 
might be associated with him, in order that his colleagues 
might not all be strangers to him, and that he might liave 
seme who he knew would understand him and his aims and 
methods, to assist him in inaugurating his work. 

Prof Doherty was a graduate of the Royal Belfast College, 
Ireland, a ripe scholar, especially in moral and metaphysical 
studies, and belles lettres, and an eloquent preacher. He had 
been a Presbyterian minister in Camber, County Down, Ire- 
land. He was, at the time of his appointment, pastor of the 
Unitarian Society in Rochester, New York, but a member of 
a Christian Coni'erence in Western New York. 

The other members apjjointed on the Faculty belonged to 
the denomination which founded the school, and were persons 
of liberal education and experience as teachers. Prof. Holmes 
was a graduate of Oberlin, Prof Allen of Hamilton, N. Y. 
and Prof M|^Kinney of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, 
Indiana. 



THE FIRST FAt'ULTY MEETING. 

Thi.s was held at Mr. Mann's residence, in West Newton, 
Mass., about the first of November, 1852, the members from 
the Western States coming to Massachusetts for that purpose. 
Mr. Mann describes it as unexpectedly harmonious in views 
and opinions. 

At this meeting a division of labor among the several mem- 
bers was agreed upon, and three additional Professorships were 
j)rojected. for which there were no appointees. 

The Faculty and their Professorships were arranged and 
published as follows : 

FACULTY. 

Hon. Horace Mann, LL. D., President, and Professor of 
Political Economy, Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, Con- 
stitutional Law and Natural Theology. 

Rev. W, H. Doherty, A. M., Professor of Rhetoric, Logic 
and Belles-Lettres. 

T Ira W. Allen, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, Astron- 
omy, and Civil Engineering. 

Rev, Thomas Holmes, A. M., Professor of Greek Language 
and Literature. 

C. S. Pennell, A. M., Professor of Latin Language and 
Literature. 

Miss R. M. Pennell, Professor of Physical Geography, 
Drawing, Natural History, Civil History and Didactics. 

* , Professor of Chemistry, and Theory and 

Practice of Agriculture. 

* , Professor of Mineralogy and Geology. 

• , Professor of Modern Languages. 

Rev. A. L. McKinney, Principal of Preparatory School. 

A curriculum (»f study for the undergraduate course was here 
adopted and published as follows: 

tProf. Allen went to Europe, and reniainied till September, 1854. In 
his absence the chair was filled by Miss Julia A. Hitclicock, afterwards 
Mrs. Fay. 

■■ H. A. Warriner, M. D., was appointed by the Faculty in October, 
1854, and assigned to tlie work of the two Professorships, but spent about 
two vears in Germany before enterino; ,u\ liis duties. 



UNDERGRADUATE COURSE. 

FRESHMAN CLASS. 

First Term. Algehra — Loomis'.s. Latin — Lincoln's se- 
lections from Livy, first three book.s, with Latin Composi- 
tion, (ireek — Anabasis, first tour books, with Greek Cora- 
position, Effctive Studies^ — Drawing and Designing. 

Second Term. English Language and Elocution. Ge- 
otnetry continued — Loomis's. dfree/x- — Homer's Iliad, first 
five books, with Greek Composition. Elective — Jahn's He- 
brew Conunonweath, and Sismondi's Decline and Fall of 
Rome, for the first thousand years after Christ. 

Third Term. Trigonometi^y, Plane and SpheHcal — 
Loomis's. Human Physiologi/, alternating with Latin and 
Greek. Latin — Livy continued, twenty-first book. Horace, 
Schmitz and Zumpt's edition. Odes commenced. Latin 
Composition continued. Greek — Xenophon's Memorabilia, 
and Greek Composition continued. Elective — Botany, Gray's 
Botanical Text-Book. 

SOPHOMORE CLASS. 

First Term. Mensuration, Purveying and Navigation. 
Latin — Horace's Art of Poetry, Satires and Epistles. Rhe- 
toric and Belles- Lettres. Elective — Didactics or Theory and 
Art of Teaching; Potter and Emerson's School and School- 
master, Page's 'J'heory and Practice of Teaching. 

Second Term. Analt/tical Geometrii — Loomis's. Latin — 
Cicero, DeSenectute and DeAmicitia, Greek — Longinus on 
the Sublime. Elective — Hallam's Middle Ages, and Ban- 
croft's United States. 

Third Terisi. Differential and Integral Calcidus, or the 
Acts of the Apostles and Epistles of the Greek Testament, 
at the o])tion of the student. Latin — Germania and Agri- 
cola of Tacitus (Tyler's edition preferred), and one play of 
Plautus or Terence. French — Pronunciation, Grammar and 
Translation. Elective — Didactics, or the Theory and x4rt (»f 
Teaching continued. 

■Studies wliich, by permission of the Faculty, may be pursiuHl, in- 
stead of one of the regular exercises for tlie term. 



JUNIOK CLASS. 

FiKST Term. Physival Geography — Guyot and Mrs. 
Somervi lie's. Chemistry. Natural Philosophy — Mechanics. 
Elective — French continued, with Conversation and Compo- 
sition. 

Second Ter^i. (JivU Engineering, Chemistry as applied 
to Agriculture and the Arts. German — Pronunciation, Gram- 
mar and Translation. Elective — French continued. 

Third Ter:\i. Logic and Belles-Lettres. Zoology — Agas- 
siz and Gould's. Natural Philosophy — Physics. Elective — 
German continued, with Conversation and Composition. 

SENIOR CLASS. 

First Ter>l Political Economy, Astronomy, Geology and 
Mineralogy. 

•Second Ter.m. Intellectual Philosophy, Rhetoric, Logic 
and Belles-Lettres, Evidences of Christianity, History of Civ- 
ilization — Guizot. Natural Theology. 

Third Term. Constitutional Lav, Moral Philosophy. 

" Rhetorical Exercises and English Compositions will be re- 
quired, weekly, during the whole course. 

" Lectures, during the whole course, will be given bv the 
Professors in their ftspective departments. 

" There will be extensive and daily oral instruction. Teach- 
ing from text-books alone is like administering the same pre- 
scription to all the patients in a hospital ward ; but oral in- 
struction is mingling tlie cup of healing for each individual 
case." 

For admission to the Freshman Class the following requi- 
sites were prescribed : 

" English Grammar ; Outlinesof Ancientand Modern Geog- 
raphy ; History ; Miss Peabody's Polish-American System of 
Chronology, or Worcester's Elements. Arithmetic — Alge- 
bra, Loomis's Elements, ov its equivalent. Geometry — 
Loomis's first five books, or lii-st four of Davies' Legeudre. 
Latin — Bullions' Grammar, Reader, Caesar's (commentaries 
(two books); Virgil's ^Eneid, first six books, with Prosody and 



Scanning ; Cicero's Orations, four against Catiline, and the 
one for the poet Archias ; Sal lust, Catiline's Conspiracy ; Lat- 
in Composition. Greek — Bullions' Grammar, Reader, Gos- 
pel according to John. Greek Composition." 

Of this curriculnm the following points ma}^ be noticed : 

1. That it assumed a standard of requirements and of 
study co-ordinate with the older Colleges of the Eastern 
States. This relative standard Antioch has always aimed 
to maintain, and to advance as the general standard in 
the best colleges lias advanced. 

2. That here an election of studies was provided for, 
and a course of study offered as alternative for Greek (or 
Latin) to candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 

3. That prominence was given to Historical and Sci- 
entitic studies ; a movement in which Antioch, under the 
direction of Horace Mann, was [(ioneer, but which, in the 
march of improvement, has been largely adopted by the 
best colleges of the country. 

4. That it was declared as the policy of the Facult3' 
that there should be no slavish and formal adhesion to 
text books, but that oral instruetion should constitute a 
j)rominent part of the daily work. 

5. That the study of the theory and practice of teach- 
ing was made a part of tlie regular course; thus incor- 
porating tlie work of pre[)aring young persons for teach- 
ers into the vevy organization of the College. . 

From this meeting of the Faculty, a circular, written 
by Mr. Mann, was issued, containing "a brief statement 
respecting the locatioii, origin and objects" of the College, 
setting forth its recognition of the claims of women to 
equal opportunities of education witli men, emphasizing 
the attention to l)e given to the study and observance of 
the laws of health, and making a special note of the 
non-sectarian spirit in which the College was to be con- 
ducted. 

TIIK DKDICATION AND rNAUWUHATION 

took place, October 5th, 1853. An immense concourse 
assembled fi'ojn all parts of the State, and many from 



other States. The cereiuonies consisted of the investiture 
of the President in his office, by the presentation of the 
charter and keys, in an address, by Rev. I. N. Walter, 
and a response by President Mann, and also the delivery 
by Mr. Mann of his Dedicatory and Inaugural Address. 

OPENING OF THE SCHOOL. 

On the following day, the school was opened by the ex- 
amination of students. The grounds were uncleaned 
and uufenced, and the building still unfinished ; though 
ail the rooms of Antioch Hall and the north dormitory 
were ready for occupation. 

A Freshman class of six, four gentlemen and two ladies, 
was admitted, and over two hundred entered the Prepar- 
atory and English classes. 

To this Freshman class, one was added during the term, 
two at the beginning of the Sophomore, eight at the 
beginning of the Junior, and one at the beginning of the 
Senior year. Three left during the course, leaving a 
class of fifteen, twelve gentlemen and three ladies, who 
graduated in the first class, June 27th, 1857. 

The cheap tuition effected by the scholarship system, 
and the general interest which had been awakened in the 
canvass for money, as well as the reputation of President 
Mann, brought in an infiux of students, which continued 
until the abolishing of the scliolarshijjs, by the failure 
and assignment of 1859. 

HORACE MANN A8 PRESIDENT. 

For the first years of the College, and until its embar- 
rassments began seriously to manifest themselves, Mr. 
Mann kept himself aloof li-om its financial afiairs, and 
devoted liimself to overseeing and insjiiring the educa- 
tional work. He strove to make the acquaintance and 
gain the confidence of every student, and to impart his 
own inspiration to live for the highest ends. The health 
and morals of the students were his special Care ; and 
publicly and privately he labored to guard and promote 
them. The earnestness and power of his words, his jiathos, 



wit, ciiid occasional sarcasm, will never be ibrgotten b}' 
any who were his pupils. In discipline, his aim was to 
cheek the beginnings of disorder. He was firm and 
thorough, but ready to accept any hope of amendment. 

In the relations of the two sexes, his airn was, by i)ub- 
lic receptions and otherwise, to give frequent opportuni- 
ties for social intercourse in the presence of teachers and 
friends, that it might be the easier to restrain any tend- 
ency to seek private interviews. 

COLORED STUDENTS. 

Early in the College history, some students from a col- 
ored family jiresented themselves and were received. 
Great excitement was aroused atonce, and the President 
of the Trustees sent Mr. Mann a note, forbidding him to 
receive them. His answer was, that he would never con- 
sent to be connected with an institution from which any 
person of requisite qualifications was excluded on grounds 
of color, sex, physical deformity, or anything for which 
such person was not morally responsible. In this he was 
sustained by his colleagues. This position Antioch has 
always maintained, though, both before and during the 
war, it was done at large sacrifice. While a few students 
left the school, and others stayed away on account of it, 
firmness rendered the internal commotion superficial and 
temporary. Except Oberlin, Antioch was a pioneer in 
this principle, and its proximity to the border line of 
slavery made it cost the more to stand by it. 

FINANCIAL, HISTOEY, AND DENOMINATIONAL RELATIONS. 

As has been stated, the original plan, incorporated into 
the first charter, ])rovided that two-thirds of the Board 
of Trustees, and a majority of the Board of Instruction, 
should at all times be members of the Christian denom- 
ination. Its educational fund was raised by the sale of 
scholarshi|)S, the interest on which was to sustain the 
educational expenses of all depiii'tments of the Institu- 
tion. For building funds, the Tinistoes looked to ](h-h] and 
special contributions. 



When the buildings were finished, these local and 
special contributions had all been exhausted ; money had 
been borrowed in large amounts, on mortgages and oth- 
erwise ; and a heavy indebtedness on account, for labor 
and materials, stood against the College ; how heavy, in 
the absence of any suitable books, it was impossible to 
tell. Considerable contributions were made within the 
denomination towards paying ofl' this debt; and agents 
were sent to New York and Boston, to solicit aid from 
Unitarians, as friends of liberal learning. Rev. Dr. Bel- 
lows, Hon. Moses H. Grinnell, and Peter Cooper, of New 
York, and Hon. Albert Fearing, of Boston, and many 
others, gave it generous aid. Still the debt remained, 
and statements concerning the financial status were dis- 
cordant and confused. This bred distrust, and distrust 
checked donations. 

The educational expenses were nearly |10,000 a year 
above the receipts from the scholarship interest. 

At the end of the fourth academic year, June 27th, 
1857, about 140,000 of the [irincipal of the scholarship 
notes had been paid in, and, notwithstanding the provis- 
ions of the charter for its security, it had been " borrow- 
ed" by the Trustees, and ex] tended for incidental uses. 
They, doubtless^ expected to be able to refund it out of 
moneys raised to pay ofl" the debt ; but as the funds for 
that purpose did not come in, they were unable to restore 
this. And still there were debts outstanding, as it proved, 
amounting to over $80,000. 

In this state of affairs the Trustees resolved no longer 
to continue this regime, but to stop expenditures as a 
financial corporation, and to pay their debts if j)0ssible. 
To continue longer would be to wrong the creditors of 
the corporation, as well as the stockholders [scholarship- 
holders], who might, under the laws of Ohio, be liable for 
the debts of the corporation beyond the amount of their 
scholarships. Accordingly, 



A^S ASSIGNMENT 

of the pro]»erty was made. F. A. Palmer, Esq., Presi- 
dent of Broadway Bank, New York, who had been a 
liberal friend of the College, and was at that time its 
Treasurer, was appointed assignee. Two years were 
devoted to settlement and liquidation. During these two 
years, earnest efforts were made by the friends of the 
educational aims of the College. East and West, to raise 
money to purchase the property when sold. 

In the meantime, the educational work of the College was 
comparatively undisturbed. At t|ie time of the assignment 
the Faculty was reorganized. President Mann was retained 
in his position, and four of his colleagues were reappointed 
— Professors Gary (successor to Professor Pennell), Warriner, 
and Holmes, and Mrs. Dean, formerly Miss Pennell. Rev. 
Austin Craig, D. D., was appointed Professor of Rhetoric, 
Logic, etc. Miss Lucretia Crocker, Professor of Mathemat- 
ics, and J. B. Weston, who graduated at that commencement, 
Principal of the Preparatory Department. Professor Holmes 
was in Europe, where he had been spending two years. He 
did not accept the appointment, but re-entered the ministry. 
The year following, Dr. Craig was succeeded by H. C. Bad- 
gers, and Miss Crocker by F. W. Bard well. The Faculty, 
as thus constituted, with the usual corps of assistants in the 
Preparatory Department, carried on the educational work for 
the two years, at their own risk, dividing the receipts, which 
amounted to about half their stipulated salaries. 

In the spring of 1859, a suit for foreclosure was entered 
in the United States Court, in Cincinnati, by the Hartford 
Insurance Company, which held a first mortgage on the real 
estate, and granted. The property was appraised, the real 
estate at $60,000, the personal property at $5,000. The sale 
was advertised to take place April 19th, 1859. 

On the day before, the friends of the College assembled at 
Yellow Springs, effected an organization, and combined their 
funds, with the intent of j)urchasing the {)roperty, if they 
should not be outbidden at the sale. The sale was effected by 
John Kebler, Esq., Master C/onnnissioner, and the property 



was bid off by F. A. Palmer, tlu' assignee, at two-thirds the 
valuation, no bidder appearing against hira. It was trans- 
ferred by hira, on the same terms, to five provisional Trustees; 
and by them, April 22d, 1859, to the Trustees of the new 
corporation, known as " Antioch Colleiie, of Yellow Springs, 
Greene County, Ohio." 

The men comprising this body and raising funds for it, 
resolved that none of the debts of the old corporation should 
remain unpaid. The scholarshi|» fund, the j)aid-up stock of 
the old corporation, which had been expended, was not deemed 
a debt. Thus about $80,000 was really paid for property, 
though it was" bid off at about half that sum. This money 
was raised in the Christian and Unitarian denominations ; 
about equal proportions from each. 

THE NEW CHARTER 

avowed the sympathy of the corporators " in the liberal 
and unsectarlan spirit in which the College originated, and 
in the generous ideas which prevailed in its educational 
plans," and expressed their desire that the new organization 
should '' per])etuate its general educational policy, and be 
managed and conducted upon its liberal principles." The 
rights and powers were " vested in a Board of Trustees, com- 
posed of twenty persons, twelve of whom shall always be 
members of the religious denomination of ' Christians,' as 
that denomination is hereinbefore described, and eight of 
whom shall always be members of the Unitarian denomina- 
tion of Christians." The Trustees, as named in the charter, 
were: "Horace Mann, Eli Fay, J. B. Weston, E. M. Birch, 
and T. M. McWhinney, of Yellow Springs, Ohio ; John Phil- 
lips, E. W. Devore, and John Kebler, of Ohio; Thomas Har- 
less and Artemas Carter, of Chicago ; George Partridge, of 
St. Louis ; Albert Fearing and Edward Edmunds of Boston ; 
Moses Cummings, of New Jersey; Henderson Gaylord and E. 
W.Clarke, of Pennsylvania, and Henry W. Bellows, Charles 
Butler, G. W. Hosmer, and Amasa Stanton, of New York. 
The Board was made a close organization, with power to 
till its own vacancies perpetually. The President of the 



JSoarrl wais also President ol the College, and Chairman e;X 
oficio of the Executive ( 'Oniniittee. It was provided that 
" no debt shall ever be contra<;ted by the corporation, nor shall 
rt have power to mortgage or pledge any portion of its real 
or personal property ; * ''" and no portion of the expenses of 
any one year shall be carried over to the succeeding year."^ 
The power of conferring degrees under this charter was 
vested in the Trustees. Horace Mann was a|)pointed Pres- 
ident of the new coi j)oration, Artemas Carter, Treasurer and 
Secretary, and Horace Mann ex offino ; Eli Fay, John Keb- 
ler, E. M. Birch, and J. B. Weston, Executive Committee. 

The Faculty and the educational policy were continued 
without change. The financial revolution which was going 
on without scarcely aifected the work within ; though every 
pupil was alive with anxious hope and fear at the |)rospect, 
and finally with exultation at the successful issue. 

The new corporation was thus launched free from debt ; a 
condition which it has ever since strictly preserved. 

FREE FROM DEBT, BUT WITHOUT ENDOWMFNT. 

Its friends had been so heavily taxed to purchase the 
property, that it was deemed impolitic to try at that time to 
raise an endowment. In lieu of this, notes were given bv 
friends, for various sums, payable in annual instalments for 
three years — enough to secure an income of five thousand 
(5,000) dollars annually outside of receipts for tuition. To 
these notes President Mann and the most of the Faculty 
made liberal contributions. Thus the annual expenses for 
three years were ])rovided for. 

DEATH OF PRESIDENT MANN. 

The labors of Mr. Mann during these two years, especially 
towards the close, had been incessant and severe, and his 
anxiety intense. The successful termination was the un- 
loading of a heavy burden, and the relaxing of nervous 
tension. Under the reaction, he was taken by an acute dis- 
ease, and died a triumphant death at Yellow Springs, Au- 
gust 19th, 1859. He was buried in the College grounds ; and 



the next year his remains were taken to Providence, Rhode 
Island, and i-e-interred by the side of his lirst wife. 

The blow to the College and its friends was a severe one. The 
hopes of all had been centered in him, as the master spirit of 
the great work; but now he was suddenly called to leave it. 
He had lived long enough, however, to project much of his 
spirit into the organic life of the Institution. The Faculty and 
students felt themselves bound to it by a hallowed tie. The 
spirit of its inee|»ti<)n it has been the aim ever to preserve. 

REV. THOMAS HILL, I). D., PRESIDENT. 

In September, 1859, Di-. Hill was appointed as Mr. Mann's 
successor, and entered upon his duties January, 1860. He 
stipulated, as a condition of acceptance, that two thousand 
(2,000) dollars a year for three years should be |)rovided for, 
to meet contingent expenses, in addition to the five thousand 
previously pledged. This was done. This ])rovision would 
terminate June, 1862. 

President Hill gave his energy and learning to the interest 
of the College in all departments. The old life of the school 
continued, but with a gradual abatement of numbers. In 
1860 a (dass of 28 was graduated (the largest ever graduated 
in any one year), in 1861 a class of 7, in 1862 of 18. 

In the spring of 1861, Dr. Hill went to New England to 
commence the work of raising an endowment, to be ready to 
meet the expiration of the temporary ]>rovisions. While 
there (April, 1861), news came of the bombardment and 
evacuation of Fort Sumter. The war broke out and absorbed 
all thought and interest. Nothing could be done for Antioch. 

Dr. Hill remained in office until June, 1862. No pro- 
visions remained to meet the expenses of the College, and the 
Faculty resigned. 

DURING THE WAR. 

At the request of the Trustees, Prof. J, B. Weston assumed 
the control of the school, and, associating a corps of teachers 
with himself, continued it on a self-su])porting basis. For 
two years, to June, 1864, some of the College classes were 



kept up, and provisions made for examinations in others, and 
one student was graduated each year. The next year the 
Preparatory and English classes were continued by Prof. 
Lewis Prugh and Mrs. A. E. Weston. During these three 
years, Rev. Austin Craig, D. D., was President of the Trus- 
tees, with leave of absence; Prof. Weston, Acting President. 

DIFFICULTIES. 

Difficulties breeil dissensions; and none are more fruitful 
than the financial difficulties of associated bodies. Of this 
Antioch has had abundant experience. The brilliant |)ictures 
of the prospective Antioch were so highly drawn that reali- 
zation was impossible, and disappointment was a foregone 
fact. Money was called for on scholarships, and to pay accu- 
mulated debts. This was contrary to the expectations which 
had been excited. Many invested money in town lots, ex- 
pecting a great city to arise around the College, and a chance 
to make fortunes by the rise of pro|)erty. This they failed to 
realize. Money was solicited and paid on the assurance that 
the debts would be liquidated ; but still they were set at fig- 
ures higher and higher. Finally, the bubble of scholarships 
burst. It was the wreck of many a bright ])romise. Amid 
so many difficulties, misunderstandings were inevitable, and 
somebody must be the vii-tim of curses. 

The increasinir contributions of the Unitarian friends of 
the College, of necessity, led to an increase of their influence. 
It was natural that the disapjiointed parties should cast the 
blame on them. Many n on -sectarians are sectarian in their 
non-sectarianism. It was so iamong the patrons of Antioch. 
Wliile with those of both denominations who were willing to 
work for an Institution of high rank, standing on simply a 
Christian Ijasis, there always existed the best of harmony and 
co-operation, there were others, especially of the Christians, 
who wished it ujore " strictly denominational." This spirit 
was fanned by some disappointed aspirants, until in the Chris- 
tian denomination there was a wide-spread dissatisfaction. 
Many pnmiised liberal contributions to restore the College 



exclusively to its original hands, and many others had confi- 
dence of success if this could be effected. 

Accordingly, at the meeting of the Trustees in June, 18G2, 

PROPOSITIONS OF COMPEOMISE 

were made and accepted. According to these propositions, 
the Trustees representing the Christian denomination were to 
make an effort to raise an endowment of fifty thousand 
(50,000) dollars in one year. The time was afterwards ex- 
tended to two years. If they succeeded in this, the Unita- 
rian members were to consent to a change in the provisions 
of the charter fixing the denominational relations of the 
Trustees, and to resign, leaving the entire ownership and 
control of the College in tht hands of the remaining mem- 
bers. If the Christians failed in this, they were to allow a 
like privilege to the Unitarian members. 

The two years passed, Prof. Weston in the meantime car- 
rying on the school on his own risk and responsibility. The 
most earnest efforts and appeals were made, and the most 
favorable terms offered for the payment of the sums that might 
be pledged ; but the funds did not appear. Scarcely one-tenth 
of the requisite amount was pledged. 

In June, 1864, the hope of raising an endowment from 
this source was abandoned, and the work turned over to the 
Unitarian members. They stipulated that the provision 
making any denominational relations a condition of eligibility 
to the Board of Trustees should be entirely removed. This 
was provisionally agreed to. 

June 21st, 1865, the sum of one hundred thousand (100,- 
000) dollars had been secnired. The [u-oposed amendment in 
the charter was unanimously agreed to. The money was paid 
in and invested in Government 7-30 bonds at par. The 
members of the Board from the Christian denomination re- 
signed, but the most of them were re-elected. On the pay- 
ment of the fund the following conditions were expressed : 

"1st. That the interest and net income thereof only, as 
the same accrue, be used towards maintaining five Profes- 
sorships. 



" 2d. That whenever, and as soon as any clause or article 
shall be inserted in the Constitution or By-laws of the Col- 
lege, or in any way become a rule in the government of the 
College which may, in any shape or form, impose any secta- 
rian test for the qualiti cation of a Trustee in tiie election of 
Trustees," the endowment shall be forfeited to the American 
Unitarian Association. 

RESUSCITATION. 

At this meeting a full Faculty was appt)inted, and it was 
decided to open the College for the next year, in all its de- 
partments, on the second Tuesday in September. Hon. A. D. 
White, now President of Cornell University, was elected 
President, but being enlisted in the founding of that Institu- 
tion, he did not accept, and Prof Austin C'raig, D. D,, was 
Acting President for the year. 

In 1866, Rev. G. W. Hosmer, D, D., of Buiialo, N. Y., was 
elected President. He entered into the spirit of the Institu- 
tion, and sustained it with that ability, wisdom and experi- 
ence for which he was already celebrated. In June, 1872, 
Dr. Hosmer tendered his resignation as President, to take 
effect January 1st, 1<S73, and Prof Edward Ortoti was ap- 
pointed his successor. Dr. Hosmer continued as Professor 
till June, 1873, when he resigned his position. Prof Orton 
also resigned in June, 1873, to take the Presidency of the 
Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College at Columbus. Since 
that time. Prof. S. C. Derby has been Acting President, and 
is now President pro tempore. 

The Faculty as now constituted are : Samuel C. Derby, Pres- 
ident /:»ro tern., Professor of Latin; J. B. Weston, Secretary, 
Professor of Greek and History ; C. H. Chandler, Professor of 
Chemistry and Physics; G. S. Hall, Professor of Mental 
Philosophy, Ethics, and English Literature; Rebecca S. Rice, 
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy ; E. W. Claypole, 
Professor of Geology, Zoology and Botany ; William F. 
Bridge, Principal of the Preparatory Department. 

Asfiisfant Teaahers. — Achsah E. West(tn, Irene Hardy 
(Matron), Emily E. Derby. 



The department oi' Modem Languages Is shared between 
Professors Hall, Rice and Claypole. 

In accordance with the s])irit of the charter, the Faculty 
and teachers are appointed with reference to their qualifica- 
tions, and not to denominational relations. There are now 
among them members of five different denominations. 

STUDENTS AND STUDIES. 

From the wide range of studies provided in the College, 
and the free election offered, the result has been that many 
students have taken advanced courses of study of consid- 
erable length, who have not completed a regular course 
and taken a degree. Hence, in proportion to those who have 
pursued studies in the College classes, the number of gradu- 
ates has been small. 

From the opening of the Institution under Horace Mann, 
Antioch has had special success as a fitting school for teachers. 
Many who took partial courses here have taken distinguished 
positions as teachers, as well as in other professions and in 
business. 

Up to this time (April, 1876), 133 have graduated, of whom 
87 are gentlemen and 46 ladies. Nearly all these have been 
teachers. Of the gentlemen, 19 are now engaged in teach- 
ing, several of whom are Presidents and Professors in Col- 
leges, and heads of large schools, 22 are lawyers, 5 are phy- 
sicians, 12 are ministers, 4 are editors. 

Of the ladies, 18 are now teaching, 3 of them in Colleges, 
2 are physicians, 1 a preacher. Thirty of the 46 have mar- 
ried, 23 of whom have children. The standard of health 
among them will compare favorably with that of any other 
class. It has not been the experience at Antioch that an ex- 
tended course of study has tended to injure the health of 
ladies any more than of gentlemen. 

A Preparatory De])artment has been connected with the 
College from the first. Students are here prepared for the 
Freshman Class, in a three years' course, and a considerable 
range of English studies is pursued. The work of this depart- 
ment has received special attention. The grade of studies 



}3iu'.siied will be seen in the present ourriculura, published here- 
with. 

LIBRARY, r.ABORATORY, MUSEUM, ETC. 

The foundation of the Library was laid bv an appropria- 
tion of one thousand (1,000) dollars, which was laid out under 
the direction of President Mann, with as])erial view to the 
wants of College students. Additions have since been made, 
with the same object in view. The library now contains about 
five thousand (5,000) volumes, for the most {)art of well se- 
lected works. 

The Department of Physics is provided (besides less im- 
portant instruments) with a four-prism Spectroscope, Sac- 
charimeter, Polariscope for projection, and Norremberg's Po- 
lariscope, all manufactured by Duboscq, of Paris, an Air- 
Purap, Frictional Electrical Machine, Holtz Electrical Ma- 
chine, Ruhmkoff Coil, Geissler's Tubes, Clarke's Magneto- 
Electric Machine, Telegraphic Apparatus, etc. 

The Chemical Laboratory is provided with all needful ap- 
paratus for experiment and illustration in General Chemistry, 
and with balances and other instruments of precision for 
analysis. Each student has a separate desk, supj)lied with 
water and gas. 

The study of Astronomy is assisted by use of a Telesco])e of 
five-inch aperture, made by Alvan Clarke, a Prismatic Re- 
flecting Circle, made by Pistor and Martins, and an excellent 
Marine Chronometer. Classes in Surveying and Engineering- 
have the use of two Transit Theodolites, Engineer's Level and 
Compass. 

In the department of Natural History is a good collection 
of typical fossils, and a partial but yearly increasing collec- 
tion of the animal and vegetable productions of the district. 
These are used for reference by teachers and students in their 
investigations; in which they are also aided by an excellent 
set of Microscopes in the laboratory of Natural Science. 

LITERARY SOCIETIES. 

There are three literary societies connected with the C-oi- 
lege, two of gentlemen, and one of ladies. These have each 



a society room in Anti(j(4i Hall, and one of them (the Adel- 
phians) a Hhrarv room adjoining. 

FUNDS AND REAL ESTATE, 

No buildings have been ertxited since those originally erect- 
ed. These and the grounds of twenty acres (!om prise the 
real estate. 

The one hundred thousand dollars paid in as an endow- 
ment, and invested in Government Seven-thirties in 1865, 
were subsequently converted, at a premium, and re-invested on 
real estate securities, yielding a better income. Last year 
twenty thousand ($20,000) dollars were added by bequest of 
Mrs, Sarah King, of Taunton, Massachusetts, The total 
endowment now, is ^123,000, so invested as to yield a net 
annual income of between $11,000 and $12,000, There is 
also a |)rospective fund of about $40,000. from a be(|uest of 
Hon. David Joy, to be devoted to aiding needy students, 
especially women and students of color. Great credit is due 
to Hon. Artemas Carter, of Chicago, for the judicious man- 
ner in whiuh the funds have been managed. 

PRESENT (X)ITRSES OF STUDY. 

As above rcniark(^(l, Antiocli lias aimed to advance her 
standard of i(-(|uiifiiiciits alonii with those of the best Col- 
leges in tlie counTi-y. This lias been csjiecially done in the 
re(|uirenK'nts for admissiou. ;iii<l in the studies wliieli are 
offered as option ;i I for (iicck. 

Tlie Pr<'))ai-atory Course, in the studit^sol' wbicb all a.pj)li- 
cants for the Fresluuan Class ai-e reipiired to pass cxaniiTui- 
tion. comprises three years of study, after the re(|uisite En- 
glish prepai'ation, namely : l>;itin — thi'ee years, cmbi'acing 
(Tramnuir. Firsi Lessons. (';esar. Cieei'oV Orations, Virgil, 
Hrose Composition. Creek — two years, embracing (iram- 
mar. First Lessons. Xenopbon's Anabasis, Homer's Iliad. 
Prose ('om|>osition. .Mathemati(^s — Arithmetic, two terms: 
Algebra, two tei'ms ; (reometry. one term. History — one 
vear, namely : (ireece Jind Rom (\ one term: Fngland, one 
terrrj : I "nited States, one term. Botanv — one tei-jri. Phvsi- 



ology — one term. Elementary Phynics — one term. Ele- 
mentary Chemistry — one term. 

Those who do not take the Greek are required to take 
Elementary Astronomy one term ; Elementary Geology and 
Physical Geograpliy, one term : Zoology, one term ; German, 
one year. 

IHK rNJ>KK(TK.\OrA'rE corHSE 

F'or the Academic year. 1S74-5, is as follows : 

FKKSHMAK YKAK. 

Fir>^1 Term. Greek — Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates, 
Boise and P'reeman's: (ircek Prose Composition. Latin — 
Livy. *German^ — Schiller. Mathematics- — ^Tappan's Ge- 
ometry completed. 

Sf.cond Term. Greek — Hoiiici's Odyssey ; Herodotus, Boise 
and Freeman's; Prose Composition. Latin — Horace, Odes. 
* German — Goethe. Mathematics — Higher Algehra. 

Third Tcriit. *(Treek — Plato and Demosthenes, Boise and 
Freeman's: Prose ( "oni position. Latin^ — Tacitus, Germania 
and Agricola. German — Goethe and Lessing. Mathe- 
matics — Trigonometry; Elements of Surveying and Level- 
ing (optional). 

SOl'llo.MoRE YEAH. 

Fir-sf Trriii. "iMTicek — (Edipus Tyrannusand Antigone of 
Sophocles. Latin — Cicero; E]»istles. F'rench — Otto'sGram- 
mar. Analytical (ieonietry. 

Sccdiid Tmii. fGveek — Plato's A pology a,ud Crito, Tyler's; 
Prometheus of .Eschylus. Jjatin — Tacilus: Histories. 
French — Otto's (Jrainmar. ("idctulus. 

Third Trfiii. i'Greek — I )ernostlienes on the Grown. I^at- 
in — Plautns's Captives: Hoi'aceV E]tistles. Physi(!s — Me- 
chanics of Solids, Li(piids and Gases. Acoustics — Atkinson's 
Ga.Dot. French — French Wi-iters. 



* Students are allowed In substitute C-Jeriiiaii lor (ireek »lurhig Fresli- 
lan Year. 

t Optional t'ni- Ijatin. 



JITNIOK YEAR. 

First Term. PhysicH^ — Heat and Light. C'hemistrv — Bar- 
ker's. English Literature — Early English Literature. 

Seco'iid Term. Physics — Magnetism, Electricity and Me- 
teorology. English Literature — Shakespeare and History 
of English Literature. History — Hallam's Middle Ages, 
or (rreen's Short History oi the English People. 

ThinJ Term. Astronomy — White's Elements. Modern 
European Literature. Zoology — (Botany on alternate years. ) 

SENIOR YEAR. 

Fir><t Term. Logic — Psychology. Geology. Political Ec(jn- 
omy. Analytical Chemistry (optional) — Eliot and Storer'.'< 
Qualitati ve Analysis. 

SeroncJ Term. History of Philosophy. Geology. Modern 
History — Hallam's Constitutional History of England. 
Analytical Chemistry (opti<mal) — Fresenius's Chemical 
Analysis. 

Thinl Term. Ethics antl .Estlietics. Zoology — (Botauv 
on alternate years). Constitutional History of the Uiiited 
States. Analytical (*heniistry (o])tional). 

FACULTY AxM) TEACHERS SINCE THE F0UND1N(4 OK THE 
COLLEGE. 

y^ms7Vk///.s— Horace Mann, LL. D., 1858-59; Thomas Hill. 
1). D., 1859-62: Austin Craig, 1). I), (with leave of absence. 
.). B. Westo}!. A. M., acting). 1862-65; Austin Craig, 1). 1)., 
(acting). 18(>5-66; (George W. Hosmer, D. D.. 18(if>-73 ; Ed- 
ward Oi-ton. A. M.. January to.luly. 1878 : S. C. IhM'by, A. M. 
(acting), 1878-76. 

Metaphjixirfd, Moral and Po'.ifirxd Scieiues — The Presidents, 
1858-78 (except Williain C. Russel, A. M.. Political Sci- 
ence, 186-5-6); G. S. Hall. A. M. (Metaphysics and Ethics). 
1878-76: -I. B. Weston. A. M. (P'»litical Science, acting). 
1874-76. 

Rhetoric, Logiraial Eiu/'w/i Literature — Rev. W. H. iJohertv. 
A. M.. 1858-57: Austin Craig, D. D., 1857-58; H. C. Badger. 
A. M.. 1858-62: Rev. Francis Tiifanv. A. M.. 1865-66; Rev. 



James K. Hosmer, A. M.. 186H-71 (8. C. Derby A. M. acting, 
1869-70); G. 8. Hall. A. M., 1872-76. 

(rreek — Rev. Thomas Holmes. A. M., 1858-56: (reorge I.. 
Cary. 1856-62: Rev. J. B. Weston, A. M.. 1862-76. 

Lat/'v — C. S. Pennell A. M.. 185;-*)-56; Sylvestei' Watei'- 
house, A. M., 1856-57: (n'oige ].. C'ary. A. M., 1857-62: 
Lewis Prugh, A. M. 1862-65: William F. Allen, A.M.. 
1865-66: Rev. .1. B. Weston, A. M. (acting). 1866-70: 8. C. 
Derby. A. M.. 1870-76. 

Maf/iniKih'rs—l. W. Allen, A. M.. 185H-57 : (Miss.)ulia A. 
Hitchcock, acting 1858-54) : Miss Lucretia Ch'ocker, 1857-58 : 
F. W. Bardwell, B. 8., 1856-62 ; M. H. Doolittle. A. B., 1862-- 
64; John E. Clark. A. M., 1865-72: ('. H. Chandler. A. M- 
(acting), 1872-73: Miss Rebecca 8. Rice. 1878-76. 

Modern LmniiKiye.'^ — A. M. Williams, A. M.. 1857-5N: Mrs. 
E. Fay, 1857-59; Adolph 8chneider. 1858-59: Mrs. Adaline 
8. Badger, A. M. 1859-62; Rev. C. Bradford, 1862-64: T. E. 
8uloit, A. M., 1865-66. In years not covered by these pro- 
visions, the work has been done by Professors of other de- 
partments. 

Geolofii/, Phy.siol(H/tj, Zoohxm, ami BvUi n n — Miss H. .M. Pennell 
(Mrs. liean), 1858-59 ; H. A. Warrinei'. M. 1).. 185(Mt2 ; Ed- 
ward Orton, A. M.. 1866-78 ; E. M'.Claypole, B. 8 , 1878-76 

OhenviMrf/dwl Phi/.sirs—J .W . Hoyt.xM.]). ( acting ). 1854-55; H • 
A. Warriner, M. D., 1855-59; G.C. Caldwell. Ph. D.. 1859-62; 
J. W. Langley. B. 8., 1865-66; W A. Anth(.ny. Pb. B. 186(i- 
70; C. H. Chandler. A. M.. 1870-76. 

ms^oi//— Miss R. M. Pennell (Mrs. Dean). 1858-59; .). B. 
Weston, A. M., 186(MJ2 ; Mrs. A. E. Weston. A M . ]S()2-64: 
W. C. Russell, A. M . 1865-(36: (4. W. Hosmer. D. D . l.S(>H- 
78: .1. B. West(m. A. M. (acting), 1874-76. 

[riMriidor.s in ('oUet/e Studiex — F. C. Hill, Civil Engineer- 
ing and Mechanical Drawing. 1867-71 : >Hss H. 8. Rice, A. 
M., French and Mutbematics. 1869-70: Mis. A. E. Weston. 
A. M, History. 187<i-71: C. W. Clement. A B.. Rhetoric 
and Mechanics. 1870-71 : -J. M. Harris, M. 1) , Physiology. 
1871-72; .). Y. Bergen. Jr.. A. B.. Analvtical Chemistry. 
1872-78. 

PrvanpiilsdJ the h-zjuiriilor// Ih-pd rliiicnl — Rev. A. \. McKin- 
rtev. A. B.. 1S58-55: .1. ( '. Z;icbos. A. M.. 1X55-56; Rev. Al- 



vin Cobuni, lS56-o7 : Rev. -1. H. Weston. A. M., i<S57-H4 : 
Lewis Prugh, A. B.. 1864-H5: Kdward Orton, A. M., 1865- 
72: (Selah Howell, A. M., acting, 18B9-70 ; ) S. (\ Derby, A. 
M., 1872-7H; Rev. W. F. Bridge, A. M., 187H. 

Amdan^ Teacher.^— Mury ■)■ TtiWiint, 1858-o4 ; Miss R. S. 
WilmarthCMvs. (lakhvell), 1854-H2 ; Henry D. Biuiingame, 
18o5-o6: Miss A. -losephine Chamberlain, bS.^o-oH ; Miss 
Mary F. Eastman, 1SoH-.")8; Mrs. Mahalah -lay, A. B. 1857- 
HO: .Joshua W. Weston. \. M.. 1X58-59; M. .1. Miller. A. B., 
1859-80 : Rev. ( '. Bradford, 18(i()-(v',: Mrs. A. E. Weston. A. M., 
18H()-7«; Mrs. Julia M. Churcli, 18HH-H4 ; Mrs. Charlotte 
C.Stearns. 1865--BH; Miss Katliarine M. Sander.son, 1865- 
66: Miss -Jerusha H. Peacock (Mrs. Harris), 1866-7o ; Miss 
Rebecca S. Rice. A. M., 1866-70: Mrs. Sarah A. Oren, 1867- 
68 : Aliss Zella Reed, A, B., 1870-71 and 72-7o : Miss Laura, 
A. Peacock, A. B, 1872-73; Miss Emily S. Derby. 1878-76; 
Miss Irene Hardy, 1874-76. 

Matrons— Mvi^. Sarah D. Tucker, 1865-72 : Mrs. -L H. Har- 
ris, 1872-78: Miss Zella Reed, 1878-74: Miss Irene Hardy, 
1874-76. 

From 1865 to 1878 a Modd School was sustained in con- 
nection with the Preparatory Department. Teachers — Miss 
•T. H. Peacock, 1866-67 : Miss Naomi W. (loodman. 1867-68; 
Miss Anna E. Peacock, 1867-72: Miss L. A. Scott. 1872-73. 



HISTORY OF BALDWIN UNIVERSITY. 



Baldwin University, located at Berea, Ohio, was 
founded as a Seminary, called Baldwin Institute, in the 
year 1845, by Hon. John Baldwin. At the session 
of the North Ohio Annual Conference of the M. E. 
Church, held at Marion, Ohio, August 13, 1845, a propo- 
sition from John Baldwin was presented, donating land 
and other property for the establishment of an Institu- 
tion of learning. 

The foUowing quotation from the earliest record of the 
Institution, will exhibit, not only the circumstances of 
its origin, but also the design of the founder : 

" MiDDLEBUKG, Sept. 24, 1844. 

To the 3Iinisfers of the North Ohio Annual Conference : 

Very Dear Brethren : — Feeling that I am under very 
deep obligation to Almighty God for His mercies, which 
have followed me, through the instrumentality of the 
M. E. Church, from my youth, and believing, with the 
venerated Wesley, that it is the Cliristian's duty both to 
get and give all he can, I have come to the conclusion 
to devote to the cause of religious education and the 
missionary enterprise, a certain piece of land, containing 
fifty acres, including grind-stone quarries and water priv- 
ile'ges, described below, on wliich I hereby agree to erect 
a building, to be of brick, 72 by 36, the plan of said 
building to be furnished and site located, worth from 
$2,500 to 13,000, to be finished in the fall of 1845." 



The following additional proposition was received by 
the same Conference : 

"MiDDLEBURG, JuNE 4, 1845. 

To the Member.^ of the N. 0. A. C: 

On condition of the acceptance of my former proposi- 
tion, I hereby agree to lay out, for the use and benefit of 
said Literary Institution, fifty lots of a quarter acre each, 
with suitable streets and alleys, lying south of ray gar- 
den and orchard, and east of the fifty acres, to be sold at 
a fair valuation price, to be funded for the usg of the 
Institution." 

The Conference accepted the proposition, on certain 
conditions, and appointed a Board of Commissioners to 
obtain a charter and organize the Institution. The con- 
ditions were fulfilled. A charter was granted by the 
Legislature of Ohio, in December, 1845. The Board of 
Trustees was organized January 21, 1846. The Institute 
was opened April 9, with a Male and Female Depart- 
ment. 

FIRST FACULTY OF THE INSTITUTE. 

Rev. H. Dwight, A. M., Principal and Teacher of 
Ancient Languages and Natural Science. 

Alfred Holbrook, Teacher of Mathematics and Eng- 
lish Branches. 

Mrs. Almena M. Dwight, Preceptress and Teacher of 
French and Ornamental Branches. 

Miss Cornelia Van Tyne, Teaclier of the Primary 
Department. 

Number of Students — Gentlemen, 61 ; Ladies, 39 ; 
total, 100. 

Professor Dwight, the first Principal, died the first 
year of the Institute, and was succeeded by Alfred Hol- 
brook as acting Principal, 'ilie following gentlemen 
have also been Principals of the Institute : Lorenzo 
Warner, M. D., W. L. Harris, D. D., G. M. Barber, A. 
M., and Alexander Nelson, D. D. 



The catalogue of the Institute for 1854-5, exhibits the 
following number of students : Gentlemen, 139; Ladies, 
99; total, 238. 

Considering that an Institution of a still higher grade, 
under the patronage of the M. E. Church, was needed in 
the Western Reserve, the Trustees, acting under the 
direction of the Conference of 1855,* effected a change of 
charter, by which University powers were secured. 

FIRST FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Rev. John Wheeler, A. M,, President, Professor of 
Mental and Moral Science. 

Jeremiah Tingley, A . M., Professor of Natural Science. 

Rev, William H. Barnes, A. B., Professor of Latin and 
Greek Languages. 

Gay lord H. Hartupee, A. B., Professor of Mathematics. 

Miss Emily A. Covel, Preceptress.^^ 

Miss Rosanna Baldwin, A. B., Preceptress. 

Miss Eugenia A. Morrison, Teacher of Music on Piano 
Forte.* 

Miss Sarah P. Adams, Teacher of Music on Piano, 
Melodeon and Guitar. 

Miss Sarah A. Storer, Teacher of French and Drawing. 

In 1858, a German Department was opened, under the 
instruction of O. Henniug, Ph. D. From 1859, this 
Department, under the charge of Rev. Jacob Rothweiler, 
grew rapidly, till in 1863 it was organized as a separate 
Institution, with the title of German Wallace College, in 
honor of Hon. Jame.s Wallace, who donated the building 
occupied by the College. 

The relation between Baldwin University and German 
Wallace College is very intimate — the University fur- 
nishing instruction for both institutions in Latin, Math- 
ematics and Natural Science, and the College in Greek, 
German, French and Music. Students in either Institu- 
tion are entitled ta free tuition in the other. 



^ The former part of the year. 



In 1865, a College of Pharmacy was organized for the 
thorough preparation of druggists for their business, and 
is still in successful operation. 

In addition to his original grant, iVIr. Baldwin paid, for 
many years, the interest on ten thousand dollars, which 
has been appropriated to the support of a Professorship 
in the University. In the winter of 1867, Mr. Baldwin 
donated to the Institution forty acres of stone quarry, 
wortlj, at least, three thousand dollars per acre, or in the 
aggregate one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. 
This princely gift has placed the Institution on a solid 
foundation — literally has founded it upon a rock. 

In addition to the first building, two others have been 
erected ; one of brick, used as a Boarding Hall, the-other 
of stone, used for Chapel and recitation rooms. Sub- 
scriptions to the amount of twenty thousand dollars 
have been made for the purpose of erecting a Ladies' 
Hall. The foundation of this building has already been 
laid, and the work will be carried forward as rapidly as 
possible. There are at present, in connection with the 
Institution, four Literary Societies, in a flourishing con- 
dition — two for gentlemen, the Philozetian and Phreno- 
cosmian, and two for ladies, the Alethean and Clionian. 
The Institution has a good working apparatus, worth 
about one thousand and five hundred dollars, and a well 
selected library of two thousand volumes. The Institu- 
tion is out of debt, and has, as shown in its financial ex- 
hibit to the North Ohio Conference for 1875, assets to 
the amount of one hundred and ninety-four thousand 
dollars. 

The following have been Members of the Faculty of 
the University at various periods : 

Presidents — John Wheeler, D. D., W. D. Godman, D. 
D., and A. Schuyler, LL. D. 

Preceptresses — Miss Emily A. Covil, Miss Rosanna Bald- 
win, Miss Mary A. Proctor, Mrs. Clara S. Wheeler, Mrs. 
Amanda Schuyler, Miss Angela R. Houghton, Miss 



Elizabeth Hall, Miss Ellen H. Warner, Miss Clara K. 
Schuyler. 

Professors— J. Tingley, A. M., W. H. Barnes, A. M., G. 
H. Hartupee, A. M., E. J. Cutler, M. D., W. C. Pierce, 
S. T. D., A. Schuyler, LL. D., J. Rothweiler, D. D., R. B. 
Pope, A. M., B. J. Hoadley, A. M., P. W. Mosblech, Ph. 
D., M. J. Flannery, A. M., J. W. White, A. M., Ellen H. 
Warner, A. M., A. D. Knapp, A. M., E. Thompson, A. M., 
Maggie P. Safford, A. M., A. S. B. Newton, A. M. Clara 
E. Schuyler, A. B., C. Riemenschneider, Ph. D., D. Tor- 
bet, A. M., V. Wilker, A. M. 

The following have been teachers in the Department 
of Fine Arts : Miss E. A. Morrison, Miss S. P. Adams, 
Miss S. A. Storer, Miss C. Adams, Mrs. S. P. Barnes, 
Miss M. E. Schneider, Miss L M. Plimpton, Mrs. L. D. 
W. Pierce, L. A. Tuttle, Miss M. M. Gardner, Mrs. M. 
Flannery, F. M. Davis, Miss A. McGraugh, L. C. Smith, 
J. Hart, Mrs. Leonard, Miss E. ( 'astle, J. Berr. 

The following have been Professors in the College of 
Pharmacy : J.^ Wheeler, D. D., W. C. Pierce, S. f . D., 
E. J. Cutler, M. D.. L. S. McCullough, M. D., M. V. B. 
Clark, M. D., Mrs. A. D. Goodman, M. D., F. M. Coates, 
M. D., E. Thompson, A. M., D. Torbet, A. M., H. S. 
Francis, B. S. 

A Commercial Department was organized in 1857, and 
discontinued in 1874. 

The. whole number of Alumni, 189; number in the 
present Senior Class, 15. 



TRUSTEES. 



FIRST CLASS. 

Term EXPIRES.. 1876. 

Horace Benton, A. M Cleveland 

Eev. E. R. Jewitt Sandusky 

Rev. L. Warner, M. D Galion 

Rev. Joseph Jones Norwalk 

Rev. G. H. Hartupee, D. D Mansfield 



SECOND CLASS. 

Term expires 1877. 

E.J. Cutler, A. M., M. D Cleveland 

Lyman Baker, Esq Berea 

James Wallace, Esq Detroit 

Rev. T. J. Pope La Porte 

Hon. John Baldwin Berea 



THIRD CLASS. 

Term expires 1878. 

E. C. Griswold, A. M Elyria 

Rev. A. Nelson, D. D Bucyrus 

A. Schuyler, LL. D Berea 

A. J. Campbell, Esq Berea 

George H. Foster, LL. B Cleveland 



PRESENT FACULTY. 



AARON SCHUYLER, LL. D., 
President and Professor of Philosophy and Applied Mathematics. 

ELLEN H. WARNER, A. M., 
Professor of Pure Mathematics. 

CLARA E. SCHUYLER, A. B., 
Preceptress and Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature. 

CARL RIEMENSCHNEIDER, PH. D., 
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. 

DAVID TORBET, A. M., 

Professor of Natural Science. 

ARCHIE M. MATTISON, B. S., 
Tutor of the Latin Language and Literature. 

VICTOR WILKER, A. M., 

Professor of German and French. 

JULIUS BERR, 
Professor of Music. 

FRANK M. COATES, M. D.. 
Professor of Toxicology and Materia Medica. 

HENRY S. FRANCIS, B. S., 
Professor of Pharmacy and Practical Chemistry. 



COURSES OF STUDY. 

PREPARATORY. , 
JUNIOR PREPARATORY. 



FIRST TEKM. 

Arithmetic Schuyler 

English Grammar — Etymology Harvey 

Geography (Tuyot 

Latin Lessons Leighton 

SECOND TEKM. 

Arithmetic Schuyler 

English Grammar — Syntax Harvey 

Geography Guyot 

Latin Lessons Leighton 

THIRD TERM. 

Arithmetic Schuyler 

English Grammar — Exercises in Analysis and Parsing. 

Latin Lessons Leighton 

History — England Thalheimer 



MIDDLE PREPARATORY. 



FIRST TERM. 

Algebra Schuyler 

Greek Lessons Leighton 

Csesar Allen & Greenough 

SECOND TERM. 

Algebra Schuyler 

Greek Lessons Leighton 

Cicero— Orations Chase & Stuart 



THIRD TERM. 

Algebra.... Schuyler 

Greek Le.s.sons Leighton 

Latin Prose Composition Harkness 

History — United States Ridpath 



SENIOR PREPARATORY. 



FIRST TEEM. 

Geometry Schuyler 

Greek Reader Goodwin 

Virgil — ^Eneid Chase & Stuart 

SECOND TERM. 

Geometry Schuyler 

Greek Reader ...Goodwin 

Virgil — ^Eneid Chase & Stuart 

THIRD TERM. 

Geometry Schuyler 

Greek Reader Goodwin 

Botany Wood 

Latin Prose Composition Harkness 



COLLEGIATE. 

FRESHMAlSr. 



FIRST TERM. 

Algebra Schuyler 

Herodotus and Greek Prose Composition Jones 

Physics Norton 

SECOND TERM. 

Plane Trigonometry Schuyler 

Herodotus and Greek Prose Composition Jones 

Physics Norton 

THIRD TERM. 

Spherical Trigonometry and Mensuration Schuyler 

Tlato — Apology and Greek Prose Composition Boise 

Horace— Odes Chase & Stuart 



80PH0M0RE. 



FIRST TEEM. 

Surveying Schuyler 

Homer — Iliad Boise 

Rhetoric and Elocution Hart & Kidd 

Horace — Epistles Chase & Stuart 

.SECOND TERM. 

Analytic Geometry Peck 

Demosthenes de Corona Tyler's Homes 

Physiology Daltou 

THIRD TERM. 

Analytic Geometry Peck 

Sophocles — Gi^dipus Tryrannus White 

Physical Geography Guyot 

English Literature Taine 



JUNIOR. 

Elective — Three Studies Each Term. 



FIRST TERM. 

Calculus Clark 

Chemistry Roscoe 

Juvenal Anthon 

German — Conversation Grammar Otto 

SECOND TERM. 

Calculus Clark 

Chemistry Roscoe 

Euripides — ^Alcestis Woolsey 

Tacitus — Germania and Agricola Tyler 

f Conversational Grammar Otto 

German- \^^^^ Reading Storme 

THIRD TERM. 

Logic Schuyler 

Astronomy ! Loomis 

Calculus Clark 

Thucydides Owen 

Natural Theology Paley 

Plautus — Captives Harrington 

f Conversation Grammar Otto 

German— ^ ^^^^ Reading Storme 



SENIOR. 

Elective — Three Studies Each Tekm. 



FIRST TERM. 

Psychology Porter 

Ethics Gregory 

^Eschyhis — Prometheus Vinctus Woolsey 

Constitutional Law Andrews 

r Otto's Reader Evans 

•^ English Prose into German. 

SECOND TERM. 

Psychology Porter 

^Esthetics Samson 

Mechanics Peck 

Descriptive Geometry Church 

Cicero de Oratore , Kingsley 

r Schiller's Works. 

'^ Letter Writing and Business Forms. 

THIRD TERM. 

Political Economy Bowen 

Butler's Analogy. 

Shades and Shadows, Linear Perspective Church 

/ Goethe's or Lessing's Works. 

German — 1 r» • • it:' 

<- Original ILssays. 

Greology Dana 

There is also a Scientific Course of five years, embra- 
cing the same Sciences and Mathematics as the Classical 
Course, less Latin, and French instead of Greek. 




ileveland Jlcademv. 



iY MISS L. T. GUILFORD. 



On the sixteenth of October, 1848, a small, private day-school 
for girls was opened in the large, unoccupied dining-room of an 
empty hotel, called the "Pavilion," and standing on the corner of 
Prospect and Ontario Streets. At that time the "Forest City" 
was a large village of about fifteen thousand inhabitants, and was 
approached only by stages and summer steamboats. The build- 
ing stands now in the crowded heart of a population of one hun- 
dred thousand. In every direction stretch long avenues, that 
were only roads then, with here and there a dwelling among trees, 
turning brown and yellow that autumn day. 

This school was the beginning of the Cleveland Ac.ademv. 
Its principal teacher was fresh from the last instructions oi Mary 
Lyon, and the ideal of the infant Institution was : iluiruugli trie' 
mentary training; as much knowledge of more advanced subjects 
as could be entirely grasped, and no more; a syhlematic study of 
the Bible, and the mculcation of religious principles. Sucli have 
been its aims to the present time. 



In this school, which for a time numbered about thirty, Miss 
L. T. Guilford, of Berkshire county. Mass., had the chief 
charge; Miss R. Starkweather, of Northampton, Mass., Miss 
F. Merrick, of Wilbraham, since deceased, and Miss M. 
Metcalf, of Hudson, O., now Mrs. Chester, of Cleveland, 
were assistants. The bills for tuition, including Latin, were ten 
dollars per quarter of twelve weeks; and the corps of teachers 
was surprisingly disproportionate to the number of pupils. It 
had been the project of the originator and financial manager. 
Rev. D. Morris, to establish a large boarding school, partially 
on the plan of the Mount Holyoke Seminary, but only two board- 
ing pupils availed themselves of the ample, if somewhat unsuit- 
able, rooms. The failure of the scheme forced Mr. Morris to 
give up the hotel to the lessee. The few who had been scattered 
in various parts of the untidy building left in the spring, though 
the school-room was occupied till July. As the manager had 
been unable to pay the teachers, and the number of pupils had 
diminished to thirteen, the outlook was not encouraging. 

In July, Misses Merrick and Starkweather returned to New 
England, but Miss Guilford, havmg assumed the pecuniary 
responsibility, decided to remain, and, if any place could be 
found for them, to collect in the autumn the little flock to which 
she had become much attached. The "Pavilion" was soon re- 
stored to its original use by the traveling public, keeping no trace 
of this curious episode in its history. 

In August, through the exertions of Mr. Morris, a long, white, 
wooden building was erected on a leased lot, in a grove of trees, 
that extended from what is now the "Club House," over the site 
of the Central High School. This shght, temporary structure was 
but Uttle protection from the cold, and its only apparatus con- 
sisted of two wooden blackboards. There the school was re- 
outncd in September, and began to take a character of its own — 



steadily, though slowly, gaining in the confidence and patronage 
of the community. Many of its pupils cherished an enthusiastic 
attachment for its peculiar modes of study and discipline. They 
were the descendants of good Puritan stock, and received instruc- 
tion with a "willing mind,' and not a few of their children have 
been pupils of the Academy. The study of Latin was insisted 
on, unless the parents objected — which was frequently the case 
at that period. Arithmetic, Grammar, and the Bible were the 
leading studies. Reading and Spelling were required daily of all. 
These, with Geography, United States History, and frequent com- 
position writing, occupied nearly the entire attention of the whole 
school. For many years there was little attempt at teaching the 
Natural Sciences or any of the higher English branches, though 
the teachers employed were all graduates of Eastern schools of 
repute; but the ground was taken that such studies require more 
maturity of mind than is usually found in girls before the age of 
eighteen, and attention to them was discouraged. 

It was the definite aim, to teach thoroughly the most unportant 
things; to awaken, if possible, a love of study, and to keep the 
pupil from superficially reciting in subjects beyond her compre- 
hension. The difficulty of conducting a young ladies' school on 
these principles can only be understood by those who know the 
material which such schools usually contain in cities. 

At that period, however, there were comparatively few in Cleve- 
land, who made education a matter of pretense. The children, 
like their parents, were, for the most part, in earnest, — breathing 
m with the air of their native State, the spirit of buoyant life and 
enterprise, — purified and tempered by the high principles of recti- 
tude and responsibility inherited from New England ancestry. It 
was before the days of great or sudden wealth in the Western 
cities. 



Of later years there have been more among the pupils who 
were indifferent, or frivolous, as would naturally be the case in a 
changed state of society, though the system of disciplme has not 
attracted such, and they have been a small minority. It can truly 
be said, that against the whole system, still so common, which sets 
girls of sixteen through the whole circle of Natural, Mental and 
Moral Sciences, this school has been a constant protest. It is 
needless to say, it has never been a money making institution. 

While in the grove, the assistants were Miss Anna Dwight, of 
South Hadley, Mass., and Miss Metcat,f. In February, 185 1, 
(Cleveland meanwhile having brought in her first railroad,) the 
building could remain no longer on its foundations; and, an 
opportunity occurring for the Principal to accept a situation at 
Willoughby, it was decided to give up the undertaking. At this 
juncture, three gentlemen whose children were pupils, Mr. W. D. 
Beattie, Mr. E. P. Morgan, and Dr. E. Gushing, stepped for- 
ward to provide it a local habitation. They purchased a small, 
brick dwelling house on the corner of Prospect and Huron 
Streets, removed tht partitions from the upper story for the school- 
room, furnished it with desks and carpet, fitted the two lower 
apartments for recitation rooms, and thither. May ist, i85i, the 
school of tifty was transferred — these gentlemen assuming the 
pecuniary responsibility. The principal teacher was paid five 
hundred dollars a year, which was then ample, though that salary 
has been for some years the lowest paid in the Academy. Miss 
E. Cook, of Homer, N. Y., now Mrs. Dr. Read, ot Norwalk, was 
added to the corps of teachers, which also comprised, at first, 
Miss M. Metcalf, and afterwards her sister. Miss Emily. Both 
these ladies have since attained distinction as educators— Miss E. 
Metcalf having for many years conducted a Young Ladies' 
School at Hudson, O. Neither French or Music was taught, but 
lessons in Writing, by a special teacher, were now first given, and 



one course in Perspective Drawing. In this building the school 
was carried on for three years with an average attendance of sixty, 
and it is not too much to say, that, as its pupils were from the 
leading and most cultivated families of the rapidly growing city, 
its influence m directing the taste of the community to a thor- 
ough, rather than to a fashionable education, was decided. Many 
of its beloved members are now the centers of happy households 
or are filling other useful and responsible places here and else- 
where, and look back with respect and affection to the little 
school-house on the corner. Many, too, have passed to another 
stage of being, leaving precious memories of beautiful lives be" 
hind them. 

In May, 1854, the Cleveland Female Seminary, under the 
Presidency of Prof Samuel St. John, now of New York, was 
opened on Kinsman Street, at present called Woodland Avenue. 
The Principal and most of the pupils of the School on Prospect 
Street went there, and the distinctive existence of "Miss Guilford's 
School," as it was called, was merged in the Seminary for a period 
of seven years, during five of which the Principal held a respon- 
sible position there. The Seminary, under the Presidency of 
Prof S. N. Sanford, and his accomphshed wife, has been, for 
many years, doing thorough work in the education of young 
ladies. 

It was November 23d, 186 r, that the Cleveland Academy, 
proper, under essentially its present organization, and under the 
same Principal, was opened in the small, brick building, where 
the school of which it was the outgrowth, had been located from 
May, 185 1, to March, 1854. The first number was twenty, which 
soon increased to seventy, all the building could — not accom- 
modate — but contain. The same principles which had marked 
the former school continued to stamp the latter. Reading, Spell- 
ing, Arithmetic and Latin were first. Examinations in elemen' 



tary studies were required before others were taken. The Bible 
was a constant text-book, and direct religious instruction was 
frequently given. There was still no apparatus, and the public, 
free schools were rapidly taking the rank they now maintain, but 
the little Academy grew in interest and influence, relying solely 
for patronage on its results, and the plain common sense of 
the community — keeping its tuition at the lowest possible point, 
for the benefit of those of moderate means, yet actually num- 
bering among its attendants many of the children of the wealthy. 

In January, 1863, Miss Julia -S. Hopkins became the Vice- 
Principal, and for eight years gave her remarkable attainments. 
Christian culture, and rare power as an educator to the school she 
loved. To her must be attributed much of what it may have 
accomplished in the line of solid education. During the year a 
number of boys were admitted, there being at this time, and for 
some years after, no good private school for boys in the city, and 
and in the absence of Miss Hopkins for some months on account 
of illness, a gentleman, Mr. A. C. Bacon, was, for a year, one of 
the associate teachers. 

In the early part of 1865, the crowded condition of the build- 
ing, and its destitution of all appliances for instruction, began to 
excite the attention of its patrons, and in May, a few gentlemen 
became so far interested in the project of providing a suitable 
building, as to meet for consultation. Mr. Stillman Witt, Mr. 
A. Stone, Jr., Mr. Joseph Perkins, Gen. J. Barnett, Mr. 
Henry Harvey, and Mr. Geo. Worthincton were promi- 
nent in the movement. After some informal meetings, it was 
decided to purchase a lot, and erect a building, to be owned by a 
joint stock company and rented at a certain per cent, of the gross 
income to whoever should carry on the school. Mr. Stillman 
Witt undertook the task of obtaining subscriptions, and to his 
enthusiastic and generous spirit the success of the scheme was 



mainly due. In two days the sum of sixteen thousand six hun- 
dred dollars was raised among those for the most part whose chil- 
dren had been pupils, and an Act of Incorporation under the 
name of the Cleveland Academy was obtained June 23d, 1865. 
The following list comprises the original stockholders : 
Stillman Witt, 
A. Stone, Jr., J as. Barnett, 

Joseph Perkins, Sam'l H. Kimball, 

Henry Harvey, A. Cobb, 

S. Chamberlain, T. R. Scowden, 

H. B. Hurlbut, M. B. Clark, 

J. G. HussEY^ Wm. Bingham, 

T. P. Handy, ' Sam'l L. Mather, 

L. Haldeman, Wm. Collins, 

Leverett Alcott, a. Everett, 

J. H. Wade, A. B. Stone, 

Geo. Worthington, ■ Philo Chamberlain. 

Of the first Board of Trustees, Mr. Stillman Witt was elected 
President and Treasurer, and Mr. Joseph Perkins, Secretary. 
With the exception of a short interval, Mr. Witt held the office 
till his death m April, 1875. ^7 residents of Cleveland, and by 
many others, the above gentlemen have been well known as con- 
spicuous in public spirit, having, many of them, contributed in a 
very large degree to the highest welfare of the city. 

A lot of sixty-eight feet front on Huron Street, near Euclid 
Avenue, was purchased for four thousand dollars, and by January, 
1866, a plain, but substantial, brick building was erected, sixty 
feet long, by forty wide, and two and one-half stories in height. 

On the 28th of January, 1866, ninety pupils assembled in the 

• new building, which was, however, unfinished and uncomfortable, 

and though the numbers averaged in the next three years onehun- 



8 

dred and ten, the usefulness of the school was seriously curtailed 
by the discomforts of the house. The first attempt to heat it by 
a hot air furnace of novel construction was an entire failure. In 
October, 1866, an expensive steam-heating apparatus was intro- 
duced, which was scarcely more successful, and its defects were 
only partially remedied by numerous and costly repairs. They 
were not entirely so till eight years had passed, and nearly the 
whole apparatus was made over. It is probable this is not a soli" 
tary case of the kind, and it would not be mentioned but for the 
very important influence the circumstance exerted in the career of 
the Academy. The building had been wisely located, but the 
surroundings for some time were very far from inviting, and the 
patronage, chiefly for the cause above mentioned, declined. The 
tuition bills were sixty dollars a year, and this low price taken in 
connection with the heavy expense of the steam furnace, pre- 
vented the payment of any dividends to the stockholders for 
many years. The generous support of these gentlemen was un- 
diminished, though the non-payment of dividends was the cause 
of a considerable transfer of stock, and ultimately of a precarious 
crisis in the history of the school. 

From 1868 to 1872 the numbers averaged about ninety, one- 
third of whom were boys between the ages of n and 1 5. The teach- 
ers connected with the institution varied Httle, and from 1866, all 
departments were represented in the corps. Mons. C. Vaillant 
has, with few interruptions given instruction in French, till the 
present time, and Prof. Karl Ruger till his death in 1868 taught 
the Classics and German. The lady assistants were Miss Hop- 
kins, who held the post of Vice-Principal, Miss S. E. Hoising- 
TON, afterwards Mrs. Stoddard of Independence, Kansas, where 
she died, Miss L. Peabody of Oxford, Ohio, Miss M. R. Barron, 
now Mrs. M. Rawson, and Miss K. Kellogg of Cleveland. 
Special Teachers of Penmanship were still employed, and a Draw- 



9 

ing Department under the care of Miss L. L. Fox of the Cooper 
Institute, New York, was opened in 1866 and continued till 1874^ 
when general drawing lessons as a part of the regular course were 
commenced and still continue. Of the present corps, Miss Mary 
E. Ingersoll become connected with the school in 1868 and 
Miss Sarah L. Andrews in 1872. In September, 1868, the sum 
of two hundred and fifty dollars was expendedfor apparatus, an d 
instruction in the Natural Sciences began to be made a speciality _ 
Since then, one hundred dollars in addition have been applied 
to that purpose, but the present arrangements give the school the 
advantage of much of the valuable apparatus of Western Reserve 
College — two of the Professors of that College giving, during 
the current year, courses of Lectures in Physics and Chemistry 
respectively. 

In August, 187 1, the Academy suftered an irreparable loss in the 
death of Miss Hopkins, who perished, together with her mother 
and sister, by the explosion of a steamboat on Chatauqua Lake. 
This occurred during the absence of the Prmcipal, Miss L. T. 
Guilford, in Europe, and the derangement of plans by this 
calamity was such that in September, 1872, the post of Principal 
was offered to Mr. E. H. Votaw, who held it till April, 1874. This 
plan not being on the whole, satisfactory to the Stockholders 
and Mr. Votaw desiring to enter the ministry, he withdrew 
from his connection and the former Principal resumed her 
duties. During this period a Primary Department was, for 
the first time, organized and went into successful operation under 
the care of Miss F. A. Fuller, a former graduate. The price of 
tuition was also raised from $60.00 to $80.00 per year, and the 
pupils were arranged in regular classes, in a formal manner. The 
three higher are named Preparatory, Junior, and Academic. 

In 1874, important changes took place in the Board of Stock- 
holders. Two of the original members had died, many of the re- 



10 

mainder had transferred their stock to other parties, and it seemed, 
for a time, doubtful whether the property could be retained for 
school purposes, but means were taken to consolidate the owner- 
ship, and experience has shown that course to be advantageous to 
the best interests of the Institution. In the autunm of that year 
the building, furniture, and heating apparatus were put in complete 
order, and the whole made throughly comfortable and inviting. 
The Institution is now on a solid basis and in good condition. 

The present Board of Trustees are as follows : 
Joseph Perkins, Esq., President, 
T. P. Handy, Esq., 
VV. S. C. Otis, Esq., 
Dr. H. K. Gushing, 
Miss L. T. Guilford, Secretary and Treasurer. 

The estimated value of the building and grounds is twenty-five 
thousand dollars. In the year 1874-5 the enrolled members were 
one hundred and twenty-eight. 

Academic Department, - - - - 24 
Junior " .... ^^ 

Preparatory " - - - - 40 

Primary " _ . . _ ^i 

The greater part of the boys in attendance were withdrawn 
during the year, as a Boys' School, on an extensive scale, had been 
opened in the city. 

The regular corps of Teachers is eight, in addition to which are 
the Special Lecturers in Physiology, Natural History, Physics, and 
Ghemistry. 

The first class of three graduated in 1867, and the whole num- 
ber has not exceeded twenty-four. No special efforts have been 
made to crowd pupils through the course, on the other hand, the 



11 

whole policy of the Institution has been to prevent their taking 
the last studies in it till the age of nineteen or twenty. Such a way 
of proceeding does not multiply graduates. 

Much of the work is still, as it has been, like building under 
water — laying foundations just as broad and deep as was possible — 
as the most enlightened sense of the community would justify. 
By its results, which can only be known, when the discipline of life 
has tested the value of its training, can the Cleveland Academy, 
like other educational institutions be judged. If it has only, in some 
minds, set the Bible as a means of intellectual discipline in its 
rightful place, or taught even a few that to learn well the common 
things, is the only real means of high intellectual culture, its unpre- 
tending course of twenty-six years — struggling through vicissitudes 
to one constant end — will not have been in vain. 



COURSE OF STUDY. 



PRIMARY DEPARTMENT. 

Reading, Spelling, Mental Arithmetic, Written Arithmetic to Fractions, 
Geography, Composition, Declamation, Drawing, Vocal Music, First Les- 
sons in Bible. 



PREPARATORY DEPARTMEMT. 

FIKST YEAK. 
FIRST TERM. SECOND TERM. 

Arithmetic Mental and Written, Arithmetical Analysis, 

Hart's Lessons in Grammar, Lessons in Composition, 

Geography. Geography, 

SECOND YEAR. 
FIRST TERM. SECOND TERM. 

Arithmetic, Arithmetic, 

United States History, United States History, 

English Grammar, English Grammar, 

Latin Grammar. Latin Grammar. 



12 



JUNIOR DEPARTMENT. 

FIRST YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 

Arithmetic, 
Pliysical Geography, 
Latin Reader. 

FIRST TERM. 

Higher Arithmetic, 

Physiology, 

Caesar. 



SECOND YEAR. 



SECOND TERM. 

Arithmetic, 
English Analysis, 
Latin Reader 

SECOND TERM. 

Higher Arithmetic, 
Natural History, 
Sallust. 



ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT. 

FIRST YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 



Algebra, 

Review of History of United States, 

Higher English Analysis, 

Cicero. 



FIRST TERM. 

Ancient History, 

Natural Philosophy, 

Geometry, 

Livy, 

French. 

German, 
Astronomy, 
Mental Philosophy, 
English Literature. 



SECOND YEAR. 



SENIOR YEAR. 



SECOND TERM. 

Algebra, 

History of England, 

Botany, 

Virgil. 

SECOND TERM. 

Modern History, 

Chemistry, 

Rhetoric, 

Horace, 

French. 

German, 
Moral Science, 
Butler, 
Primary Reviews. 





Cleveland Female Seminary. 



CLEVELAND, OHIO. 



HISTOF{^ICAL SKETCH, 

Prepared for the Centennial Exposition of 1876. 



By S. N. SANFORD. 



Cleveland Female Seminary, located at Cleveland, Ohio, 
was organized as a school for the higher education of girls, in 
1853, and incorporated under this name, by which name and des- 
ignation alone it has been and still is known, though in 1873 it 
was re-incorporated by the name of "Cleveland Seminary for 
Girls." 

Its location, on the south side of Woodland avenue, two miles 
southeast from Monument Square and the Custom House, in the 
city of Cleveland, is exceedingly convenient and desirable, being 
eminently accessible,* and still sufficiently remote from the noise 
and confusion of business to be as favorable for study as if located 
in a small town, instead of being as it is in a large city and im- 
portant railroad centre. 

* This could not have been said of its location during the earlier years of its history. 
Then it was approached by two miles of deep mud road, in an omnibus running four times 
a day, while now, and for several years past, it is approached by a well-paved street and 
street cars running on two and a half minutes' time, and this pavement and these cars extend 
their accommodation miles beyond the Seminary. 



Its origin is due to leading citizens of Cleveland, who desired 
for their daughters and others who might present themselves, a 
higher grade of educational facilities than were accessible to them. 
These gentlemen formed a joint stock company, and by the sale 
of stock obtained the funds with which to procure the site, and 
erect and furnish the buildings. The site selected for the Semi- 
nary was a beautiful lot of some six acres on Kinsman street, now 
Woodland avenue, with a frontage of about two hundred and fifty 
feet, and a depth of about one thousand feet, a pleasant grove of 
oaks and chestnuts, a cultivated lawn in front, a wild and wooded, 
dell, springs and water courses in the rear. 

The company so organized became incorporated, and elected as 
directors the following gentlemen, who by annual re-election re- 
tained the position, and faithfully discharged its duties during the 
time set opposite their respective names: 

Joseph Perkins, Esq., Preside7it, - from 1853 to 1863 

James M. Hoyt, Esq., Secretary, 

Stillman Witt, Esq., Treasurer, - 

Hon. H. V. Wilson, ----- 

Leonard Case, Jr., Esq., 

Horace P. Weddell, Esq., - - - 

Oliver H. Perry, Esq., . - - 

Truman P. Handy, Esq., 

W. D. Beattie, Esq., - - - - 

Of these gentlemen several, and notably the first three named, 
gave much of their valuable time and service to the enterprise; 
and one of them, the late lamented Stillman Witt, Esq., as chair- 
man of the Building Committee, superintended in person the erec- 
tion of the main edifice, the laying out and improving of the 
grounds, putting up the heating apparatus, and the water works, 
by which an abundant supply of pure spring water was raised to 
the attic, and thence distributed where needed, throughout the 
buildings and grounds. 

Jhe main edifice, substantially built of stone and brick, was one 
hundred and sixty-six feet long, seventy feet in extreme width, and 
three stories high above the basement. Wings of wood have since 



1853 " 


1863 


1853 " 


1863 


1853 " 


1863 


1853 " 


1863 


1853 " 


1863 


1853 '• 


1863 


1853 " 


1863 


1853 " 


I86I 



been added. The basement is devoted to music rooms, dining 
room, kitchen, store rooms, servants' rooms, steam heating appa- 
ratus, fuel, laundry, et cetera. 

On the first floor above the basement are located the office, 
family apartments, parlors, session room, recitation rooms, studio, 
laboratory, cabinet and library. 

The second and third floors above the basement are chiefly 
devoted to private parlors and lodging rooms for teachers and 
pupils. The gymnasium and assembly room is also on the second 
floor. 

The edifice was completed and furnished, and opened for the 
reception of both Day and Boarding Pupils, on Wednesday, the 3d 
day of May, A. D., 1854, under the following able 

BOARD OF INSTRUCTION: 



Samuel St. John, l.l.d., Principal, 

Professor of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Geology. 

Rev. E. N. Sawtell, a.m.. Chaplain, 

Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. 

Prof. Jared P. Kirtland, m.d., 

Natural History. 

Prof. J. Lang Cassels, m.d.. 

Botany and Vegetable Philosophy. 

Prof. Jacob J. Delamater, m.d.. 

Physiology and Laws of Health. 

Prof. Jehu Brainard, a.m.. 

Perspective Drawing. 

Prof. Karl Ruger, a.m., 

Latin, German and Italian. 

Prof. C. Vaillant, b. es l., 

French Language and Literature. 

Miss Linda T. Guilford, 

Rhetoric and English Literature. 

Miss Mary E. Bastow, 

English Branches. 

Miss Mary Kirtland, 

History. 

Miss Emily C. Dutton, 

Mathematics. 

Miss Louisa McAllister, 

Crayon Drawing and Painting. 

Prof. J. Reed Adams, 

Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

Miss Clara Stone, 

Instrumental and Vocal Music, 

Edwin D. Babbitt, Penmanship. 



Prof. Samuel St. John, the first Principal, retained his posi- 
tion until February ist, 1858, at which time Prof. S. N. San- 
ford succeeded him, and has remained at the head of the insti- 
tution, without interruption, to the present time — eighteeii years. 
During the latter part of Prof. St. John's administration, his 
connection with the institution was but nominal, by reason ot 
his absence in Europe and his call to the chair of chemistry in 
the "College of Physicians and Surgeons" of New York, which he 
accepted, and still ably fills ; and Miss Linda T. Guilford, who 
had achieved a reputation, and acquired much experience as a 
teacher in Cleveland before the Seminary was opened, and from 
the first had filled a leading position in the Seminary, became in 
fact, though not in name, Principal of the school; and on the 
accession of Prof. Sanford, she was retained as First Assistant. 
This position she most ably filled till June, i860, and after a year 
or two in Europe she resumed her early work in a private school 
of her own — Cleveland Academy — which work she still contin 
ues with her wonted zeal and success. 

One other member of the first Board of Instruction deserves 
special attention — Monsieur Vaillant, the accomplished gen- 
tleman and successful teacher of the language and literature of 
his native France, is still doing his accustomed work in the recita- 
tion rooms of the Seminary, with faithfulness and energy ; a work 
which he has continued with few and short interruptions, since 
1854 — twenty-hvo years. 

The early history of this institution, as is often, if not generally, 
the case, was not that of financial success. The trustees aimed 
to secure, and did provide, advantages of the highest order in all 
departments, and accommodations of unusual excellence; trusting 
that the income from board and tuition bills would cover expen- 
ses. In this they were disappointed. Although the school was well 
attended, the expenses, year by year, exceeded the income ; 
a steadily increasing floating debt began to tell upon the patron- 
age, and when, in the fourth year of its history. Prof, and Mrs. 
Sanford were called to take charge of the institution, this very 
difficult problem was presented to them for solution : — How, 
without lowering, by a line, the scale of advantages, or the qual- 
ity of accommodations, to pay all current expenses from current 



income, allowing no increase of debt, paying interest on a large 
and widely scattered floating debt, and paying or pacifying cred- 
itors. They were enabled, besides making many needed improve- 
ments, to solve the problem in all respects except in paying off the 
old debt and pacifying creditors. At length, after five and a-half 
years of most faithful effort in this direction, the Principal and 
Directors became satisfied that the original plan for conducting 
the seminary, on a union basis, must be abandoned ; and that the 
original design, that of securing the best possible school for girls, 
could be more nearly reached than otherwise, by placing the 
Institution wholly in the hands of one man, to conduct it as he 
might see fit, and at his own cost and risk, and if successful, to 
his own advantage. Accordingly they urged Prof. S.^nford to 
purchase and assume entire control of the property. This he 
at length, in November 1863, consented to do, and associated 
with him in the purchase Mr. Levi Buttles, a valued friend 
and co-worker in the Seminary. Hitherto the Institution had been 
under the control of, and its teachers chosen by, a Board of 
Directors elected annually without regard to church connection 
or religious belief, and had applied alike to all for patronage. 
Now, while all were alike welcome as before, and all classes con- 
tinued to patronize the school for its merits, appeals for patronage 
were made especially to the Protestant Episcopal Church, to 
which the new proprietors belong. The school now ceased to be 
an incorporation, and was managed as an individual enterprise. 
Gould's Low Pressure Steam Heating Apparatus was introduced 
at large expense, accommodauons for Boarding pupils were in- 
creased by about one-fourth, and other important improvements 
were made in its accommodations, as also in its course of study; and 
the Institution, thus improved, and freed from debt, entered at 
once upon a career of enlarged usefulness, and fullest success. 
This has continued with no other interruption or abatement than 
that which has attended every department of human enterprise 
and industry, in the financial depression now prevaiUng through- 
out the country. At the time when the above change in owner- 
ship was made. Rev. Wm. C. French was added to the Faculty, 
as Chaplain and Professor of Christian Ethics and Sacred His- 
tory. No other change was then made in the Faculty. 



The institution was re-incorporated on the 12th of May, A. D., 
187 1, under the general laws of Ohio for the incorporation of 
Colleges and Seminaries of Learning, under the modest corporate 
name of " Cleveland Seminary for Girls" with all the rights and 
privileges of any College in the State, including that of conferring 
degrees, — a privilege which, however, it has never exercised^ and 
does not propose to exercise. 

Euclid Avenue Branch.-^Yox the better accommodation of many 
who would be patrons of the Seminary, the new proprietors estab 
lishedand sustained from November i ith, 1868, to June i8th, 1874, 
a Day Department on Euclid avenue, a little East of Perry street, 
which became well and widely known as '■'■ Euclid Avenue Branch." 
A lot, 75x200 feet, was purchased, (228 Euclid Avenue, South 
Side) and a very convenient and suitable building for the purpose 
intended, was erected and furnished, at a cost of about $20,000, 
and for several years served a most valuable purpose. The course 
of study in the Primary Department was identical with that of 
the Seminary, as was that of the academic course to the close of 
the second year, beyond which it did not extend. During the 
first three years Miss Mary E. Seymour was the Teacher in 
Charge, a position which she ably tilled. When she was recalled 
to fill a more important position at the Seminary, she was suc- 
ceeded by Miss Julia E. Blakeley, who discharged efficiently 
and well the duties of the position until it was deemed expedient, 
chiefly on account of the impaired health of the President, to dis- 
continue this Branch day department. The number of pupils who 
received instruction in the Branch, during its existence was as 
follows : 

First year, 1868-9 — 73- 2d year, 1869-70 — 94, 3d year, 
1870-1 — 59. 4th year, 187 1-2 — 55. 5th year, 1872-3 — 73. 6th 
year, 1873-4—40. Total, 394. 

As has been said above, it was the purpose of the founders, 
as it has ever been and still is of those who have the immediate 
charge of the institution, to give to its pupils the best facilities for 



acquiring a thorough, systematic, education in all the various 
departments in which girls are instructed in the best schools pro- 
vided for them. But this is not all. It is made a matter of no 
less importance, to surround them, while in school, with influ- 
ences best suited to cultivate, refine and elevate, their tastes, their 
habits, their minds and hearts. To this end the Institution at 
its opening was, and has since been kept, thoroughly equipped. 
The accommodations, ample in extent, are pleasing, attract- 
ive, and thoroughly comfortable. The rooms are nicely carpeted 
and furnished, quiet, private, and home-like ; warmed by steam, 
under eas)' control of the occupant. No more than two occupy 
one room, and four can have exclusive use of three rooms if 
desired. Ample and well furnished public parlors, a library, not 
large but carefully selected, ten pianos, an organ, and three teach- 
ers of Music, each unsurpassed in his special department ; a 
studio well supplied with models, casts, and paintings, and first 
class instructors in Drawing and Painting, and an extensive assort- 
ment of apparatus for illustration in the different departments of 
natural science, are among the means provided for the improve- 
ment of the pupils. 

The plan of the institution embraced, from the outset, the Fam- 
ily, consisting of the Boarding Pupils and most of the Teachers, 
and the School, comprising both Day and Boarding Pupils. It was 
and is, its aim to exercise over its pupils that constant parental 
care in regard to health, morals and manners, which the young, 
and especially girls and young ladies, require; and by thorough 
instruction in each department of learning to secure a substantial, 
symmetrical education, fully equivalent to, though not identical 
with, that provided for young men in the best institutions in the 
country. To carry out the plan of the Institution, and afford the 
best advantages in each department, requires a large Faculty, or 
Board of Instruction, very large for the number of pupils, which it is 
intended shall never exceed one hundred. The following Curricu- 
lum of the Academic Department exhibits, in a concise form, the 
present course of study for all regular pupils who have already 
completed the Preparatory Course : 



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9 

While pursuing the foregoing Course of Study, which must be 
thoroiighly mastered by every young lady who would graduate, and 
her thoroughness tested by a rigid turittm exainmatioti in each 
study, a large part of the pupils receive careful instruction in one 
or more of the following branches of study not embraced in the 
regular or required course: Music — Vocal and Instrumental, in- 
cluding Guitar, Violin, Piano and Organ; Modern Languages — 
French, German and Italian ; Drawing, Pencil and Crayon, and 
Painting in Oil and in Water Colors. 

The Institution has no endowment or income of any kind, other 
than the receipts from board and tuition of its pupils. It has 
always been its aim to afford to pupils the best practicable ad- 
vantages, at the lowest price compatible with the superior excel- 
lence at which it aims. 

The terms have changed somewhat from time to time, but in 
the main have remained nearly the same as now. 

The following table exhibits the rates of change at the opening 
of the school in 1854, and at the present time: 

CHARGES PER YEAR. 

1854. 1874. 

Board, including use of room, furnished, warmed 
and lighted; constant parental care and over- 
sight, with tuition in any of the English or 
classical studies, per year of forty weeks, - $250 $350 

Tuition alone, ----------- 40 48 

Instruction in Music — Vocal, Guitar, Piano or 

Organ, - 48 80 

Instruction in Modern Languages, French, Ger- 
man or Italian, --------- 20 40 

Instruction in Drawing, Pencil or Crayon; Paint- 
ing, Oil or Water Colors, ------- 24 50 

The tc'ork accoinplisJied by the Institution is such as cannot 
well be recorded here. The record of earnest, faithful, pains-tak- 
ing labor performed by conscientious Christian teachers, here as 
elsewhere, is written on high ; while the sweetly controling influ- 



10 

ences of such a school, in which mind and heart are alike carefully 
moulded, in which by day and by night, at all times, the gentle 
pressure is brought to bear, are long felt in the minds and hearts 
so moulded, and, in ever widening circles, around the homes and 
hearth stones and social circles, which those so trained adorn. 

Special interest has here ever been felt in, and special pains 
are taken with, those pupils who desire to fit themselves for use- 
fulness as Christian teachers, and the Institution has usually found 
its best teachers among its own graduates. Conspicuous among 
these may be mentioned Miss Mary E. Seymour and Miss 
Jennie R. Moody. The former entered this Institution as a 
pupil September, 1855, was graduated June, 1857, became one of 
its teachers September, 1861 ; the latter entered as a pupil 
October, 1861, was graduated June, 1864 ; and became one of its 
teachers September, 1864 ; and both have continued their con- 
nection with the School, with no material interruption to this- 
day. Both have been towers of strength to the Institution, dur- 
ing all these years, and have made their mark not only on the In- 
stitution, but on hundreds of those who have here been brought 
within the sphere of their influence. 

It has never been • the aim of this school to graduate , large 
classes, but rather to discourage and dissWow graduafi?ig, ifitmustbe 
attained, if at all, at the risk of health, or with the lack of thorough 
honest work in any department. Consequently, greatly to its 
credit, the percentage of its graduates is small ; only one in thirty- 
two of its pupils having received its honors. 

The great obstacle in the way of highest success of such an In- 
stitution, educationally considered, is found in the limited period 
during which most girls remain under its moulding influences. 
The fascinations of society, impatience of restraint, and sometimes 
indolence or the mortification which it at length brings; these on 
the part of the daughter, or the too careful counting of the cost on 
the part of the parent, too often serve to deprive the pupil of the 
benefit, and the teacher of the satisfaction, which a longer stay in 
school would be sure to bring. 

The whole number of pupils enrolled during the successive 
years of its history, their average age and the number of graduates 



11 



each year, with the sources from which the patronage has been 
derived will appear from the following table : 



Yeai 
Endin 


g S ^ 


Day. 


Total 


1^ 




_6 


> 


Ph 





'6 


_2 


33 <u 


June 


-- 




100 


6^ 


D-^ 





^ 




S 






Ooo 


1854 


H 


86 


87 


8 


3 






2 


1855 


42 


145 


187 


6 


136 


31 


6 


3 




3 


2 


6 


1856 


22 


97 


119 


3 


82 


25 


6 


I 




I 


I 


3 


1857 


71 


73 


144 


3 


84 


44 


2 


3 


2 


9 


2 


2 


1858 


• 47 


56 


103 


3 


58 


29 


3 


I 




3 


7 


2 


1859 


57 


21 


78 


2 


28 


23 


6 


4 


I 


I 


2 


13 


i860 


. 48 


33 


81 


2 


48 


20 


3 


7 


I 




I 


I 


1861 


59 


50 


109 


2 


54 


23 


3 


8 


9 


5 


I 


6 


1862 


51 


57 


108 


2 


60 


19 


3 


3 


17 


4 


I 


I 


1863 


• 47 


56 


103 


6 


54 


21 


4 


6 


7 


6 


3 


2 


1864 


41 


44 


85 


2 


45 


23 


4 


2 


I 


7 


I 


2 


1865 


• 79 


60 


139 


3 


76 


33 


3 


9 


I 


3 


3 


II 


1866 


100 


79 


179 


6 


92 


47 


2 


II 


7 


4 


9 


7 


1867 


■ 97 


58 


155 


5 


65 


51 


I 


7 


10 


3 


8 


10 


1868 


. 76 


33 


109 


2 


48 


35 


4 


5 


6 


I 


4 


6 


*i869 


. 60 


115 


175 


2 


108 


37 


4 


6 


I 


I 


8 


10 


*i87o 


■ 58 


127 


185 


5 


130 


27 




10 


4 


5 


3 


6 


*i87i 


. 61 


99 


160 


4 


lOI 


32 


4 


7 


6 


3 


2 


5 


*i872 


. 76 


100 


176 


9 


102 


38 


4 


10 


3 




3 


16 


*i873 


. 68 


121 


189 


5 


103 


43 


5 


3 


3 


I 


3 


28 


*i874 


• 70 


95 


165 


5 


95 


39 


I 


9 


2 


2 


4 


13 


1875 


• 38 


51 


89 


9 


53 


19 




3 


4 


2 


I 


7 


1876 


42 


51 


93 


2 


c8 


20 


T 


I 


I 


I 


2 


9 



* For the years 18 
are included in the 1 



, 1871, 1872, 1S73 and 1874 the pupils of "Euclid Avenue Branch" 
; here reported. 



T/ie present Officers and Teachers of the Institution are as 
follows : 

VISITOR : 
The Right Rev. G. T. Bedell, d.d. 

Bishop Bedell accepted this position May 24th, 1873, ^"^ ^^ 
request of the President, and still retains the visitorial supervision 
of its religious teaching. 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES : 

S. N. Sanford, Esq., President. 

L. Buttles, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer. 

Wm. J. BoARDMAN, Esq., 

A. C. Armstrong, Esq., 

E. C. Palmer, Esq., 

The Trustees are elected by the Stockholders, annually, on the 
first Monday in June, and hold their office until their successors 
are elected. 



12 

PRESENT FACULTY 



S. N. Sanford, a.m., President, 

Trigonometry, Constitutional Law and Political Kconomy. 

Levi Buttles, a.m., Actuary, 

Book-Keeping. 

Rev. Frank M. Hall, a.m., Chaplain, 

Christian Ethics and -Sacred History. 

Miss Mary E. Seymour, Lady Principal, 

Belles Lettres. 

Miss J. R. Moody, 

Natural Sciences. 

Miss Mary E. Hughes, 

Latin, History and Geometry. 

Miss H. B. Garretson, 

Natural Sciences, Algebra and English Composition. 

Miss Lucy Sanford, 

English Branches and Gymnastics. 

Prof. John Underner, 

Organ and Yocal Culture. 

Prof. William Heydler, 

Piano. 

Miss Maria S. Wright, 

Piano. 

Prof. C. Vaillant, 

French Language and Literature. 

Rev. Prof. J. VV. C. Duerr, 

German Language and Literature. 

Miss Ahlers, 

Drawing — Pencil and Crayon. 

Mrs. J. G. Crocker, 

Oil Paintings and Water Colors. 

Prof. A. J. Way, 

Guitar. 

Prof, Chas. S. C Sterk, 

Italian. 



ThCj Teachers are chosen annually by the President, though 
nearly all of the present corps have, for their rare merits, been 
retained therein, through periods varying from five to fifteen years. 



CLERMONT ACADEMY. 



This Institution is located at the village of Clermout- 
ville, Clermont County, Ohio, on the Ohio River, twenty 
miles above Cincinnati. 

It was originated in the year 1839, by Rev. Daniel 
Parker and his wife as a family school, to be conducted 
by their eldest son, James K. Parker, for the education 
of five younger brothers and one sister. Other pupils, 
however, were admitted to aid in defraying expenses. 

For several years the scIjooI was accommodated in a 
single room, twenty by forty feet in size, but increasing 
patronage in time demanded greater facilities, and ren- 
dered a permanent establishment desirable and practicable. 

The school buildino- has been twice enlarg-ed, and 
auxiliary buildings erected, until now there are three 
rooms for the school, and eleven for self boarding, and a 
commodious boarding house, conducted by the Principal. 

A moderate library and apparatus have been gradually 
acquired. Larger and better buildings and other facilities 
are still much needed. 

In the years 1866-7, an effort was made to erect a 
larger building, but the financial pressure which ensued 
arrested the work. 

Up to the present date, for thirtj^-seven years, the 
school has been conducted as an individual enterprise 
by the same Principal who began it, assisted by his wife, 
son, and daughters, with occasionally other teachers. 

The })atronage for the first fifteen or twenty years 
varied from thirty to sixty students ; in later years, from 
fifty to eighty. 



A liberal course of acaclemic'studies was adopted some 
fifteen years ago, and last year revised and enlarged. See 
accompanying circuliar. 

Earnest and constant attention has been given to moral 
and religious, as well as scholastic instruction, and 
hundreds of well qualified young men and wom6n have 
been sent forth to do good service for their fellow men, 
not only in the ordinary avocations of life, but also in the 
learned ])rofessious — especially that of teaching — in pub- 
lic offices, on the judicial bench, and in halls of legislation. 

One peculiarity of this school, which, perhaps, ought 
not to be overlooked in this historical sketch, is, that 
colored pupils have always been admitted to its privileges 
on equal terms with the white. This feature being a 
rare one in Southern Ohio, on the border between slavery 
and freedom, where prejudice against color prevailed, 
was, for many years, the cause of unpopularity and even 
odium ; but an unswerving adherence to the principle, 
for conscience sake, has in a measure overcome prejudice, 
and established for the school a solid reputation. 

In order to secure greater efficiency and permanency, 
an incorporation has, within the past year, been effected, 
and efl:brts are being made to procure larger grounds and 
erect new and better buildings. 

The Principal and his family are members of the 
Baptist Church, and the new Academy will be put in 
charge of the Trustees belonging to that denomination, 
but the articles of incorporation provide that the privi- 
leges of the school shall be forever accessable to all, with- 
out distinction of age, sex, sect, or race. 



Circular of Clermont Academy. 



REQUISITES FOR ADMISSION. 

Ability to read understandingly, and write legibly ; the 
possession of good moral habits; and suiRcient age not to 
require personal care. 

COURSES OF STUDY. 

PREPARATORY. 

Arithmetic, Geography, and EnglishGrammar. 

ACADEMIC — FIRST YEAR. 

Fall Term — Latin Grammar and Reader, Algebra, Ele- 
mentary Rhetoric. 

Winter Term — Latin continued, Algebra, English Anal- 
ysis. 

^ring Term — Latin continued, Algebra, Botany. 

SECOND YEAR. 

Fall Term — Latin (Csesar), Geometry, U. S. History. 

Winter Term — Latin (Csesar), Geometry, English History. 

Spring Term — Latin (Cicero), Trigonometry, Physical 
Geography. 

THIRD YEAR, 

Fall Term — Natural Philosophy, Latin (Virgil), Geology. 

Winter Term — Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Physi- 
ology. 

Spring Term — Astronomy, Ancient History, Zoology. 



FOURTH YEAR. 

Fall Term — Mental Philosophy, Rhetoric, Science of 
Government. 

Winter Term — Moral Philosophy, Book-keeping, Polit- 
ical Economy. 

Spring Term — Logic, History of English Literature, 

Evidences of Christianity. 

COLLEGIATE PREPARATORY. 

FIRST YEAR. 

Same as first year of Academic course. 

SECOND YEAR. 

Fall Term — Latin (Csesar), Greek, Natural Philosophy. 
Winter Term — Latin (Csesar), Greek, Natural Philosophy. 
Spring Term — Latin (Cicero), Greek, Roman History. 

THIRD YEAR. 

Fall Term — Latin (Virgil), Greek, Algebra. 
Winter Term — Latin, Greek, Algebra. 
Spring Term — Latin, Greek, Grecian History. 

GENERAL EXERCISES. 

Bible lessons, Singing, Spelling, Reading, Penmanship, 
Composition, and Declamation, attended to by all through- 
out the course. 

Irregular students may recite in the regular classes, 
when they are prepared to maintain good standing 
therein. . 

' TERMS AND VACATIONS. 

The school year consists of three terms of twelye 
weeks each, commencing as follows- First Monday iii 



October; First Monday in January; First Monday in 
April, 

Winter and Spring vacations, one week each ; Summer 
vacation, fourteen weeks. 

EXPENSES. 

Tuition, per term, $10 00 

Tuition, less than a term, per week, 1 00 

Tuition in Music, on Piano, Organ, or Guitar, 12 00 

Tuitionin Vocal Music, 24 lessons, 2 00 

Use of Instrument, from 2 00 to 2 50 

Boarding (not including fires and liglits in bed-rooms), per 

weelv, 4 00 

Koom-rent, for self-boarding, per term, for each occu- 
pant, 2 00 to 3 00 

PAYMENTS, 

For Tuition, per term, in advance. 

For Music, half in advance, and half in the middle of 
the term. 

For Boardings weekly or monthly in advance. 

For Books or Stationery, strictly cash, at Cincinnati 
prices. 

Interest at 10 [ler cent, per annum will be charged on 
neglected bills. 

FACILITIES. 

Ample Instruction, good Apparatus, and a flourishing 
LN'ceum with a good Library. 

LOCATION. 

The Academy is situated at Clermontville on the New 
Richmond and Bethel Turnpike, near the Ohio River, 
twenty miles above Cincinnati, and two and a half miles 
above New Richmond, with healthful and moral 
surroundings. Post-office address, Clermontville, Cler- 
mont County, Ohio. 



GENERAL REMARKS. 

This institution is open to both sexes. 

Good moral deportment and strict attention to duty are 
required of all. 

All are required to attend the daily religious exercises 
of the School ; also, Bible class on the Sabbath, and pub- 
lic worship whenever practicable. All are requested not 
to travel to or from the School on the Sabbath day. 

None need apply for admission who are unwilling to 
yield a strict and cheerful obedience to all wholesome 
regulations. 

To secure good results, students should enter at the 
opening of the term, and attend punctually. 

Boarders are each required to furnish one pair of sheets, 
one pair pillow-slips, towels, combs, brushes, &c., all dis- 
tinctly marked. 

For further particulars address the undersigned, 

J. K. PARKER, Principal. 

Mrs. S. P. B. PARKER, First Assistant. 

Miss HASSIE PARKER, Teacher of Music and Drawing. 



Cincinnati Wesleyan College, 

CINCINNATI, O. 



ORIGIN, ORGANIZATION, ETC. 

At a special meeting of tlie preachers of Cincinnati, O., 
held in the office of the editor of the Western Christian Ad- 
vocate^ May 4, 1842, the following persons were present: 

Eev. L. L. Hamline, D. D., Rev. Abam Miller, 
" Charles Ejxiott, D. D., " William Nast, 
" James L, Grover, " Thomas Harrison, 

" George C. Crum, " Leroy Swormstedt, 

" William H. Lawder, " James P. Kilbreth. 

" William Herr, 

The object of the meeting was explained by Rev. Dr. C 
Elliott; namely, to consult on the expediency of taking 
measures to establish, in this city, a female institute of the 
highest possible grade. The following resolution "was pre- 
sented and adopted : 

Resolved, "That in the opinion of this meeting it is deemed 
advisable to call a public meeting to consider the practica- 
bility of establishing in Cincinnati a female collegiate in- 
stitute." 

Pursuant to public notice given, a meeting was held in 
Wesley Methodist Episcopal Chapel, on Fifth Street, between 
Main and Sycamore, May 20, 1842. A board of trustees was 
organized, and arrangements made to procure suitable college 
buildings, and to employ teachers. At a subsequent meet- 
ing, the Eev. Perlee B. "VVilber and Avife were employed to 
take the supervision of the institute. The first session com- 
menced on the first Monday in September, 1842, in a rented 

1 



2 CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

building on the nortli side of Ninth Street, between Main 
and Walnut. 

Nineteen scholars were enrolled ; but the numbers in- 
creased so rapidly that it was soon evident more ample 
accommodations must be provided. Therefore the spacious 
residence of John Eeevcs, Esq., on Seventh Street, between 
Walnut and Vine, Avas leased for the term of five years; a 
a convenient school building was erected on the pleasant 
grounds, and occupied in December, 1842. 

The same year an Act of Incoi-jDoration was procured 
from the Legislature of Ohio, under the title of the "Meth- 
odist Female Collegiate Institute." 

In the year 1846, it was determined to establish the Insti- 
tute on a firm basis, to procure a more eligible site, and erect 
new and commodious buildings. Accordingly, a new Act of 
Incorporation was obtained, and the name of the Institute 
changed to Wesleyan Female College. The elegant mansion 
of Henry Starr, Esq., on Vine, between Sixth and Seventh 
Streets, was purchased for a boarding-house, and in the rear 
of the same a college ei'ected, which was then unsurpassed 
by any similar edifice in the country. 

In 18G6 tlie trustees decided to erect a larger and more 
modern building, and the school was suspended to await 
its completion. The work of constructing the new edifice 
on Wesley Avenue was commenced, and the corner-stone 
laid, with appropriate ceremonies, on the 26th of Sej^tember, 

1867. The building was dedicated to the cause of education, 
in its broadest and fullest sense, on the 28th of September, 

1868. In 1869, by an Act of the Legislature of Ohio, the 
name was changed to Cincinnati Wesleyan College. 

GKOUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 

The grounds are two hundred and eighty-seven feet front 
on Wesley Avenue, by one hundred and fifteen feet deep. 
The main building has a frontage of one hundred and sev- 
enty-two by sixty feet deep ; and in the rear of the center 
is a wing forty feet wide by thirty feet deep, making the 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 3 

entire depth ninety feet. There are four stories, with a total 
height of sixty-four feet, exclusive of basement and Mansard ; 
the tower extending fifty feet above the main loof, the 
extreme height one hundred and fourteen feet above tlie 
foundation — or about one hundred and- thirty-five ieet above 




Main Entijance. 



the street. The structure is of briclc, witii heavy stone 
finish, and the design a combination of tlie Gothic and 
Corinthian styles, giving to the whole an imposing appear- 
ance. Tlie steel engraving preceding tliis sketcli affords a 
correct view of tliis beautiful edifice, as a whole, and the 
above representation of the main entrance shows somewhat 
in detail the arcliitectural stA'le. 

There are two arched entrances from the front, opening 



4 CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

into halls twelve feet wide, and the halls on the several 
floors, and the two jirincipal stairways, are on the same 
ample scale. Tliere are cighly-seven rooms, all of which 
are well lighted and ventilated, arranged and finished with 
sjDecial reference to the health and comfort of the pupils. 
School-rooms for a full corps of teachers ai-e large, high, 
and light, and specially so planned that during the hours 
of recitation the surroundings of the pupils ma}^ be pleasant 
and cheerful. (See page 12.) 

The chapel is fifty-six feet square b}^ thirty-five feet high. 
The walls, arches, and ceiling are handsomely frescoed, and 
the twelve large Gothic windows are of stained glass, "in 
memoriam " of the first President of the College, Eev. Perlee 
B. AVilber, and of other ministers and laymen who have had 
an honored place in Cincinnati Methodism. A view of the 
interior of the chapel is given on page 5. The building, 
with furnishment, cost $135,000 ; the lot is valued at 190,000, 
making the entire outlay ^225,000. 

SPECIFIC OBJECT. 

The end in view in the expenditure of such a sum in 
buildings, etc., is to make this oldest College for Women equal 
in every respect to the demands of the age. Whatever opin- 
ions maybe entertained on the question of the expediency of 
the co-education of the sexes, the fact remains that vast 
numbers of parents do not desire for their daughters an en- 
trance into the colleges or universities which have i-ecently 
opened their doors to admit women as students. In behalf 
of all these, there is an imperative demand for the op- 
portunities of separate education; to them the colleges 
for women must supply, if they are to receive it at all, 
the means of a comprehensive and generous school train- 
ing. To these institutions the}- must look for whatever the}' 
are to know of the society of letters and the atmosphere of 
culture. 

Inseparably connected with this fact is one distinctive 
advantage, which is especially liable to be overlooked or 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

undervalued. It is that, in the intimate and long-continued 
association of teachers and students as members of one famih', 
there is the necessary influence of the superior mind making 
itself felt in the deveioj^nient of the young woman during 
the impressible period of iier life, so that both mind and man- 
ners — the "lesser morals" — are brought under a suitable 
molding poAver. 




I>fTEI!IOR OP Till.; CUAPIiL. 



THE TKUSTEES. 

As trustees, and earnest friends of the College in its early 
years, we find the names of the honored Bishops Ilnmline 
and Morris; Rev. C. Elliott, D. D.; Rev. L. Swormstedt. Hon. 
John M'Lean, Joim Eistner, John Eecves, Josiah Lawrence, 
Joseph G. East, Moses Brooks, A. jST. Riddle, Dr. Charles 
"Woodward, Joseph Herron, and John Whetstone, all of 
Avhom have passed from labor to reward. Associated Avith 
them were Bishop Simpson, Harvey DeCamp, James P. Kil- 
breth, Wm. Wood, E. B. Reeder, John Cochnower, John Du- 
bois, Hon. J. BurgojMie, and Rev. B. P. Aydelotte, D. D. 

In later years, the lamented Bishop Clark, Bisiio]) Wiley, 



b CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

John Siinpkiiison, John Pfaff, J. M. Phillips, and Dr. C. G. 
Oomegj's, had jihice in its management. 

The present Board of Trustees is constituted as follows: 

Rev. .J. M. Walden, D. D., President. 
Mr. John Cochnower, Vice-President. 
Hon. Charles W. Rowland, Secretary. 
Mr. Joseph F. Larkin, Treasurer. 

Bishop R. S. Foster, D. D., Luke Hitchcock, D. D., E. S. Rust, D. D., 

Harvey DeCamp, John C. Brooke, Jno. D. Hearne, 

Hon. M. B. Hagans, James N. Gamble, H. K. Lindsey, 

Richard Dymond, Jno. T. Johnson, Wm. Wood, 

Jno. R. Wright, Jos. L. Hai.l, Wm. F. Thorne. 

Alex. R. Clark, 

THE FACULTY, 

The Trustees elect the FacuUy annual]}-, tenure of office 
depending upon ability and success in the work of instruc- 
tion. 

The College grew from infoney to maturity under the 
guardianship of President Wilber, who, for seventeen years, 
devoted his time and talents to its interests. In 1859 his 
Avork on earth was completed, and- his Master called him 
home. 

In the same year, Eev. Eobert Allyn, D. D., was elected 
President, and, until 18(33, controlled the affairs of the insti- 
tution in an able manner, when ho resigned to iicce])t the 
Presidency of M'Kendrce College, Illinois. 

He was succeeded by Rev. R. S. Eust, D. D., whose suc- 
cessful administration continued until the close of the Sj)i-ing 
term in June, 1866. 

At the opening of the new edifice, on Wesley Avenue, in 
1868, Eev. L. H. Bugbee, D. D., was elected President. 
After seven years of faithful and successful labor he re- 
signed, to accept the Presidency of Allegliany College, 
Meadville, Pa. 

The Board of Trustees unanimously called to the Presi- 
dency of the College tiie Eev. T>. H. Moore, D. D. He 
entered upon his official duties in September, 1875, with char- 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 7 

acteristic earnestness and zeal; and his administration 
promises the most successful results. The present Faculty 
is as follows: 

Eev. D. H. Moobe, D. D., President. 

Catherine J. Chamberlayne, A. M., Lady Principal, 

Charles W. Super, A. M., Ph. D., Mrs. Mary C. Wilber, A. M., 

Madame Martinez, Margaret Boyd, A. M., 

Anna M. Thompson, A. M., Jessie S. Wilber, 

Frances A. Fish, A. M., Mary W. Richardson, 

Eliza J. Allen, A. M., Mary W. Ross. 

Department of Music. 

Karl Barus, Dean, Augusta Hermann, 

Arthur Mees, Wilhelmina Mollmanjt. 

COURSE OF STUDY. 

The course of study proposed in 1842 was far in advance 
of tliatof ladies' schools of a high grade at that time. There 
were tlirec departments; namel}", the Primary; the Prepar- 
atory, occupying three years; and the Collegiate, four. The 
Latin and Greek Languages were included in the regular 
course. The modern languages, French, CTcrman, Spanish, 
and Italian, were optional. The exact sciences received a 
measure of attention that had not been accorded to them 
in tlic department of female education. The best oppor- 
tunities were given in vocal and instrumental music, and in 
drawing and painting. 

The changes made in the course of stud}-, from time to 
time, have been sucli as to secure the liighest culture, and to 
prepare young women for the responsibilities of life, to do 
the best work in their homes and in society. The aim has 
been not alone to store the mind with facts, but to lead it to 
independent thought. 

We place the present Courses in the Academical and 
Collegiate Departments in tabulated form on the next two 
pages. An examination of them will show liow fully we 
recognize the claim of woman to all the advantages of a 
thorough scholastic traininfir. 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 











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10 cmciisrNATi wesleyan college. 

ENGLISH COURSE. 

"While the College claims to bestow special attention upon 
the teaching of foreign langanges, the Eiiglisli language and 
its literature are by no means neglected. With a view to 
supplying a very general lack in the education of our young 
people, the College has established an English Course in which 
Anglo Saxon and Englisli are the only languages studied. 
By this arrangement not only a knowledge of the general 
principles of inflected languages ma}' be imparted, but more 
time may also be devoted to English literature and history 
than in the other courses. It is, however, not intended to 
supersede either the Classical or Scientific, but ratlier to enable 
those wishing to make a specialty of their mother-tongue 
not only to acquire a thorough general education, but like- 
wise to secure the diploma of the College. 

SPECIAL COURSES. 

Those who desire to make a specialty of certain depart- 
ments of study can be accommodated; and those who are 
preparing to teach will receive thorough training with 
reference to that profession. 

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTS AND BUSINESS. 

Any young women who desire to prepare themselves for 
business as book-keepers, clerks, or copyists, can avail them- 
selves of the privilege of this department. In order that the 
graduates may have correct views of the general laws of 
business, lectures are delivered before each class on Commer- 
cial Jurisprudence and Commercial Ethics. Those who take 
the special courses can also attend these lectures. 

COURSE OF READING. 

As a supplement to the study of English literature by 
text-book, a course of reading has been carefully arranged, 
with reference to the wants of advanced students. Written 
or oral abstracts of these readings arc required to be pre- 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 



11 



sented at regular intervals to the teacher in charge of the 
de2:)artment. The course inchides some one work, or, in 
some cases, more than one, in its entirety, from each of the 
following authors: Longfellow, Whittier, Bryant, Dickens, 
Thackeray, Hawthorne, Prescott, Irving, Macaulay, Words- 
worth, Scott, Cowper, Goldsmith, Pope, Addison, Bunyan, 
Milton, Shakespeare, Spenser, and Chaucer. 

Besides this, it is the design of the school to give direc- 
tion to the reading of all its members, to exert a formative 
influence upon their tastes, and to lead them, by successive 
stejjs, np to the appreciation of the thoughts and creations 
of the liTcatest and wisest of men. 




Interior of Art-room. 



ACADEMY OF DESIGN. 
Miss Mary W. Kichardson, Principal. 

The art-room has a height of eighteen feet, is forty-two 
feet in length, and twenty -five feet in width, with north, east, 
and west lights, and sky-lights. The design is to develop in 
the pupils real art talent, independence of eff'ort, and skill in 
the selection and combination of excellencies in their work. 



12 CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

COLLEGE OF MUSIC. 
Karl Barus, Dean. 

This dci^artmcnt has~ been revised upon a basis which 
recognizes an ethical and intellectual clement in music. It 
is the aim of the Faculty to make at least an approximate 
interpretation of the thought l^'ing bcj'ond the composer's 
expression no less an essential to musical fitness than accu- 
rate and skillful execution. To this end, a course of musical 
literature w\\\ tliread through the more solid and complex 
technical study, bringing with it the incitement of a pervad- 
ing personality, needed as a complement to a science which 
must always remain, to a great extent, abstract, because 
only perfected through mathematical precision. The differ- 
ent musical schools are taken up in chronological order, the 
life of each comjjoser considered individually, with equal 
reference to its social and aesthetic relations, and the pupil 
familiai-ized with his works through piano recitals. 

A scries of classical soirees form a resume of the literary 
and critical work in the department during the year. It has 
been impossible to find any one book which meets the de- 
mands of an extended course of study. The works chiefly 
depended upon are: Helmholtz, Elterlein, Saweis, Thibaut, 
ScJmmann, Nohl, Reissmann, Schindler, Weitzmann, Biirney, 
Busby, Marx, HausUck, TyndalL Wagner, Lobe, Behn, Haupt- 
viann, and Emil Haumann. The principal works used in the 
pi-actical department are those of Czerny, Kullak, Heller; the 
easier productions of Mozart, Haydn; a few of Beethoven; 
Gradus ad Parnassum,C\GViX(i\ii\-Tii\\&\i;; Octave-school,K\i\\'Ak-, 
Etudes, Cramer Billow; daily studies, Tausig Ehrlich. Much 
stress is placed upon scale-practice as the great help to facile 
and even finger movement, and a good standard maintained 
for pupils in Harmony. 

APPARATUS. 

A judicious selection of apparatus, sufficient to illustrate 
the leading principles of natural philosophy, chemistry, and 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 13 

astronomy, has been made, and will be increased as circum- 
stances shall require. 

LECTUEES. 

Lectures are delivered by the president upon political 
economy and philosophy, and by Professor Super upon an- 
cient and modern classics. Literary and religious lectures 
are delivered during the j-ear by eminent professors, 
clergymen, and Christian worlcers of both sexes, and familiar 
lectures b}^ the professors in the various departments. 

LIBKAKY. 

There is a valuable library, of several hundred choice 
volumes, to which the pupils have access. 

EEADING-KOOM. 

The reading-room of the College— twenty-five feet by six- 
teen — is furnished with every regard to comfort and elegance. 
Its supply of reading-matter includes most of the prominent 
political and religious journals of this country, the leading 
magazines, educational, scientific, and literar}-; the best 
journals of music and art, together with all the most impor- 
tant of the English quarterlies. It is believed that this College 
is 8ecH)nd to none of the numerous schools for young women, 
in the amount of money expended in providing for its stu- 
dents the choicest selection of periodical literature. 

SOCIETIES. 

There are two flourishing literary societies — the Lyceum 
and Cincinnati um. The Ljcciim was founded in 1841:, and is 
believed to be the oldest literary society connected with a 
ladies' college in the United States. It has a large and hand- 
somely furnished hall, and has upon its record the names of 
six iiundred and eighty-nine retired and active members. 
The Cincinnatium was organized in 1870, has a pleasant and 
well-furnished hall, and numbers one hundred and forty -two 
retired and active members. 



14 CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 

There is also a missionaiy society, auxiliary to the 
Woman's Foreig-n MissioiKuy Society. IL has moiiihlj- meet- 
ings, ami an anniversary in April. 

DEGREES. 

In 1842, by an Act of the Legislature of Ohio, the trustees 
were empowered to confer the degree of M. E. L. (Mistress of 
English Literature) upon all who coni))letc the prescribed 
English Coarse of study ; and M. C. L. (Mistress of Classical 
Literature) upon tliose who take, in addition to tlie Eiiglish 
Course, the ancient languages, or Latin and French or 
German. 

In 1868, by an Act of the Legislature of Ohio, the trustees 
were empowered to confer the degree of B. A. (Baccalaureate 
in Arts) upon those completing the Classical Course, and B. S. 
(Baccalaureate in Science) upon those completing the Scien- 
tific Course, and the degree of A. M. in cursu, upon evidence 
of i^rogress in literary pursuits and tastes. 

EXPENSES. 

Per Semester — N"ineteen Weeks. 

Board, use of furnlslied room, fuel, lights, and washing — one 

dozen pieces per week, $115 00 

Tuition — Primary Department, 20 00 

" Academic Department, 40 00 

'' Collegiate Department, 50 00 

Extra Expenses per Seme.ster. 

Lessons on the Piano in Preparatory Department, two per week, $30 00 

Lessons " " Academic " " " 40 00 

Lessons " " Normal " " " 50 00 

Lessons " Organ, " " 50 00 

Lessons in Special Vocal C^ulture, " " 50 00 

Reading-room and incidental fee, 2 00 

Tuition in French, 15 00 

Oil Painting, three lessons per week, . . . . . 30 00 

Water Colors, " " " 30 00 

Photograph Painting, in Water or Oil, 3 lessons per week, . 30 00 

Perspective Drawing or Crayon Drawing, 3 lessons per week, 30 00 

Pencil Drawing and Sketching, 3 lessons per week, . . 20 00 



CINCINNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 



15 



DOMESTIC COMFOKT. 

The domestic comfort of the College is desei-ving of marked 
attention. All the appoiiitmcnls of a generously supplied 
home are here to be found. The private rooms of students 
are furnished with every thing necessary to comfort, are 
thoroughly warmed, and in all respects arc delightfully home- 
like. The dining-room is on the main floor, and is cheerful 
and attractive. The tables are uniformly sup])lied with most 
wholesome, palatable food, and served in a manner de- 
signed to educate young ladies in the proprieties of life while 
contributing to their physical and social enjoyment. There 
is not, in the whole domestic management, a single exception 
to the munificence which is, confessedly, its- characteristic. 



^^lili'I'ltlrr': 




iNTisiuoR OF School-room. 



RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. 

The College is conducted on a positively Christian basis. 
Daily religious exercises are held in each school-room, be- 
sides general services in the chapel. For the boardei-s, fam- 
ily worship is observed regularly. On Sabbath ntorning 



16 



CINCmNATI WESLEYAN COLLEGE. 



they attend Church in the city, wherever tlieir parents may 
designate; in the afternoon, Sunday-school, and at night, 
appropriate and interesting services in the College building. 

THE ALUMNA. 

The graduates of the College have an active and efficient 
alumnal ox'ganization. Anniversary exercises are held each 
year in connection with the commencement, and a beautiful 
alumnal volume is published once in two years. 

In 1845, the first Senior Class, consisting of six young 
ladies, received the honors of the College. The alumnas now 
number four hundred and sixty-two; besides, there are more 
than three thousand educated women, North, East, South, 
and West, who were trained within its walls. 




€;ultura nostra salus. 



DENISON UNIVERSITY, GRANVILLE. 



The institution now known as Denison University was 
first organized at Granville, Licking county, Ohio, December 
13th, 1831. It was incorporated by act of the Ohio Legisla- 
ture, February 3d, 1832, under the name of the ^' (jranvUle 
Literary and Theological Institution.^^ By an act of January, 
1845, the name was changed to ^'■Granville College;^' and this 
again, under the general law of Ohio, was changed June 25th, 
1856, to the name which the institution now bears. It was 
so named in honor of Wm. Denison, of Adamsville, Ohio, in 
accordance with an early vole of the Trustees that the first 
donor of $10,000 or more to the institution should have the 
privilege of naming it. 

Denison University may be said to have been the child of 
the Ohio Baptist P]ducation Society. At a meeting of this 
body, held at Lebanon, Ohio, in May, 1830, it was decided to 
take immediate steps for the establishment of a College. A 
committee was appointed to nominate twelve Trustees, and 
to receive bids for the location of the College. At the next 
annual meeting of the Society, held at Lancaster, in May, 
1831, this committee presented their report. They nomi- 
nated as Trustees: John McLeod, Charles Sawyer, Luther 
Woods, Thomas Spelman, Jonathan Atwood, Jacob Baker, 
Allen Darrow, William Sedgwick, W. Thompson, Isaac 
Sperry, S. Carpenter, and B. Allen. These gentlemen wer(- 
duly elected. Of the number. Rev. Allen Darrow, now living 
at Sunbur}', Ohio, alone survives (.January, 1876). 

At this meeting applications for the location of the Col- 
lege were received from several diflferent towns and cities. 
Rev. Allen Darrow and M^-. Charles Sawver, in behalf of the 



2 

small Baptist Church and of citizens of Granville, made an 
offer of a farm property a mile and a half west of that town, 
valued at ^3,400. Manual labor schools were then consider- 
ably popular. This offer was accepted, and Granville deter- 
mined upon as the location of the College. 

At a meeting of the Ohio Baptist Education Society, held 
at Granville, October 1st, 1831, it was decided to add six to 
the number of Trustees already a23pointed, and the following 
gentlemen were accordingly elected: George C. Sedgwick, 
Daniel Shepardson, John Stevens, Sylvester Spelman, Geo. 
Jeffries, and Jacob Drake. 

Four months later, February 3d, 1832, a charter was ob- 
tained. This instrument limited the number of Trustees to 
eighteen, specified that the institution should be located at 
Granville, limited the annual income to 65,000, and gave 
power to confer the honors and degrees usually conferred by 
such institutions. No limitations were imposed as to the 
residence or religious creed of the Trustees. This charter 
received, from time to time, various modifications, by which 
the number of Trustees was increased to thirty-six, and the 
name changed as above stated. 

In 1867 the Board of Trustees was reorganized under the 
act of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio of April 
9th, 1852, entitled "An act to enable the trustees of colleges, 
academies, universities, and other institutions for the pur- 
pose of promoting education, to become bodies corporate," 
and the acts amendatory thereto. By the articles of associ- 
ation adopted at this time, the University was "to be man- 
aged and controlled by thirty-six Trustees, to be chosen 
(exclusively from members in good standing and full mem- 
bership in regular Baptist churches in the State of Ohio, 
who shall hold their oHices only so long as they retain such 
membership, five, at least, to be resident free-holders of Lick- 
ing county. 

Granville, the seat of the College, is a village of 1100 in- 



habitants, situated near the center of Licking county— one 
of the central counties of the State. It is six miles west of 
Newark, the county seat, and twenty-eight miles east of 
Columbus, the capital of the State. Its nearest railroad 
station is Union, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, three 
and one-half miles south of the village. It is, however, sit- 
uated upon the line of the Atlantic and Lake Erie Railroad, 
upon which it is expected that trains will be running before 
the end of the year 1S76. As already stated, the College was at 
first located on the farm west of Granville village. The 
property, when purchased, consisted of two hundred acres of 
land, with the usual farm buildings. The mansion-bouse 
was almost immediately enlarged for the use of the school 
at an expense of $2,300 It was, however, but just finished 
when it was destroyed by fire. It Avas immediatel}' rebuilt 
at an expense of $6,000, and was entered December 17, 1882 
It was three stories high, 82 feet b}- 30, with a wing 44 feet 
by 20. Soon after, another building was erected at a cost of 
?5,000. This location was afterwards deemed an unfavorable 
one, and the College was accordingly removed in 185() to its 
present location. The site selected contains twenty-four 
acres, located upon a hill north of the village, about one- 
fourth of a mile from the public square. The rear of the 
grounds is covered with a grove of old forest trees. Upon 
this site there was erected in 1856 a frame building 32 by 70 
feet, three stories high, containing single rooms capable of 
accommodating forty students. At the same time there was 
erected a brick building, four stories high, 133 feet long, 32 
feet deep in the middle division, and 45 in the eastern and 
western divisions. This building contains thirty three suites 
of rooms, capable of accommodating sixty-six students, each 
suite consisting of a sitting-room 12 by 14 feet, a bed- room 
8 by 11 feet, and two closets. It also contains four recitation 
rooms, varying in size from 14 by 20 feet to 14 by 42 feet, the 
University Library, two society halls, and the reading-room, 



each 14 by 42 feet, and two society libraries, 14 by 20 feet 
each. 

These two buildings proving insufficient fer the needs of 
the College, there was begun in 1868, and completed in 1871, 
a third building, similar to the one last named, but somewhat 
larger. It is of brick, four stories high, and 135 feet long. 
The western division is 45 feet deep, the middle 32, and the 
eastern 6Q. This building contains a chapel, 40 by 63 feet, 
and 24 feet high, a Natural History room, 14 by 63 feet, four 
recitation rooms, 14 by 28 feet each, and thirty-six suites of 
rooms similar to those in the other brick building, and furn- 
ishing accommodations for seventy-two students. The pres- 
ent value of these three buildings may be stated in round 
numbers about as follows : Frame building, S5,000; old brick 
building, S25,000; new brick building, $30,000. 

For financial support the University has been from •the 
first, as it is at present, dependent upon the voluntary con- 
tributions of men interested in Christian education. By far 
the larger part of its funds has come from the Baptist denom- 
ination of the State of Ohio. The ^o,4(X) necessar}' to pur- 
chase the original site was raised by the Baptist Church and 
citizens of Granville ; $2,300 more were needed immediately, 
to enlarge the building; $6,000 in the following year to 
replace the building destroyed by fire, and $5,000 soon after 
to erect a new building. These expenses involved the infant 
institution in debt. This Avas increased by interest and by 
the current expenses of the College. $7,000 were raised in 
the eastern States to liquidate this indebtedness. But not- 
withstanding all the efi^brts made for its payment, it had 
increased in 1843 to $15,000. In that year a determined 
effort was nuide for its liquidation, which was successful. 

On the acceptance of the Presidency by Dr. Bailey in 1846, 
an effort was made to raise ten thousand dollars ($10,000) as 
a presidential endowment fund-. From this, the first effort 
to raise a permanent endowment fund, there were realized 



about eight thousand doUars ($8,000), which began to bear 
interest in 1849. When, in 1853, the change of location 
spoken of above was determined upon, and it became neces- 
sary to erect new buildings, a great effort was made to raise 
by the sale of scliolarships an endowment and building fand. 
Subscriptions to the amount of eighty thousand dollars 
($80,000) were secured. In consequence, however, of the 
financial crash of 1857, and the usual vicissitudes of such 
funds, only a small part of these subscriptions ever became 
productive. Almost the whole of what was thus realized, 
viz., about twent^^-five thousand dollars, was expended in the 
erection of the frame building, and the older of the two brick 
buildings still in use. 

In 1863 the estimated value of the property of the Univer- 
sity was fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), namely : nearly forty 
thousand dollars ($40,0(X)) fixed property, and a little over 
ten thousand dollars ($10,000) productive endowment. 

The sources of income up to this time had been receipts 
for tuition, which, in the earlier years, were very nearly suf- 
ficient to pay current expenses; gifts, an agent being em- 
ployed for a part of the time; and, since 1849, the interest 
on a small endowment fand. 

In 1863 a determined and effective effort was made towards 
an adequate endowment. As the result of this effort, after 
four years (in June, 1867,) a fund somewhat exceeding one 
hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) was placed in the hands 
of the Board of Trustees, just then reorganized. In this 
work, E. Thresher, LL.D., of Dayton, was the prime mover, 
ultimately giving one-tenth of the amout himself. One who 
knows the facts and understands the whole case bears this 
testimony: "The man to whom, under God, the credit is 
due of rea-stiring the permanent existence of Denison Uni- 
versity, and of securing the endowment, is our venerable 
and beloved brother, E. Thresher." 

In 1868, when a new building was needed, voluntary con- 



tributions suj^plied the necessary funds. Almost the entire 
amount required, viz., thirty-two thousand dolhirs (832,000) 
was raised without tlie employment of an agent, or any 
expense whatever, except a small amount for traveling. 

During the summer of 1873, seventy-five thousand dollars 
($75,000) were added to the one hundred thousand dollar 
endowment fund previousl}^ raised. 

To give a full list of the benefactors of the University 
would be impossible. Prominent, however, among the con- 
tributors to the two endowment funds last named should be 
mentioned: E. Thresher, LL.D., E. E. Barney, and W. P. 
Huffman, of Dayton; Geo. F. Davis and J. H. Tangeman, of 
Cincinnati; J. M. Hoyt, LL.D., H. Chisholm, and J. D. Rocke- 
feller, of Cleveland, and Geo. Cook, of Canton. The largest 
amount given by any one man was thirty thousand dollars 
($30,000), the gift of E. E. Barney. The property now owned 
,by the University, including endoAvment fund, site of twenty- 
four acres, three buildings, libraries, cabinets, apparatus, etc., 
is valued at $300,000. 

In its first conception, the immediate leading object of the 
institution was to educate ministers for the Baptist churches 
of Ohio and the neighboring States. The institution, though 
small in its beginning, was also expected, as soon as practi- 
cable, to become a College for general lil)eral education, fur- 
nishing the usual collegiate course of instruction to all such 
youth as should resort to it. 

It was at first designed to conduct the institution upon the 
manual labor plan. This plan, however, though a help to 
many students, proved to be too expensive, creating a con- 
stant draft upon the treasury, and was accordingly aban- 
doned in 1856. 

The establishment of a Theological Department was for 
many years a cherished plan of the Board of Trustees, towards 
which they were continually looking, though never fully 
attainino; it. 



Dr. Jonathan Going, during the time of his presidency, 
from 1S37 to 1844, devoted liis almost exclusive attention to 
this department of instruction. Later, in 1860, Rev. Marsena 
Stone, D.D., was appointed Professor of Theology; an effort 
was made to endow the chair, and a small sum raised for that 
purpose. The classes, however, were never large, and lat- 
terly a better apprehension of the needs of the denomina- 
tion in the State has led to the entire abandonment of any 
plans for theological instruction, the University devoting 
itself excluiiively to the work of a College proper. 

The University, though under the control of the Baptist 
denomination, is not sectarian, and does not teach denomi- 
national dogmas. The prevailing tone and spirit of the 
College is, however, decidedly Christian. Chapel service?, 
conducted by members of the Faculty, are held once each day, 
attendance upon which is obligatory. Religious meetings 
are held in the College each week, attendance upon which is 
voluntary. 

The Universit}', as at present organized, sustains two depart- 
ments, the Collegiate and the Preparatory. These two depart- 
ments are under the control of the same Board of Trustees, 
and occupy, for the present, the same buildings. Plans are 
maturing for locating the Preparatory Department in a 
building by itself, and securing for it, in every way, a more 
independent and solid foundation. The instruction in this 
department, however, even now, it is believed, is not sur- 
passed in thoroughness and accuracy by any given in this 
country. 

The Faculty of the Collegiate Department is composed of 
seven regular members — the President (who is also Professor 
of Mental and Moral Philosophy), the Professor of the Greek 
Language and Literature, the Professor of the Latin Lan- 
guage and Literature, the Professor of Rhetoric and English 
Literature, the Professor of the Natural Sciences, the Profes- 



sor of Mathematics and Natural Philoso^jhy, and an Adjunct 
Professor of Languages. 

The Faculty of the Preparatory Department consists of 
three members — the Principal (who is also the Adjunct Pro- 
fessor of Languages in the College Department), the Classical 
Tutor, and the Mathematical Tutor. 

The Collegiate Department offers two courses — the Classical 
course, extending through four years, and the Scientific 
course, extending through three years. 

The Preparatory Department offers three courses — the Class- 
ical course of three years, designed to prepare students for 
the Classical course of the Collegiate Deparlment; the Scien- 
tific course of two years, designed to prepare students for the 
Scientific course of the Collegiate Department; and the* 
English course, which furnishes instruction in the common 
English branches. 

Applicants for admission to either course of the Collegiate 
Department are required to pass an examination upon the 
studies of the corresponding course of the Preparatory De- 
partment. 

The following schedule shows the curriculum of study 
pursued in each course of the Preparatory Department: 



PEEPARATORY DEPARTMENT. 

CLASSICAL COUKSE. 
FIRST YEAK. 

Fall Term. — Latin, Natural Philosophy aiul Grammar, United States 
History. 

Wilder Term. — Latin, Greek, English Analysis. 
Spring Term. — Latin, Greek, Roman History. • 

SECOND YEAR. 

FaU Term. — Latin, Greek, Introductory Algebra. 
Winter Term. — Latin, Greek, University Alge])ra. 
Spring Term. — Latin, Greek, Rhetoric. 



THIUI) YKAll 



Fall Term. — Latin, Greek, Geometry. 
Whiter Term. — Latin, Greek, Geometry. 
S2)riii(j Term. — Latin, Greek History, Algebra. 



SCIEXTIFIC COURSE. 

FHiST YEAK. 

Fall Te)-m. — Latin, Natural Philosophy and Grammar, Introductory 
Algeln'a. 

JViiitcr T'erm. — Latin, English Analysis, Algebra. 
Spring Term. — Latin, Roman Historj', Rhetoric. 

t 

SECOND YKAK. 

Fall Term. — Latin, United States History, Geometr3% 
IVinter Term. — Latin, Physical Geography, Geometry. 
SpriiH/ Term. — Latin, Greek History, Algebra. 

The courses of study in the College Department are as fol- 
lows : 

Clamcal Courxe. — The Freshman Class begin the study of 
Latin with Livy, to which they devote twenty-eight weeks, 
the remainder of the year being given to Cicero, de Senectute 
and de Amicitia. In connection with Livy they take up 
the study of Roman History. In Greek, the first term of 
fifteen weeks is given to the Orations of Lysias and the An- 
alytical Syntax of the Greek Verb, the second and third 
terms to Homer's Iliad or Odyssey. In Mathematics, Alge- 
bra is completed in the first term, and Geometry in the sec- 
ond. Botany forms the third study of the spring term. 
The Rhetorical work consists of weekly exercises in Declama- 
tion and English Composition throughout the year. 

The Sophom(ire Class, in the department of Latin, spend 
eighteen weeks in the study of Horace, and eleven in that 
of Tacitus. In Greek, Demosthenes is read in the fall term, 
and Plato or Xenophon in the spring term. In Mathemat- 
ics, the fall term is given to Trigonometry, the winter term 



10 

to General Geometry and Calculus. Ten weeks are given to 
Zoology, eleven to Physiology, ten to Rhetoric, five to Ger- 
man, and during- the spring term the class listens to lectures 
on Modern History. The Rhetorical work consists of Dec- 
lamations, Essays, and Orations. 

The Jiinior Class complete the study of Latin with Cicero 
de Oratore, to which they devote fifteen weeks. Two terms 
are given to Greek Tragedies; two to Natural Philosophy, 
and one to Astronomy; one to Chemistry, and one to Logic. 
German occupies ten weeks, Rhetoric five weeks. The Rhet- 
orical work consists of Essays and Orations. 

The Senior Class give the fall term to the study of Intel- 
lectual Philosophy (combining the use of text-book and lec- 
tures), English Literature, Geology (ten Aveeks), and lectures 
upon the Sensibilities and Will (five weeks) ; the winter 
term to History of Philosophy, German (reading the present 
year, 1876, Schiller's Die Piccolomini), Moral Science; the 
spring term to History of Modern Civilization, Political 
Economy, Evidences of Christianity, and Butler's Analogy. 
The Rhetorical work consists of Essays and Orations. 

The Scientific Coune extends through three years. It in- 
cludes nearly a year and a half of Latin, a full year of 
French, and eighteen weeks of German. The course in Pare 
and Applied Mathematics is the same as that of the Classical 
course, with the addition of Surveying. One term is also 
given to each of the following studies : Botany, Zoology, 
Physiology, Geology, Chemistry, Science of Government, 
Political Economy, History of Civilization, Rhetoric, Logic, 
and Intellectual Philosophy. 

The aim of instruction in Denison University has from 
the first been to secure the highest accuracy and thorough- 
ness. Its re(|uirements of pupils are severe. It is entirely 
impossible to pass through any of its curricula without 
doing a large amount of severe intellectual labor. It is 
doubtful whether, in proportion to numbers, any other col- 



11 

lege in the land secures from its students as much real ont- 
la}^ of mental force as Denison University. 

This College proposes to advance its requirements for ad- 
mission up to a certain high limit, just as fast as the gen- 
eral grade of preparatory instruction in Ohio will permit. 
It has, however, no ambition to be a university in the Ger- 
man sense. It desires only to realize its present ideal, to be 
the perfection of an American Christian college. 

The degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred upon those per- 
sons who have completed the Classical course, that of Bach- 
elor of Sciences upon those who have completed the Scien- 
tific course. 

The University library contains 8,500 volumes. This, 
combined with the society libraries, makes the whole num- 
ber of volumes available for use by the students a little over 
11,000. The University library is now receiving constant 
increase from the Lilu-ary Contribution Fund of the Associa- 
tion of Alumni, designed to amount to an expenditure, for a 
term of years, of $1,000 annually. The library is open three 
times each week, five hours, for the use of members of the 
College classes. 

The Cabinet contains a choice collection of shells, and full 
series of specimens for illustration in Geology, Mineralogy, 
Zoology, and Archaeology. It is open daily to students and 
visitors. 

There are three literary societies connected with the Uni- 
versity — the Cdllopean and Franklm, composed of memljers of 
the Collegiate Department, and the Ciceronian, of the Pre- 
paratory Department. 

The Calliopean Society was founded in 1834. Its present 
membership is thirty-one. The society has a furnished hall 
and library-room, and a library of 1.700 volumes. The ini- 
tiation fee is $3.00, the annual dues $1.20. 

The Franklin Society was organized in 1843. Its present 
membership is thirty-two. This society has also a furnished 



12 

hall and library-roMii. Its library contains 1,800 volumes. 
The initiation fee is $3.00, the annual dues $1.20. 

These two societies publish a college paper, the ^^ Dcnv<ov 
Collegian.'''' It is a ten-page paper, and is issued each alter- 
nate Saturday during the College year. 

The Ciceronian Society was organized in LS60. Its present 
membership is thirty. It has a furnished hall and a library 
of 325 volumes. Its initiation fee is $2.00, its annual dues 
$1.50. 

The property of these three societies is valued at nine 
thousand dollars ($9,000). 

The Reading-Room and Lecture Association is a society 
composed of meml^ers of the Faculty and of both depart- 
ments of the University. It was organized in 1873. The 
society has a convenient and pleasant room, furnished with 
the magazines and periodicals of the day. The total num- 
ber of publications kept on file, including dailies, weeklies, 
monthlies, and (quarterlies, is forty. The society also pro- 
vides a course of lectures each year. The annual fee is 
$1.00. The present number of members is forty-seven. 

Secret Societies.— The I. X. (M. Chapter) and the 8. 6. U. (A. 
H. Chapter) fraternities formerly existed in the University, 
but were practically excluded by a law of the Board of Trus- 
tees, enacted June 26, 1872, forbidding the reception of new 
members. The same law forbids the formation of a new chap- 
ter of any secret society in the College. The former of these 
chapters was organized in 1868, the latter in 1867. 

An Alumni Asssociation, of which all graduates of the 
University are members, was organized in 1859. There are 
no dues. Through this association a fund for the benefit of 
the University library has been established within a few 
years. • 

The total number of students in attendance at the insti- 
tution during the first year of its existence, viz., the year 
ending in the summer of 1832, was ninety-eight. The num- 



13 



bev enrolled in 1833 was one hundred and fortj'-seven, in 
1834 was forty-six. The first Freshman class was organized 
in the fall of 1834. It was composed of nine men, and that 
of the next year of fifteen. The statistics from that date, 
so far as known, are shown in the following table: 



Year. 




S 

o 


03 

a; 
'— 

£ 
o 

c" 


Juniors. 
Seniors. 


f— ( X 

a: ^ 


a. r^ ' 


.1-2 

rSrS 
|| 


i^m 


110 

93 

91 

103 

139 

113 

149 

92 

103 

102 

»6 


15 

4 

2 

7 

4 

14 

12 

6 

9 

14 

11 

7 


6 
8 
7 
3 
7 
5 
8 

10 
5 
9 

10 
6 








1H37 






6 


1838 








1839 


4 
5 
5 
6 
4 
8 
4 








3 


1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 


4 
4 
4 
5 
3 


3 
4 
4 
5 
3 
7 
5 
6 
3 
6 
5 
5 
9 

1 

3 
2 
2 
6 
4 
8 
3 
4 
7 
2 
4 
5 
6 
9 
9 
7 
12 
4 
4 
9 




5 

8 
15 
11 

7 


1846 


7 : 5 

5 7 






1847 




1848... 






1 


1849 


81 


10 


7 


6 


8 





1850 






1851 . . 


70 


8 


9 


10 


5 






1852 






1853 

















1854 














1855 


86 


11 


5 


5 









1856. 






1857 


84 
103 
131 
116 

99 

51 

39 

97 

79 
141 
104 
126 

88 
109 
121 
123 
119 
106. 

84 


22 
27 
33 
36 
32 
19 
22 
16 
9 
29 
20 
24 
24 
29 
39 
28 
30 
25 
29 


14 
20 
16 
22 
16 
24 
11 
8 
10 
14 
20 
20 
13 
18 
20 
19 
18 
22 
19 


8 

7 

4 

10 

5 

6 

10 

5 

4 

7 

6 

12 

10 

7 

13 

7 

15 

10 

21 


3 

7 

14 

5 

10 

6 

7 

7 

2 

4 

7 

7 

10 

12 

10 

16 

8 

5 

9 






1858 

1859 

1860 


2 
' 5 

1 
2 
1 
1 




1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 




1865 

1866. 




6 


1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 


1 
1 

1 




1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 


2 

1 
2 




1875 












1 



14 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



Rev. John Pratt, the first President of the institution, was 
born in Thompson, Connecticut, October 12, 1800. He grad- 
uated from Brown University in 1827. After stud3'-ing for 
some time at Newton (Massachusetts) Theological Institu- 
tion, he was ordained in 1830. When called to take charge 
of the institution at Granville, he was engaged in teaching 
at South Reading, Massachusetts. His connection with 
Denison University extended from 1831 to 1859, the first six 
years as President, most of the time ; thereafter as Professor 
of Ancient Languages. 

To Prof. Pratt and his colleague for twenty years, Prof. 
Pascal Carter, the University is largely indebted for its early 
acquired character and reputation for thorough instruction 
in the branches in which it attempted to give instruction. 

Rev. Jonathan Going, D.D., the second President of the 
institution, held the office from 1837 to 1844. Dr. Going was 
born in Reading, Massachusetts, in 1786. He graduated 
from Brown University in 1809. When called to the presi- 
dency, he was employed as corresponding secretary of the 
American Baptist Home Mission Society. He died at Gran- 
ville, October, 1844. 

During the greater part of the administration of Dr. Going, 
viz., from 1838 to 1843, John Stevens, D.D., as Vice-President 
a'nd Principal of the Literary Department, including the 
College proper, had the entire charge of the same, Dr. Going 
giving his whole attention to the Theological Department 
and the external interests of the institution. 

Dr. Stevens was born in Townsend, Massachusetts, in 1798. 
He graduated from Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1821; 
studied theology at both Andover and Newton, Massachu- 
setts; was tutor in Middlebury College from 1825 to 1827, 
and from 1828 to 1831 classical teacher in an academy at 
South Reading, Massachusetts. In 1831 he was invited to 



15 

Ohio to take charge of a new Baptist paper called the " Bap- 
tist Weekly Journal," now published in Cincinnati, and 
known as the "Journal and Messenger." In October of the 
same year he was elected a member of the Board of Trustees 
of "Granville Literary and Theological Institution," then 
not yet opened. He was thus one of the first eighteen 
trustees of the College. From that time to the present his 
connection wath the College, either as a member of the 
Board of Trustees or as a member of the Facult}^, has been 
uninterrupted. In 1S3S he was called to the position of 
Vice-President and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, 
in which capacity he served, as above stated, until 1843. 
During the greater part of the period from 1843 to i857 he 
Avas district secretary of the American Baptist Missionary 
Union. ■ During the years 1857 and 1858 he was a teacher in 
Fdirmount Theological Seminary, near Cincinnati. In 1859 
he was recalled to Granville to take the position of Professor 
of the Latin and Greek La,nguages. This position he held 
until 1868, when the duties of the professorship were divided, 
he retaining the department of Latin, and that of Greek 
being assigned to a new professor. 

Old age has at length compelled him to retire from active 
service. His name is, however, still retained among the 
Faculty as Emeritus Professor, and he still resides at the 
University. No other man has been so long and so inti- 
mately connected with the life of the University, and no 
other man is so thoroughly acquainted with its history. 

Rev. Silas Bailey, D.D., LL.D., the third President of the 
College, was a graduate of Brown University of the class of 
1834. He was called to the presidency in 184(), and resigned 
it in 1852. He then became President of Franklin College, 
Indiana, a position which he held for ten years. He was 
afterward Professor of Metaphysics in Kalamazoo College, 
Michigan, and pastor of the Baptist church at Lafayette, 
Indiana. In the winter of 1873-4, unfitted 1)v age and in- 



16 

firmity for active service, he left this country to visit Europe. 
His death occurred at Paris, June 30, 1874. 

Rev. Jeremiali Hall, D.D., the successor of Dr. Bailey, and 
President from 1853 to 18G3, was born in Swanzey, New 
Hampshire, in 1805. He received his academic education 
in Brattleboro Academy, and graduated from Newton (Massa- 
chusetts) Theological Institution in 1830. While jmstor of 
the Baptist church in Bennington, Vermont, he was the 
prominent instrument in the establishment of an academy, 
it is believed, at Townsend, in the same State, which, under 
the patronage of Baptists, educated a large number of youth. 
In 1835 he removed to Kalamazoo, Michigin, where, in con- 
nection with two other parties, he secured the location, at 
Kalamazoo, of what has since become Kalamazoo College. 
la 1846, while pastor at Norwalk, Ohio, he induced the Bap- 
tists of that vicinity to establish the Norwalk Academy, of 
which he became Principal. In 1852 he became pastor at 
Granville, and Avhen, a year later, the resignation of Dr. 
Bailey left the College without a head, and the divided 
counsels of the denomination threatened disaster to the 
Baptist educational interests of the State, Dr. Hall rallied 
the disheartened friends of the College, organized them for 
work, was elected President, and held the position for ten 
years with much success. 

Upon the resignation of Dr. Hall, in 1863, Rev. Samson 
Talbot, D.D., was elected President. Dr. Talbot was born 
near Urbana, Ohio, June 28, 1828. Immediately upon his 
conversion, in 1846, he determined to prepare himself for the 
Christian ministry, and with this in view he came to Gran- 
ville in September, 1846. He completed the collegiate course 
and graduated in 1851. After spending a year as tutor in 
the College he entered Newton (Massachusetts) Theological 
Institution, from which he graduated in 1855. He filled the 
position of Tutor of Hebrew in that institution one year, 
and then became pastor of the First Baptist church of Day- 



17 

ton, Ohio. This position he 0('oui)ied for seven years, until 
June, 1863, when he was elected President of Denison Uni- 
versity, a position which he accepted not without consider- 
able reluctance. The announcement of his election was re- 
ceived with joy by all the friends of the University. For 
ten years he threw himself with all his energy into the 
work of administration and instruction. But the burden 
proved too jireat. In the sprino; of 187o his health became 
so impaired that he was compelled to abandon work, tempo- 
rarily as was supposed by his friends, finall}^ as the event 
proved. He died at Newton Centre, Massachusetts, June 2V), 
1873. 

As student and teacher, both at Granville and at Newton, 
as pastor at Dayton, and, finally and more than all, as Presi- 
dent of Denison University, Dr. Talbot made for himself a 
reputation as a clear, accurate, and exhaustive thinker, and 
as an indefatigable worker. The period of his administra- 
tion of the affairs of the University was one of rapid yet 
solid gi'owth, ])otli as respects financial resources and stand- 
ard of scholarshiij. 



GRAND RIVER INSTITUTE, 



LOCATED AT 



AUSTINBURG. ASHTABULA COUNTY. O. 



Grand River Institute became a chartered institution 
by act of the Legislature February 22, 1831. The origi- 
nal incorporators were Giles Cowle, Moses Wilcox, 
EUphalet Austin (Judge), Orestes K. Hawleys, Joab 
Austin. Joseph M. Case, Jarius Guild, Ward Ohilds, 
Gains W. St. Jolm and Eliphalet Austin (Rev.). 

The original name of the Institution was the Ashta- 
bula County Institute of Science and Industry. This 
name was changed to that of Grand River Institute on 
the 22d of June, 1835, by permission of the Legislature. 
The object was stated to be " to carry young men 
through a thorough course of liberal education." A de- 
partment for the education of females was added in 
1840. 

The first teacher of the Academy who led to the organi- 
zation of the Institution, was Mr. Lucius M. Austin. 
After the incorporation, the first Principal was Ralph M. 
Walker, a graduate of Western Reserve College. The 
second Principal was Rev. Thomas Tenny, a graduate of 
Dartmouth. With him was associated Miss Betsy M. 
Cowles, the first lady Principal. The third Principal 
was Rev. Seth Waldo. Following him were Mr. A. A. 
Smith, Rev. S. J. Davis, Messrs. Lucius M. Austin, Geo. 
McMillan, JosephBarnum, Geo. Walker and Myrton L. 
Pinuey. 



Since 1868, J. Tuckerman, A. M., has been PrincipaL 

The present instructors are : J. Tuckerman, teacher 
of Higher Mathematics and Mental and Moral Science ; 
Rev. L. B. Tuckerman, A. M., teacher of Ancient and 
Modern Languages ; Miss Hattie Linn, B. S., Precep- 
tress ; Mrs. E. E. Tuckerman, teacher of French ; Mrs. 
Mary E. Tuckerman, Assistant and Language Teacher ; 
L. P. Hodgeman, teacher of Book-keeping ; S. A. Searle, 
teacher of Penmanship ; Tliomas Hopkins, Professor of 
Music. 

The course of stud}' embraces two Departments, the 
Normal and Academic. 

The Normal embraces Reading and Elocution, Arith- 
metic, Mental, Practical and Philosophical ; Geography, 
Descriptive, Mathematical and Physical ; English Gram- 
mar and Analysis, Algebra and Latin, Penmanship and 
Book-keeping, Natural Philosophy, with Experiments, 
Lectures on Teaching. 

The Academic course embraces Algebra, Geometry, 
Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, Calculus and Me- 
chanical Philosophy, Latin Grammar and Reader, Ceesar, 
Cicero's Orations against Cataline, Virgil, six books, 
Tacitus and Horace, Greek Grammar and Reader, Xeno- 
phen's Anabasis and three books of Homer, Geography 
of the Heavens, Chemistry, Botany and Geology, En- 
glish Literature, Logic, Rhetoric, Mental Philosophy, 
Constitution of the United States and Butler's Analogy ; 
also French and German. 

ATTENDANCE. 

The attendance during the early history of the Insti- 
tution varied from 75 to 150. In 1867 the number was 
about 60. Since 1868 the average attendance has been 
nearly 200, and the annual catalogues give an average of 
about 290 names of students for each year. 

The academic year closing June 10, 1875, had an 
attendance of 181 gentlemen and 164 ladies, total 345. 



Of this number 94 were in tiie Classical Course, and 251 
in the Enghsh. 

GRADUATES SINCE 1869. 

Since the above date there have been 52 graduates. 
Of that number 16 have continued their studies at Col- 
lege — six entering the Senior Class, two the Junior Class, 
six as Sophomores and two as Freshmen Of the remain- 
der a large majority are teachers, most of the gentlemen 
being Principals of Union Schools or Academies. 

Quite a number have entered College before they had 
completed the course at Grand River. One of these en- 
tered the Senior Class at Hillsdale, Mich., and graduated 
with honor. 

During the winter months, fi-om 40 to 50 of the under 
graduates engage in teaching. 

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 

Value of buildings and grounds, about §10,000 00 

Amount of production funds 10,500 00 

Income from above funds about 800 00 

LITERARY SOCIETIES. 

Of these there are two, one for gentlemen and one for 
ladies. Each society has a fine library. The exercises 
of the " Disputatoriau " consist mainly of debates, 
declamations and orations. Those of the " Fiat Justi- 
tian " consist of essays and discussions and vocal and 
instrumemtal music. 

FACILITIES FOR BOARDING. 

Rooms for self-boarding can be found in the vicinity. 
Board in private families costs from $3.50 to $4.50 per 
week. Board in the Hall costs from $2 to $2.35 per 
week. 

Prominent among those who received their early edu- 
cation here are Edwin- Cowles, of Cleveland, O. ; Judge 



Samuel Cowles, of San Francisco, Cal.; Alfred Cowles, of 
Chicago, 111. ; Gen. Chauncey Hawley, Little Rock, Ark.; 
Wm. Price, Esq., Cleveland ; Ex-Lt.-Gov. Alphonso Hart, 
Ravenna, O. ; Matthew Reed, Hudson, O. ; Rev. Jeremiah 
Butler, Fairview, N. Y. ; Rev. Rolin Sawyer, D. D., Irving- 
ton, N.Y,; Dr. Edwin Griswold, Portsmouth, O. ; Dr. 
Edward Snow, Dearborn, Mich.; Dr. Myron Owen, Tex. ; 
Mrs. Mary Tenny Hamlin, Constantinople, Turkey; John 
Brown, jr.. Put-in Bay, O.; Miss Caroline Rasom, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 



HEIDELBERG COLLEGE. 



This Institution was founded in 1850, by direction of the 
Synod of Ohio of the German Iveformcd Cliureh, now known 
as the Refjrmcd Church, in the United States. Its name, 
'• IIeidelber<^ College," may bo traced ultimately to the Uni- 
versity of Heidelberg, in Germany, although it was derived 
directly from the '' Heidelberg Catechism," the symbol of faith 
of the church under whose auspices the College was founded, 
and is still conducted. The College was legally organized 
under a 

CHARTER 

granted by the General Assembly of Ohio, passed February 
13, 1851, a copy of which may be found in the volume of 
"Local Laws of Ohio," enacted during the sessions of 1850 
and 1851. The following are the names of the corporators: 
R. W. Shawhan, W. H. Gibson, H. Shaul, William Barrick, 
n. St. John, J. W. Wilson, Lewis Baltzell, Robert Crum, 
Frederick Wahl, Dennis C. Stoner, Jacob Kroh, S. B. Lciter, 

D. Kemmerer, H. K. Baines, J. H. Good, G. W. Williard, 

E. V. Gerhart and Jesse Steijier, who, by a provision of the 
charter, constituted the Board of Trustees until their succes- 
sors were duly elected and qualified. 

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

is composed of twenty-four members, who are elected by the 
Synod of Ohio, of the church above mentioned, and serve for 
a term of four years (six of them being elected each year), 
and enjoys and exercises all the rights, powers and incidents 
usual to College and University corporations in the State of 
Ohio. 



According to the charter Religion, Morality and Learning 
are the objects for the promotion of which the College was 
founded. For the advancement of these fundamental inter- 
ests full provisions have been made. 

THE LOCATION 

of the College is in the City of Tiffin, in the county of Sen- 
eca. This city is easily accessible from all ])oints, by means 
of the following railroads running through it, viz: Cincin- 
nati, Sandusky and Cleveland; the Toledo, Tiffin and East- 
ern ; the Mansfield, Coldwatcr and Lake Michigan ; and the 
Baltimore, Pittsburgh and Chicago railroads. The health- 
ful climate, natural beauty of the place, and its central loca- 
tion with respect to the territory of the Reformed Cliurch in 
the West, are among the principal considerations which Ud to 
the selection of Tiffin as the site for Heidelberg College. 

THE COLLEGE CAMPUS 

contains about nine acres of ground, situated within the cor- 
porate limits of the city of Tiffin, and bounded by streets on 
all sides. The grounds are beautifulh adorned with flower 
gardens, gravel walks, evergreens in great abundance, some 
of which are very large and beautiful, and a great variety of 
deciduous trees. Besides the campus and grounds in Tiffin, 
the College owns a little over six thousand acres of land in 
the State of Missouri. 

THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS 

are three in number, embracing the main College edifice, the 
Ladies' Hall, and the President's residence. The ])rincipal 
building is of brick, and is one hundred and four feet in 
length and sixty-four feet in depth, except the wings, which 
are forty-seven feet deep. It is four and one-half stories in 
hight, and contains a chapel, recitation rooms, society halis, 
rooms for the libraries, cabinets and philosophical instru- 
ments, and thirty-two rooms for Students, making in all fifty. 



rooms. This building was erected in the year 1852, when 
building material and labor were cheap, at a cost of about 
$15,000. Before the erection of this building, the recita- 
tions and exercises of the College were held in rooms 
rented for the purpose, on Washington street, Tiffin. 

The next building of importance is the Ladies' Hall, a 
large three story brick structure, erected in 1873, for the 
accommodation (>i' ladies. There is a large dining hall con- 
nected with tl)is building, where gentlemen are permitted to 
take their meals. Besides the rooms for young ladies, there 
are also rooms in this building for a Steward and family, and 
a Matron. 

The third building on the College grounds is the Presi- 
dent's house, a large two-story brick residence, erected at a 
cost of about $5,000. The total value of all the buildings 
now on the grounds is about $30,000. 

ENDOWMENTS AND SCHOLARSHIPS. 

The main part of the endowment has been given by individ- 
uals connected with the Reformed Church. The endowment 
now amounts to about $100,000, one- half of whiuh has been 
contributed, or rather paid, for scholarships of fifty and one 
hundred dollars. Some half dozen friends of the College 
hiive given $1,000 each to the endowment. Of the above 
mentioned endowment, about $00,000 arc now available; the 
remainder is given in the form of notes, payable at the death 
of the donors, without interest. In 1872 R. W. Shawhjin,of 
Tiffin, donated to the College G,000 acres of land in Missouri. 
Tiie College has not, as yet, received any income from this 
donation of land. 

PLAN OF EDUCATION. 

Heidelberg College was founded upon a broad and com- 
prehensive basis. The plan of its founders embraced five 
courses of study, viz: 

I. A Preparatory Course, embracing a period of two 
years. 



II. A Classical Course, embracing, as usual, a period of 
four years, and including all the studies usually taught in 
Colleges. 

III. A Scientific Course, embracing a period of three 
years and ada])ted to the wants of tlie great mass of practical 
men. 

IV. A Teacher's Course, or Normal Department, embrac- 
ing three years, designed to 'prepare young men and women 
for the profession of teaching with special adaptation to the 
wants of the Common School System of Ohio and the West- 
ern States. 

V. A Farmer's Course, embracing three years also, and 
including- a practical and thorough knowledge of the English 
branches, the Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Scientific 
Agriculture. 

The Teacher's and Farmer's Courses, as distinctive courses, 
were soon abandoned, because it was thought that the Classi- 
cal and Scientific Courses covered about the same ground 
fundamentaUif, and met the requirements of all classes of 
students sufficiently well. Normal instruction, however, is 
still given to all who desire it. 

THE CO-EDUCATION OF TPIE SEXES 

has been a prominent feature of Heidelberg College from the 
beginning. Young ladies are allowed to pursue either of the 
established courses of study, and to recite in the classes with 
the gentlemen. The experiment has proved that the joint 
education of the sexes can be maintained and carried out with 
the most satisfactory results. The presence of the opposite 
sex in the recitation room seems to exert a heathful and 
stimulating influence upon both young men and ladies. 
The ladies have generally pursued the Scientific or English 
course. Some have pursued and excelled in the Classical 
Course. The first young lady graduate of the Classical 
Course was Miss Florence Crouise, who graduated in 1865. 



THE COURSES OF STUDY 

now laid down and required in the College proper are the 
following : 

THE CLASSICAL, COURSE, 

which embraces four years, as follows : 

FRESHMAN CLASS. 
FALL SESSION. 

1. Latin— Virgil's Ji^neid and Latin Composition Chase 

2. Greek — Xeuophon's Analiasis Owen 

3. jNIathematies — Higlier Algebra Loom is 

4. Classical Antiquities Fiske 

5. Physical Geography Mitchel 

6. Elocution Kidd 

7. German* 

WINTER SESSION. 

1. Latin — Virgil's ^neid and Latin Composition Chase 

2. Greek— Homer's Iliad , Owen 

3. Mathematics — Higher Algebra Loomis 

4. Ancient Hisfory and Geography Bloss 

5. Biblical Antiquities Nevin 

G. Lectures on Biblical History 

7. Elocution Kidd 

8. German* 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Latin — Livy and Latin Composition Lincoln 

2. Greek — Homer's Iliad Owen 

3. Mathematics— Plane Geometry Loomis 

4. Biblical Antiquities Nevin 

5. Lectures on Biblical History 

6. Botany Wood 

7. Elocution Kidd 

8. German* 



Studies marked thus '■' .are optional. 



SOPHOMOEE CLASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Latin — Livy Lincoln 

2. Greek— Herodotus Harper's Text 

3. Mathematies — Solid Geometry and Conic Sections Loomis 

4. History of Greece Smith 

5. Botany Wood 

6. Composition Quackenbos 

7. German* 

WINTER SESSION. 

1. Latin — Horace's Odes Harper's Text 

2. Greek — Herodotus Harper's Text 

3. INIathematics — Plane Trigonometry and Mensuration. ..Loomis 

4. History of Greece Smith 

5. Zoology Agassiz and Gould 

G. Composition Quackenbos 

7. German* 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Latin— Horace's Satires Harper's Text 

2. Greek — iEschinesde Corona Champlin 

3. Matliematics— Surveying, Leveling, Navigation and 

Spherical Triironometry Loomis 

4. History of the Middle Ages ..Hallem 

5. Pliysiology Dalton 

6. Composition Quackenbos 

7. German* 

JUNIOR CLASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Latin — Tacitus de Germania. Anthoh 

2. Greek — Demosthenes de Corona Champlin 

3. Mathematics — Analytical Geometry Loomis 

4. Psychology Ranch 

5. Rlietoric Coppee 

6. Modern History Lord 

7. Orations 

8. German* 

Studies marked thus •■' are optional. 



WINTER SESSION. 

1. Latin — Tacitus' Annals Antlion 

2. Greek — .Eschylus' Prometheus Vinctus Oxford Edition 

3. Matbennatics— Differential and Integral Calculus Loomis 

4. Inorganic Chemistry You man 

5. Philosophy of History 

6. Psychology Porter 

7. Logic Beck 

8. Orations 

9. German* 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Latin — Cicero de Oratore Kingsley 

2. Greek— Sophocles' CEJipus Tyrannus Oxford Text 

3. Mechanics! Olmsted 

4. Integral Calculus Loomis 

5. Logic Thomson 

6. Philosophy of History 

7. Inorganic Chemistry Youmau 

8. Oiations 

9. German® 

SENIOR Ci.ASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Latin— Cicero de Offlciis Thatche 

2. Greek— Plato's Gorgias AVoolsey 

3. Moral Philosophy Alexander 

4. History of English Literature Shaw 

5. Geology and Mineralogy Dana 

6. Physics Olmsted 

7. Orations 

8. German , 

WINTER SESSION. 

1. Latin— Cicero de Offlciis Thacher 

2. Astronomy Loomis 

3. Political Economy Perry 

4. Moral Philosophy' Haven 

5. History of English Literature Shaw 

6. Geology Dana 

Studies marked thus '■' are optional. 



7. History of Philosophy Schwegler 

8. Studies in English DeVere 

9. Orations 

10. German ^ 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Greek Testament Spencer 

2. Astronomy Loomis 

3. Evidences of Christianity Barrows 

4. .Esthetics Bascom 

5. Astronomy Loomis 

6. History of Philosophy Schwegler 

7. Orations 

8. German 

SCIENTIFIC COURSE, 

EMBRACING THREE YEARS, AS FOLLOWS : 

FRESHMAN CLASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Higher Algebra Loomis 

2. Analysis Greene 

3. Descriptive Astronomy Steele 

4. History of Greece Smith 

5. Piiysical Geography Mitchell 

6. Elocution Kidd 

7. Latin * 

8. German" 

WINTER SESSION. 

1. Higher Algebra Loomis 

2. Analysis Greene 

3. Biblical Antiquities Neviu 

4. Lectures on Biblical History 

5. Ancient History and Geography Bloss 

6. Natural Pliilosophy Steele 

7. Elocution Gi'eeue 

8. Latin" 

9. German* 

Studies marked thus '■' aro optional. 



SPRING vSESSION. 

1. Plane Geometry Loomis 

2. Botany Wood 

3. History of the Middle Ages Hallam 

4. Biblical Antiquities Nevin 

5. Lectures on Biblical History 

6. Analysis Greene 

7. Elocution Kidd 

S. Latin® 

9. Gernaan •■ 

SOPHOMORE CLASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Psychology Ranch 

2. Solid Geometry and Conic Sections Loomis 

0. Botany Wood 

4. Rhetoric Coppee 

5. Modern History Lord 

6. Composition Quackenbos 

7. German ■■ 

WINTER SESSION. 

1. Psychology Haven 

2. Logic Beck 

3. Plane Trigonometry Mensuration Loomis 

4. Philosophy of History Lord 

5. Zoology Agassiz and Gould 

tj. Inorganic Chemistry Youman 

7. Composition Quackenbos 

s. German* 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Logic .• Thomson 

2. Surveying, Leveling, Navigation and Spherical Trigo- 

nometry Loomis 

3. Philosophy of History Lord 

4. Physiology Dalton 

5. Physics Olmsted 

6. Organic Chemistry Youman 

7. Composition Quackenbos 

8. German* ..• 

Studies marked thus ■■ are optional. 



SENIOR CLASS. 

FALL SESSION. 

1. Moral Philosophy Alexander 

2. History of English Literature Siiaw 

3. Analytical Geometry® Looniis 

4. Physics Olmsted 

5. Geology aud Mineralogy Dana 

6. Orations 

WINTEPv SESSION. 

1. INIoral Philosopliy Haven 

2. Political Economy Perry 

3. History of English Literature.... Shaw 

4. History of Piiilosopliy Schwegler 

5. Differential Calculus Loomis 

6. Geology Dana 

7. Studies in English DeYere 

8. Orations 

SPRING SESSION. 

1. Evidences of Christianity Barrows 

2. Esthetics Bascom 

3. Astronomy Loomis 

4. History of Pliilosophy Schwegler 

5. Integral Calculus Loomis 

G. German 

7. Orations 

■"The student can take either Mathematics or German. 
DEGREES. 

Bachelor of Arts. — The degree of Bachelor of Arts is con- 
ferred on tliose students who have completed the regular 
Classical Course of study, aud have stood an approved exam- 
ination. 

Bachelor of Science. — This degree is conferred on those who 
have completed, in a satisfactory manner, the Scientific 
Course, and have stood an approved examination. 

The Graduation Fee in the-^ase of each student, in either 
of the courses of study, is five dollars. 

The degree of Master of Arts is conferred at the end of 
three years, on such graduates in the Classical Course as 



apply for it and give evidence of having made commendable 
progress in their studies, and maintained a good moral char- 
acter, on the payment of" a fee of five dollars. The degree 
of Master of Science is conferreil upon gradnates in the 
Seienlific Course upon the same terms. 

RELIGIOUS IXFLUEXCES. 

No sectarian instruction is required or given by the Col- 
lege. But as a complete education includes a full develop- 
ment of all the powers of man — moral, intellectual and 
physical, it is a main object of this institution to conduct 
every course of study in such a si)irit as will contribute 
directly to the moral and religions training of all the stu- 
dents. The institution is o[>ened every morning with an 
appropriate religious exercise, conducted by one of the Pro- 
fessors, which all the students are required to attend, uidess 
excused by request of their parents or guardians. The stu- 
dents are also required to attend public woiship in the 
College Cha{)el on Sunday, unless excused. 

PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT. 

From the beginning there has been a preparatory depart- 
ment connected with the College. It has been, and is still, 
conducted by the Professors of tiie C(»llege with the assistance 
of competent tutors, as one of the dc[)artments of the insti- 
tution. This departmeut embraces a course of two years' 
study, as follows : 

Junior Year. 

Fall Session— Intellectual and Practical Arithmetic; Geo- 
g-raphy; English Grammar (Greeue) ; Composition (Quackenbos' 
First Lesson) ; renmanship. 

Winter Session-— I^atin Grammar (Harkness) ; [ntellectual 
and Practical Arithmetic; Geograpliy; English Grammar (Greene), 
Composition (Quackenbos' l-'irst Lessons) ; Penmanship. 

Spring Session— Latin Grammar and Reader (Harkness) ; In- 
tellectual and Practical Arithmetic ;. Geography ; English Gram- 
mar (Greene); Composition (Quackenbos' First Lessons). 



Senior Y((ii\ 

Pall Session — Greek (Harkness); J^atin Grammar iHarkness); 
Algebra; Analysis (Greene); Descriptive Astrononiy; Composition 
and English Exercises. 

Winter Session— Greek (Harkness) ; Latin Grammar ( Hark- 
ness), and Ofesar's Commentaries; Analysis (Green); Algebra; 
Natural Philosophy ; Comi)ositiOn and English Exercises. 

Spring Session — Xenophon's Anabasis; C:esar's Commenta. 
ries ; Analyses (Greeue) ; Algebra; Natural Philosophy ; Compo- 
sition. 

Scientifie Course the same, excepting Latin and Greek. 

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 

There is also nominally connected with the College, and 
located upon the same premises, a theological seminary known 
as Heidelberg Theological Seminary, which, however, has a 
separate organization and its own Board of Trustees. Its 
sessions and vacations correspond with those of the College, 
and its course of study embraces a period of two and three- 
fourth years. Instruction in Theology is communicated 
through the medium of both the English and German lan- 
guages. 

LIBRAEIES. 

The libraries of the institution contain about five thousand 
volumes, which, together with numerous pictures of Ameri- 
can authors and College Alumni, are kept in a large and 
nicely furnished library room. 

THE CABINET 

is kept in a room in the main edifice, well fitted for the pur_ 
pose, and contains many rare specimens of fossils, minerals, 
etc. The College has, as yet, no regular laboratory. Experi- 
ments, however, are made in the presence of the class by the 
Professor of Natural Sciences. The apparatus and fixtures 
employed in making experiments are worth about one hun- 
dred dollars. The cliemicals and other stock also about one 
hundred dollars. 

There is no observatory connected with the College. The 
classes in Astronomy have the privilege of making observa- 



tions, under the direction of the Professor of Astronomy, with 
the excellent telescope which belongs to the College. 

TilK TELESCOPE 

is mounted ii])on a tri])()d. It was made by Alvan Clark & 
Sons, of Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, in 1872, at a cost of 
four hundred and fifty dollars. Size, 5-inch aperture. Be- 
sides the telescope, the College is furnished with an excellent 
microscope, which cost one hundred dollars, an air pump, 
electrical machine, and much other apparatus for the illustra- 
tion of scientific j)rinci])les. 

METEOROLOGICAL. OBSERVATIONS 

are made by the Professor of Astronomy, and a record of 
them is sent to the War Department monthly, gratis,- as fol- 
lows: Record of temperature, amount of cloudiness, rainfall, 
de])th of snow and direction of wind. Three observations 
are made daily, viz: At 7 A. M., 2 P. M. and 9 P. M. 

THE COLLEGE FACULTY 

is at present constituted as follows : 

Rev. G. W. Williard, D. D., President, Professor of In- 
tellectual and Moral Philosophy, Logic and Evidences of 
Christianity. 

Rev. R. Good, A. M., Professor of the Natural Sciences. 

C. Hornung, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Math- 
ematical Philosophy. 

O. A. S, Hursh, A. M., Professor of the Latin and Greek 
Languages. 

Charles O. Kne|)per, A. M., Alumni Professor of Belles 
Lettres, ^l^sthetics and History. 

Rev. H. Zimmerman, Professor of the German Language 
and Literature. 

C. D. Bogart, Instructor in Vocal Music. 

Advanced students in the College and students of the 
Theological Seminary, are employed as tutors, from time to 
time, as necessity requires. 



COLLEGE STATISTICS. 

The following; table shows the number of students in each 
class annually I'ruiu 1852, and also the number graduating 
each year: 





Preparatory 
Department. 


Undergraduates. 


oc 


Years. 




o s 


.2 




"S 

3 

6 


1853 


15 
8 
7 
9 

20 

16 

80 

67 

124 

120 

101 

116 

105 

151 

137 

156 

110 

96 

117 

83 

78 

124 

106 


61 
81 
78 
53 
59 
62 
33 


82 
86 
104 
98 
55 
61 
5 


16 

17 

31 

15 

8 

13 

9 

4 

12 

10 

8 

15 

9 

4 

4 

2 

6 

7 

15 
5 
5 






1S54 


11 

7 

12 
5 
8 
6 
5 
5 
4 


2 


1855 


2 


1856 


5 


1857 


5 


1858 


5 


1859 


5 


I860 


17 12 


5 


1861 


18 
15 
14 
35 
15 
10 
21 
40 
32 
40 
27 
17 


15 
12 
10 
30 
12 
8 
11 
16 
20 
25 
15 
23 


5 


1862 


4 


1864 


1 

4 

5 

4 

13 

14 

13 

8 

16 

10 

8 

18 


1 


1865 


4 


1866 

18G7 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 


5 

4 

9 

10 

10 

8 

15 


1873 


29 17 


9 


1874 


31 22 , 11 


7 


1875 


50 


23 


11 


18 


Total 


1,946 


833 


763 


237 


177 


138 



LITERARY SOCIETIES. 



There are, at present, three literary societies connected with 
Heidelberg College for the improvement of the Students in the 
graces of Composition, Oratory and Debate. The names 
and statistics of these societies are as follows: 





When Founded. 


No. of Volumes in 
Library. 


Expenses. 


Membership. 


NAMES. 


Initiation Fee. 


Annual Dues. 


6 

o 

PL, 


a 

o 

a to 

H 


Excelsior 

Heidelberg 

Delphian 


Sept. 18, 1851 

April 15,1859 

Nov 20 1870 


1,424 

675 

30 


$5 00 
3 00 


$2 25 
2 25 
1 50 


36 

30 
20 


383 
243 

70 















THE COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS 

are its annual catalogue, occasional circulars, and the " Col- 
lege Times," a monthly periodical devoted to the interests of 
the College, and edited by students. 
In behalf of the Faculty, by 

O. A. S. HURSII, 
Professor of Latin and Greek. 



HILLSBORO FEMALE COLLEGE. 



Hillsboro Female College is successor to Oakland 
Female Seminary, which was organized the first Mon- 
day in May, 1839, by J. McD. Mathews, whose private 
entcr[)risc it was, and who was Principal during a [m-os- 
perons career of eighteen years. In 1857, the school 
was transferred to the College, of which he became 
President. 

In 18G0 ho resigned the Presidency, and Rev. W. G. 
W. Lewis was api)()inted President. 

In 18G3 Ilev. Henry Turner was appointed Presi- 
dent. 

In 1864 Rev. Allen T. Thompson was appointed Pres- 
ident. 

In 18G5 Rev. David Copeland was appointed Presi- 
dent. 

In 1872 Jos. McD. Mathews was reappointed President, 
and he still has charge in 1876. 

The Colle2:e is a lari>'e, liandsome brick building, 
ninety feet long by one hundred and twenty deep, three 
stories high. It is one of the best educational build- 
ings in Ohio. Parlors, halls, chajicl, bedrooms and reci- 
tation rooms are all spacious and comfortable. There 
is a library of seven or eight hundred volumes, most 
of which was transferred from the Oakland Seminary. 
It is called Oakland Library. Misses Etta Fultz and 
Sallie E. Mathews are Librarians. 

There is a good telescope, six feet long, five inches 
aperture, mounted on the roof of the College, which 
makes a good observatory. 



There are many specimens of shells and minerals, 
chemical and philosophical apparatus, electrifying ma- 
chine, air pump, galvanic hatteries, pneumatic cistern, 
&c., &c., kept in the library room, which answers for a 
laboratory. 

Hon. Jos. J. McDowell was President of the Board 
of Trustees of the Oakland Seminary, and S. E. Hibben, 
Esq., Secretary. 

J. H. Thompson, Esq., was President of the Board 
of Trustees of the College when first organized, and 
Jacob Sayler, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer. 

At present, 1876, Hon. John A. Smith is President 
of the Board of College Trustees, and James Reese, 
Esq., Secretary and Treasurer. 

The Sigourney Literary Society was organized more 
than thirty years ago in Oakland Seminary, and trans- 
ferred to the College in 1857. Miss Minnie Nettleton 
is President. 

Both Seminary and College have aimed to establish 
a high standard of female education, and to have the 
scholarship of their graduates equal to the best. They 
have educated many excellent teachers, and many esti- 
mable ladies now presiding over their own families. 

JOS. McD. MATHEWS, 

President H, F. C. 



HIRAM COLLEGE. 



BY B. A. HINSDALE, PRESIDENT. 



Hiram College is located at Hiram, Portage County, Ohio, 
three and one half miles from Garret tsville, on the A. & Gr. W. 
Railway. The following sketch of its history will be divided 
into appropriate heads. 

1— FOUNDING OF THE ECLECTIC INSTITUTE. 

This Institute, like so many other educational foundations, 
had its origin in a religious movement. Between 1820 and 1830 
the body of Christians called The Disciples, sometimes simply 
Cheistians, had its rise. As the body did not originate in any 
striking historical event, as a secession or an excision, but in 
general religious conditions, it is impossible to assign a def 
inite date. From the first, this movement took a strong hold 
of Northern Ohio, and especially of the Western Eeserve, 
where its following soon became large. At first the Disci- 
ples had no school of any sort, Bethany College, Bethany, 
W. Va., founded in 1841, being their oldest institution. As 
early as 1844-5, some of the Disciples of the Eeserve began 
to feel that they needed an institution of learning under 
their immediate control ; which feeling rapidly became general 
and grew into a confessed want. Nothing, however, was done 
to supply the want until the year 1849. In the intervening years 
there had been a thorough discussion of the project, and a sub- 
stantial unanimity had been reached ; as is shown by the rapid- 



ity of the movement when once practical steps began to be 
taken. The first of these steps was taken by an informal meet- 
ing of representative men from several churches, held in Russell, 
Geauga County, June 12, 1849. This meeting was called at the 
suggestion of A. L. Soule, Esq., who was prominently connected 
with the enterjirises of the Disciples in Ohio a quarter of a cen- 
tury ago. The proposition to establish a school Avas unani- 
mously approved, and the secretary of the meeting was instructed 
to call, in its name, a convention of Church delegates, at which 
the views of a hirger number of people might be ascertained. 
Such a convention was held in Bloomfield, Trumbull County, in 
August of the same year, when the proposition was again ap- 
proved and a call issued for a second delegate convention, to be 
held in Ravenna in October. In Ravenna aims and plans were 
discussed. Some were in favor of establishing a college ; others 
favored a school of high but not of collegiate rank. After dis- 
cussion, the latter view prevailed, all the delegates acquiescing 
in the final decision. A third delegate convention, held in 
Aurora, November 7, located the school at Hiram. This was 
after a sijirited contest, Russell having ten votes to Hiram's 
seventeen on the last ballot. A fourth delegate meeting was 
held in Hiram, December 20, when a provisional board was 
elected and other necessary action taken. The Legislature, by 
special act, March 1, 1850, granted a charter which had been 
drawn up by Charles Brown, A. S. Hayden, and Isaac Errett, 
assisted by Judge Leicester King, of Warren. May 7 following, 
the Board of Trustees organized under this charter. The same 
summer, near but a little south of the crest of the water- 
shed dividing the waters of the Lake from those of the Ohio, in 
the middle of an eight-acre enclosure that has since become one 
of the most beautiful campuses in the State, as it is by nature 
one of the most commanding, a substantial, commodious, and 
beautiful building, three stories high, with a front of eighty- 
four feet and a depth of sixty-four, was erected. In this build- 
ing, November 27, 1850, the new school went into operation. 
It was called The Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. 
Isaac Errett, then pastor of the Disciples' Church in Warren, 
suggested the name. Tlie leading promoters of the enterprise 



were Adamson Beiitley, Wm. Hayden, A. S. Hayden, A. L. 
Soule, Ebenezer Williams, W. A. Belding, A. B. Green, J. P. 
Eobison, George Pow, Isaac Errett, Charles Brown, Symonds 
Ryder, Alvali Udall, Aaron Davis, J. H, Jones, Leicester King, 
E. B. Violl, M. J. Streator, Myron Soule, Benjamin Soule, W. 
A. Lillie, Zeb Rudolph, Anson Matthews, Alanson Baldwin, Wm. 
Richards, B. F. Perkey, J. A. Ford, Carnot Mason, and Kim- 
ball Porter. Most of these men were members of the Disciples' 
Church, fully one half being ministers. All of them were well 
known in Northern Ohio, and many of them had a much 
wider celebrity. Funds to purchase the grounds and build the 
building were obtained by individual and church subscriptions. 
At this distance it is impossible to tell what the first cost of 
the grounds, building, and furniture was. The Eclectic Insti- 
tute was built by a popular movement, and there were no donors 
to the funds in such amounts as to entitle them to particular 
mention. The heal thfuln ess of the locality, the morality and 
liberality of the community, and the existence there of a flour- 
ishing church, appear to have been the decisive considerations 
in locating the school at Hiram. At that time, it should be 
added, the railroad system of Ohio did not exist in fancy, much 
less in fact. 

2.— AIMS OF THE INSTITUTE.— THE CHARTER. 

The aims of the School were both general and spec.al ; more 
narrowly they were these : 

(1) To provide a sound scientific and literary education. 

(3) To temper and sweeten such education with moral and 
scriptural knowledge. 

(3) To educate young men for the ministry. 

One peculiar tenet of the religious movement in which it 
originated, was impressed upon che Eclectic Institute at its or- 
ganization. The Disciples believed that the Bible had been in a 
degree obscured by theological speculations and ecclesiastical s}- s- 
tems. Hence, their religious movement was a revolt from the 
theology of the schools, and an overture to men to come face to 
face with the Scriptures. They believed, also, that to the Holy 



Writings belonged a larger place in general culture than had yet 
been accorded to them. Accordingly, in all their educational in- 
stitutions they have emphasized the Bible and its related branches 
of knowledge. This may be called the distinctive feature of their 
schools. The charter of the Eclectic Institute therefore de- 
clared the purpose of the institution to be : "The instruction 
of youth of both sexes in the various branches of literature and 
science, especially of moral science as based on the facts and 
precepts of the Holy Scriptures." What this special aim was, 
and how it has been realized, will be more fully stated under 
another head. Here follows an outline description of the ma- 
chinery provided by the charter for carrying forward the work 
proposed. 

The Act of Incorporation consists of seven sections. The 
first created George Pow, Samuel Church, Aaron Davis, Isaac 
Errett, Carnot Mason, Zeb Rudolph, Symonds Ryder, J. A. 
Ford, Kimball Porter, William Hayden, Frederick Williams, and 
A. S. Hayden, a body corporate and politic, by the name and 
style of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, to be located in 
Hiram. It further invested these corporators with the power of 
perpetual succession, and limited the capital stock of the 
corporation to $50,000, to be divided into shares of $35.00 
each, and to be used for no purpose other than education. 
Section second clothed the corporation with the usual powers in 
respect to buying, selling, and holding property. The third 
declared that the corporate concerns of said Institute should be 
managed by a Board of Trustees of not less than nine nor more 
than twelve men, any five of whom shall constitute a quorum; 
and invested them with the power to fill vacancies, to appoint 
the customary Board officers, to select teachers, and to exercise 
a general management over the affairs of the Institution. 
Section fourth provided that the President of the Board shall 
execute all contracts and seal them with the corporate seal. 
Section fifth provided for the election by the stockholders of a 
Board of Trustees so soon as 17,000 was subscribed to the 
capital stock, limiting the electoral power of the stockholders 
by this provision: "Provided that no stockholder shall have 
more than four votes for $100, six votes for $200, seven votes for 



$300, and eight votes for $400 or more," It provided, also, that no 
one should vote on stock not paid up. One third of the Board, 
after the first election, were to be elected each year. The sixth 
section provided for annual meetings of the stockholders to 
elect trustees, but said a failure to elect should not work the 
dissolution of the corjDoration. The last section gave the Board 
power to make by-laws for the government of the Institution, 
and to prescribe the mode of transferring the stock. As it is 
an open question how College Boards of Trustees should be 
elected, it is proper to add that, in Hiram, the stockholders' 
plan has always worked well. 

3.— THE ECLECTIC INSTITUTE AT WORK. 

The Board of Trustees, July 17, 1850, chose A. S. Hayden, a 
preacher of culture, who had been connected with all 
the preliminary movements. Principal of the Institute. His 
principal associate in the faculty, at first, was Thomas Munnell, 
an alumnus of Bethany College, since more widely knoAvn as a 
preacher and the Secretary of the Ceneral Missionary Society of 
the Discij^les. More help being" needed, Mr. C. D. Wilber, since 
well known in the West as a geologist, and Miss Almeda A. 
Booth,* well known in Ohio as an elegant scholar and an accom- 
jDlished teacher, were called to the assistance of Mr. Hayden and 
Mr. Munnell. Mr. Hayden taught Moral Philosophy and Sacred 
History; Mr. Munnell, Ancient Languages and History; Mr. 
Wilber, Natural Sciences; Miss Booth, English Studies at first, 
later, both Mathematics and Languages. In the Fall of 1851, 
Mr. Norman Dunsliee, an alumnus of Western Reserve College 
now Professor of Mathematics in Oskaloosa College, Iowa, was 
called as teacher of Mathematics and Modern Languages. 
Changes in the corps of instructors were somewhat frequent. 

*Since the above words were written, this estimable lady and accomplished 
teacher has passed to her reward. She came to Hiram in the spring of 1851, 
and remained in active service, except one year spent in Oberlin College, until 
Commencement, 1866— in all, forty-three terms. She came to Hiram as a teacher 
of English Studies, but soon became Principal of the Ladies' Department. She 
excelled in teaching English Studies, and also Languages and Mathematics. 
Her power over students was very great, and her death is lamented by thousands. 
After leaving Hiram, she served several years in the public schools of Cuyahoga 
Falls. It is no exaggeration to say that in Northern Ohio no lady teacher has 
surpassed Miss Booth, taking into account length of service, number of pupils 
taught, uniform success, and strength of personal iufluence. 



In the catalogue for tlie year 1852-3, appear the names of 
Amaziah Hull, now Professor of Languages in Oskaloosa College, 
and J. A. Garfield, since so well known in the military and 
political service of the country; the first as teacher of Mathe- 
matics and Sciences, the second as teacher of English Studies and 
Ancient Languages. S. S. Hillier, now an attorney in New 
York, appears in two or three early catalogues. A little later, 
the names of H. W. Everest, now Professor of Natural History 
in Kentucky University, Lexington, Ky., and J. H. Rhodes, 
now an attorney in Cleveland, both prominent teachers, appear; 
the first in the department of Mathematics and Science, the 
second as a teacher of Mathematics and Languages, as well as of 
English branches. The names of other teachers whose work 
need not be described, since they were less permanent, scattered 
through seventeen years, are Mrs. Phoebe Drake, Laura A. 
Clark, Calista 0. Carlton, Sarah Udall, and J. B. Crane. Other 
instructors who served for a brief period or in subordinate 
positions, are passed by for want of space. Provision was made 
for teaching Music, Drawing, and Penmanship. J. W. Lusk 
and the Spencers, father and sons, were for many years em- 
ployed as teachers of penmanship. The learned T. E. Suliot 
served as an instructor for a time. In 1857, Mr. Hayden resigned 
the Principalship, and was succeeded by J. A. G-arfield. The 
Institution, which had been very prosperous under Mr. Hayden's 
administration, now reached a still higher degree of prosperity. 
Mr. Garfield won a wide popularity as a teacher, manager, and 
lecturer on general and scientific topics. His active connection 
with the School ceased in 1861, though liis name remained on 
the catalogue as acting or advising Principal three or four years 
longer. Erom 18G1 to the organization of the college, there 
were frequent changes in the head of the School. H. W. Everest, 
C. W. Heywood, A. J. Thomsonj and J. M. Atwater served for 
brief periods. After the School was fairly under way, most of the 
teachers were chosen from among those wlio had studied within 
its walls. Some of the instructors took high rank as teachers; 
a smaller number, a liigher rank in other callings. The tuition 
receipts were the only funds available to pay instruqtors. As 
might be supposed, salaries were so small as to be almost insig- 



nificant, and teaching was largely a labor of love. This fact 
goes a good ways towards explaining the frequent changes 
mentioned above. At the same time, all of the most prominent 
teachers remained a number of years, becoming completely identi- 
fied with the School and doing an amount of excellent teaching 
in the spirit of self-sacriiice that has never been properly appre- 
ciated but by the few. 

The Institute rose at once to a high degree of pojiularity. 
On the oijening day, eighty-four students were in attendance, 
and soon the number rose to two or three hundred per term. 
Students came from a wide region of country. Ohio furnished 
the larger number, but there was a liberal patronage from Cana- 
da, New York, and Pennsylvania; a considerable number came 
from the Southern States, and a still larger from the Western. 
These students differed widely in age, ability, culture, and wants. 
Some received Grammar School instruction ; others High School 
instruction; while others still pushed on far into the regular 
College course. Classes were organized and taught in the 
collegiate studies as they were called for ; Languages, Mathe- 
matics, Literature, Science, Philosojjhy, and History. No de- 
grees were conferred, and no students were graduated. After 
they had mastered the English studies, students were allowed a 
wide range of choice. The principle of election had free course. 
A course of study was published in the catalogue after the first 
year or two; but it was rather a list of studies taught as they 
were called for than a curriculum that students pretended 
closely to follow. Leave is taken of the Eclectic Institute with 
the remark, that it soon won and continued to hold a first place 
among Ohio schools of similar rank. 

4.— ORGANIZATION AND WOEK OF THE COLLEGE. 

In the first part of this sketch, it has been stated that some of 
the founders of the Institution were in favor of establishing a 
college in the beginning. The proposition to re-organize it as a 
college was considered from time to time, until the Board decid- 
ed to take that ste]3. Acting under the statute of April 8, 1856, 
Avhich empowers seminaries of learning incorporated by general 
law or special act to change their name and become colleges, 



and after such change to confer the usual college degrees, the 
Board, February 30, 1867, changed the name of the Eclectic 
Institute, and clothed it with collegiate powers and resjjonsibili- 
ties. As Hiram had become widely and favorably known as the 
seat of the Institute, the name now chosen was Hiram College. 
It was believed that this action would add co the usefulness and 
influence of the School, and that a stronger financial basis 
could be secured thereby. Both of these expectations have been 
met. June 19, 1872, the Board, in pursuance of the statute for 
such cases made and provided, increased the number of trustees 
to twenty-four. Except the action of February 20, 1867, and 
June 19, 1872, the original Act of Incorpora ion has not been 
changed. It should be added that a convention of friends of the 
Institution, held in Hiram, June 12, 1867, endorsed the action 
by which it was made a college. The College began its work 
August 31, 1867. 

Instructors. 

Dr. Silas E. Shepard, A. M., well known as scholar and 
writer, now of Troy, Pa., was the first President. He resigned 
at the close of one year. J. M. Atwater, A. M., Professor of 
the Ancient Languages under President Shepard, now pastor of 
the Disciples' Church at Worcester, Mass., succeeded him. After 
two years service he resigned. The present President entered 
on the duties of the oJSice with the beginning of the College year 
1870-71. He had previously taught several years in the Eclectic 
Institute, and had served one year in the College as Professor of 
History, Literature, and Political Science. A. M. Weston, A. 
M., since President of Eureka College, 111., was Professor of 
Mathematics in the years 1867 and '68. J. C. Cannon, A. M., was 
the Professor of the Ancient Languages for the year 1869. Amzi 
Atwater, A. M., had served in the same capacity for the year 1866. 
I. N". Demmon, A. M., now the Principal of the Ann Arbor High 
School, held the same position with great acceptance in the years 
1870 and '71. W. S. Atkinson, A. M., was the efficient Profes- 
sor of Mathematics and Astronomy from 1870 to 1875 inclusive. 
Mr. 0. C. Hill, now a member of the Senior Class of Williams 
College, Mass., was several years honorably connected with the 



College as Principal of the Commercial Department. Misses 
L. M. Sackett and C. C. Miinson, as Avell as Mr. E. B. Wake- 
field, have all rendered valuable services. Hon. T. W. Harvey 
and Capt. Wm. Mitchell have given normal instruction. At 
present the Faculty is organized as follows : 

B. A. Hinsdale, A. M.— President, and Professor of Philos- 
ophy, History, and Biblical Literature. 

G-. E. Barber, A. M. — Professor of the Greek and Latin Lan- 
guages and Literatures. 

G. H. CoLTON", M. S. — Professor of Natural Science. 

CoLMAisr Bancroft, M. S. — Professor of Mathematics and 
Astronomy. 

A. J. Squire, M. D. — Lecturer on Chemistry and Philosophy. 

Mrs. Marietta Cuscaden. — Principal of the Ladies' Depart- 
ment. 

Mrs. Mary E. Hinsdale. — Teacher of Cerman. 

Mrs. J. C. Ellis. — Teacher of Listrumental Music. 

Mrs. p. B. Clapp. — Teacher of Penmanship.- 

Studies. 

The change in the name and rank of the Institution did not 
essentially change its aims and spirit. The work formerly done 
has gone on all the same. It was the addition of a College 
department to an academical and preparatory school. The 
announcement put forth in 1867 declared the aim of the College 
to be, " to furnish a course of training as thorough as any in 
the country;" " to bestow careful attention upon the classical 
languages;" and especially, " to give a fuller course them is com- 
mon in tliose hranches which are modern and national^ The last 
clause is emphasized because it describes a distinctive feature of 
the College. More than ordinary attention is paid to Historical 
and Political studies, particularly to those that bear upon the 
duties and rights of the American Citizen. 

Like most Ohio colleges, Hiram prepares most of her candidates 
for admission to her regular classes. The preparatory course to 
the Classical Course is divided into two years of three terms each. 
To enter the Junior Preparatory Class, students must have 
finished the common Ensflish branches and have studied Latin 



two terms. Tlie studies of the Preparatory Department are 
shown in the following table : 



Latin Reader, 
Latin Composition, 
First Greelv Book, 
Science of Government. 

Csesar, 

Latin Composition, 

First Greeli Book, 

History of the United States, 

Elocution. 

Sallust, 

Latin Composition, 

Xenophon's Anabasis, 

Greek Composition, 

Rlietoric. 



SENIOR. 

Cicero's Orations, 
Latin Composition, 
Xenophon's Anabasis, 
Greek Composition, 
Algebra. 

Virgil, 

Xenophon's Anabasis, 
Greek Composition, 
Alffebra. 



Virgil, 

Plato's Apology, 

Algebra. 



The studies of the Classical Course are shown in this table 



FRESHMAN. 

Livy, 

Homer's Iliad, 
Geometry. 

Horace's Odes and Epodes, 
Demosthenes De Corona, 
Geometry, 
Conic Sections. 

Tacitus, 
Botany, 
Trigonometry. 



Physics, 

Logic, 

English Literature. 

Physics, 

Rhetoric, 

Chemistry. 

Astronomy, 

Anatomy and Physiology, 
Constitution of the United States, 
Genuineness and Authenticity of the 
Gospels. 



SOPHOMORE. 

Surveying, 

American Political History, 

Cicero De Senectute, 

German. 

General Geometry and Differential Cal- 
culus, 
Outlines of History, 
German. 



SENIOR. 

Intellectual Science, 
History of Philosophy, 
Karnes' Elements of Criticism, 
French. 

Butler's Analogy, 
Political Economy, 
French Reader, 
Geology. 



SOPHOMOBE. SENIOR. 

Zoology, Moral Philosophy, 

Antigone, French Literature, 

German Reader. Petite Histoire du Peuple Frangais, 

History of Civilization. 

The Latin and Scientific Course, of five years including the 
preparatory year, differs from the Ckissical in these features: it 
adds Integral Calculus to the Mathemathics, subtracts two terms 
from the Latin, and omits all the Creek. The Scientific Course 
contains the same Mathematics as the Latin and Scientific, but 
neither Creek nor Latin. The Ladies' Course, of four years, 
contains six terms of Latin, and with the omission of the Creek, 
and two terms of Mathematics, does not otherwise vary from the 
Classical Course. Besides, there is a Teachers' Course of two 
years, and a Commercial Course of one year. Instruction still 
more elementary than is found in any of these Courses is fur- 
nished to those who need it. Considerable attention is paid to 
Normal Instruction. There are exercises in Composition, Decla- 
mation, and Elocution throughout the Courses. Frequent lec- 
tures are delivered in the Chapel to the Avhole body of students, 
on literary, scientific, and educational topics, as well as on 
general subjects of passing interest. Instruction is also given 
in Instrumental Music. 

Degrees and Dijjlomas. 

The degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred upon Students 
who complete the Classical Course, and pass the examinations in 
the same. 

The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy is conferred upon 
Students who complete the Latin and Scientific Course, and 
pass the examinations. 

The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred upon Students 
who complete the Scientific Course, and pass the prescribed 
examinations. 

The degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Philosophy, and 
Master of Science are conferred, respectively, upon Bache- 
lors of Arts, Bachelors of Philosophy, and Bachelors of Science, 
of three years' standing, who shall have been engaged during 
that period in professional, literary, or scientific pursuits. 



Diplomas are presented to all wlio complete any of the other 
Courses in the Institution, viz : Biblical, Ladies', Teachers', or 
Commercial. 



STUDEKTS CLASSIFIED. 





03 


Undergraduates. 






























5 

o 

H 

i 

« 
Ph 




tn 








Students in all 


Yeak. 


^ 


H 
K 






03 


Grades. 




S 

m 

CO 

« 


O 

o 

w 

o 
CO 

10 


03 

o 
o 


ai 

M 
O 

02 


-^ 



PJ 




1868 


19 


13 


5 


— 


— 


308 


1869 


13 


20 


9 


4 


3 


3 


277 


1870 


8 


14 


19 


7 


2 


2 


278 


1871 


8 


13 


12 


10 


9 


9 


267 


1872 


6 


20 


4 


9 


8 


8 


302 


1878 


7 


7 


15 


2 


10 


10 


286 


1874 


10 


9 


3 


10 


4 


3 


235 


1875 


11 


13 


10 


— 


7 


7 


233 



The Alumni, now forty-one in number, are mostly following- 
professional pursuits : the Law, the Ministry, or teaching. 

LITERARY SOCIETIES 











p; 


& 




R 


w 




P5 33 


m 




P 

P 
o 


iz; 






U 






■< 
H 

t— 1 


►J 
< 


Present 
OF Mi 




Olive Branch, (Ladies' Society.) — 


1853 


$ .50 


$1.50 


19 


502 


Delphic 


1854 
1855 


1.00 
1.00 


1.50 
1.50 


21 
29 


521 


Hesperian 


474 







A Young Men's Christian Asssociation was organized in 1868 
— Annual Dues, 11.50. This Association supports a weekly 
Students' Prayer Meeting, and maintains a Library and Reading 
Room. It also provides for a yearly course of Public Lectures. 
Its total membership is one hundred and seven; the present, 
thirteen. 

Mention should also be made of the Arion Society, organized 
in 1874, devoted to the cultivation of Music. 

LIBRAKIES. 









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Pa 


K 




c 


O M 


W 73 




!z W 


r^ " 


n H 




H q 


^ 2 


a s 




ta S 


P 


& S 




^1 


>^g 




fM 


^> 


E-i 

O 

H 


College 


1854 
1857 
1859 
1869 


850 
790 
617 
271 




Delphic 




HESPERLil^^S 




Y M C Association 


2 528 







The greater number of these volumes are of recent works, and 
they are in good condition. 

Property. — Endoivments. 

The building first erected has thus far answered the demands 
of the College. Originally of excellent construction, it is still 
in good condition. The grounds are also in good and tasteful 
order. There is a felt want of a Ladies' Hall, but if an effort 
now being made to raise the necessary funds is successful, this 
want Avill be supplied. A handsome beginning towards an en- 
dowment fund has been made. Two gentlemen deserve honor- 
able mention as donors to this fnnd ; Robert Kerr, of Marion, 
Ohio, who has endowed a Chair of Historical and Natural 
Science, and George A. Baker, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has 
endowed the Chair of Mathematics and Astronomy. Also the 



citizens of Hiram, who have endowed the President's Chair. 
A small bnt well selected and arranged mnseum should be men- 
tioned. 

The Building, Grounds, Apparatus, &c., are worth $25,000 

The Endowments reach 65,000 

Although the corjioration is a common stock company, only a 
small part of its projDerty is represented by stock ; say one- 
fifth. 

The College Year contains forty weeks, and is divided into 
three terms. Tuition in College studies is 130.00 per year. A 
scholarship calling for eight years' tuition is sold for $100.00. 
But few, however, have thus far been sold. 

5.— SUMMARY. 

The rapid rise of the Eclectic Institute to popularity has 
been already remarked upon. In twenty-five years the Institute 
enrolled, counting by years, nine thousand students. How 
many different students have studied for longer or shorter 
periods in Hiram, can not be ascertained without too much 
labor ; but it is safe to say from five thousand to six thousand. 
Some of these remained only one or two terms ; many from two 
to four years ; while some have completed a course of study. 
The Eclectic Institute was a favorite training-school for Col- 
lege. Many of those who prepared here carried on their studies 
to the second and third, some to the fourth, year of the College 
course. A large number of students, without taking a com- 
plete course anywhere, have fitted themselves in Hiram for 
professional life. Notably is this true of school teachers. Many 
hundreds of excellent teachers have been sent to the army of 
educators. For more than twenty years a large number of 
schools, public, private, and academical, have been manned, in 
whole or in part, by Hiram-trained teachers. 

The special aims set forth in this history have been fully 
realized. Hiram Avas never intended to be a school of special 
training, and has never been a Biblical or Theological Semi- 
nary. Still a large number of preachers have hero been trained. 
Numerous are the positions of usefulness and responsibility 
occupied by this class of men. Special instruction in Biblical 



studies has always been furnished to those desiring it. The 
agencies employed are text-book instruction, Chapel lectures, 
and special courses of lectures delivered by members of the 
Faculty or by lecturers called in from abroad. At the same 
time, it has never been the aim to call in students desiring such 
instruction only, save for short courses of lectures ; but rather 
to prepare young men for the ministry by providing them with 
general culture supplemented by special studies. To these stu- 
dents, the leading tenets of the Disciples have been taught ; but 
all attempts to exercise over the body of the students a peculiar 
denominational influence have been carefully avoided. Before 
the latter the Biblical topics that are considered are such as these : 
The books of the Bible, their history, authority, characteristics, 
personages, etc. Nor has the attention paid to these subjects 
been found to take from the ability of students to carry on their 
regular work. 

The original charter, which has never been changed in this 
particular, defines the object of the corporation to be ''the in- 
struction of youth of both sexes." In Hiram the experiment 
of co-education has been successful. The education of youth 
is no doubt somewhat disturbed by what may be called 
the sexual differentiation, as most human activities are for that 
matter ; but the disturbance is no more where they are thrown 
together in the same school than when they are taught apart. 
On the other hand, co-education is attended by some positive 
advantages. In Hiram, however, ladies generally choose one of 
the shorter courses of study. 

With the Centennial, the Institution whose history is given 
above enters on its second quarter century of life. It has sur- 
vived a severe struggle with poverty. No other school in the 
State, it is believed, has put money to better advantage, or done 
more good work with the same cash expenditure. Such of its 
founders as have survived this quarter of a century, feel that 
their anticipations have been more than realized. They wrought 
under a religious impulse, but in no party or sect spirit. The 
thousands of students who have flocked to the school that they 
founded — coming from all churches and from no church — are 
the best proof of tlie spirit that these founders breathed into 



Hiram. In a late publication, the first Principal, speaking of 
its planting, says : " From this period the Institute has been 
before the eyes of the public, and its history is in the hearts of 
thousands of admiring students, who have from time to time 
enjoyed the benefits of its moral instruction and intellectual 
culture."* These students, scattered over the whole Union, are 
found in every walk of life, doing their share of the work of 
American society. This laborious and honorable history of a 
quarter of a century, is regarded as an element of power for the 
College's future work. 



* History of the Disciples in the Western Reserve, p. 266. 




''*'*iil^^^^^^^^^^^ 



HISTOKICAL SKETCH 

OF TlIK 
AND 

K E.N YON COLLEGE. 

PREPARED BY 

Rev. WM. B. BODINE, A.M: 



The Legislative Acts which bear upon tliesc Institutions are 
tliree in number. The first was passed December iM)th, A. I). 
1824 ; tliesecond, .January 24th, ]S2G ; the third, Marcli 10th, 1S30. 

By the provisions of tlie first act tlie Right Rev. Philander 
Chase, the Rev, Messrs. Roger Searle, Intrepid Morse, 
Ezra B. Kellogg and Samuel Johnston, and Messrs. Beza- 
leel Wells, William K. Bond, John Johnston and CiiAh . 
Hammond, and tlieir su'^cessors, were constituted a body Corpo- 
rate and politic by the name of the Tiieologicvvl Seminary 
OF the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of 
Ohio, and to tliis body as a Board of Trustees the care and man- 
agement of the Seminary and its estate and property were com- 
mitted.* 

The second act provided that the President and Professors of 
said Seminary should be considered as the Faculty of a College, 
and as such should have the power of conferring degrees in the 
Arts and Sciences, and of performing all such other acts as per- 
tain unto the Faculties of Colleges for the encouragement and 
reward of learning, and that the name and style by which the 
said degrees should be conferred, and the Certificates of Learn- 
ing given should be that of the " President and Professors of 
Kenyon College in the State of Ohio." 



* For the full text of this Act of Incorporation, see Journal of Coii- 
vontian of the Dioc«se of Ohio, A. D., 1874. 



By the third act, provision was made for the establisliment 
of a College, and Halls for Preparatory Education, the power of 
conferring degrees in the Arts and Sciences was committed to 
the President and Professors of Kenyon College, and the power 
of conferring degrees in Theology given to tlie President and 
Professors of the Theological Seminary. 

The founder of the Tiieo logical Seminary of the Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Ohio and Kenyon Col- 
lege, was the Right Rev. Philander Chase, D.D., the lirst 
Bishop of the Church in Ohio, and the pioneer Bishop of the 
West, a man of great energy and extraordinary force of charac- 
ter. Before coming to Ohio he was comfortably settled in Hart- 
f jrd. Conn., but he had in him the spirit of a conqueror, and he 
fv^lt that he must move to the "regions beyond." So he left 
Hartford March 8d, A. U. 1817, "not for a more wealthy and 
opulent parish, but literally for the Wilderness, under the pa- 
tronage of no missionary or other associated body of men, for 
then there were no such in being, but dei)ending on his own 
limited means, under T'rovi deuce." 

He was elected Bishop of Ohio, June 4th, A. D. 1818, and 
consecrated in Philadelphia, February 11th, A. D. 1819. 

His chief need in his new field was laborers. At first three 
Clergymen were his fellow-workmen — this number within four 
years being increased to six — but what were "they among so 
many" ? So deeply and constantly did this need press upon him 
that in 1823 he determined to cross the ocean, and to solicit funds 
in England for the establishment of a School of Theology in 
Ohio, where, under his own supervision, he might have educated 
for the ministry some " sons of the soil." 

This resolution of his to secure, if possible, foreign aid in his 
great necessity, was strenuously opposed by some high in eccle- 
siastical authority, but the opposition seemed only to add firm- 
ness to his purpose and strength to his determination. He sailed 
from New York, October 1st, 1823, and reached Liverpool safely 



after the lapse of the month Avhieh was then required for the 
ocean voyage. 

Among the letters which he carried with him was one from 
the Honorable Henry Clay to the Right Honorable Lord 
Gambiek, (these two distinguished statesmen having met as 
Commissioners at the Treaty of Ghent in 1815.) This letter was 
of great service to him in opening his way. Friends were raised 
up to him in large numbers, among the most efficient and distin- 
guished of whom were Lords Gambler, Kenyon and Bexley, 
Sir Thomas Ackland, and the Right Hon. Dowager Countess of 
Rosse, the Rev. Geo. Gaskin, D.D., Henry Hoare and Geo. W. 
Marriott, Esqs., and Mrs. Hannah Moore. 

Some thirty thousand dollars came to Bishop Chase as t]io 
result of this his foreign appeal. 

Upon his return, the Bishop reached New York in August, 
1824, and in the following November the Constitution of the 
Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
Diocese of Ohio, was agreed upon at the meeting of the Diocesiin 
Convention in Chillicothe. 

The location of the Seminary was temporarily fixed upon 
the Bishop's farm in Worthington. A beginning was made in 
the shape of a Grammar School. The incipient School consisted 
of one teacher, and from eight to ten scholars. Among those 
who attended this school in Worthington, however, was one 
destined to rise to great eminence and usefulness, Salmon P. 
Chase, late Chief Justice of the Supreme C*ourt of the United 
States. 

In the matter of tlie choice of a pi-rmanent location for the 
Seminary, oi)iniou was divided, some preferring a site in some 
town, others having a decided choice for the country. Bishop 
Chase earnestly advocated the latter, because he believed that 
not only would the students gain thereby in health and morality, 
but because also he saw that wherever the Seminary should be 
fixed, there property would at once advance in value, and by 



securing some thousands of acres of land, the Seminary might, 
without doubt, and most justly, share in the gains which it 
would itself create. 

About this time Bishop Chase had his attention called by 
D.iniel S. Norton, Esq., and Henry B. Curtis, Esq., of Mount 
Vernon, to a tract of land in Knox County, five miles from 
]Mount Vernon, and eight thousand acres in extent. Upon vis- 
iting thes-e lands Bishop Chase was more than pleased with 
their appearance — he was captivated — and ere very long a con- 
tract was made by him with their owner, Mr. AVilliam Hogg, of 
Brownsville, Pennsylvania, the jirice agreed upon being $2.25 
per acre, or eighteen thousand dollars for the entire tract, the 
contract to become valid A\'hen approved by the Board of Trus- 
tees and the Hon. Henry Clay. 

Before the Diocesan Convention of 1826, Bishop Chase most 
strenuously urged t!ie importanceof uniting with the Theological 
Seminary a College for general learning. Very naturally his 
original plan had become enlarged. His first thought was to 
provide Ministers for the waste places of the (.'hurch— his second 
and greater tliought "to be of service to his country without 
rejard to denomination in religion." But two coui'ses, said he in 
his address before the Convention, but " two courses are before us 
— either to confine our Seminary to Theological candidates only, 
or if we receive students in general science, to lay a foundation 
sufficiently strong and large to sustain the magnitude of the Col- 
l?ge which must be reared to do those students justice. In the 
former case, nothing more is necessary than to turn your atten- 
tion to the deed of gift of my own estate in Worthington. In 
the latter case, the only thing presented worthy of your attention 
is the i)r()posed lands iii Knox County. Here is a foundation on 
which to erect an edifice worthy of the kind expectation of our 
eiteemed benefactors. On this we can build, and expect the 
further assistance of a syuipathizing world . On this we can build 
and justly exi)ect the patronage of our civil government. Any- 



thing loAs than this, would be to degrade, not to improve our 
present blessings." 

During the year before the delivery of this address, Mrs. 
Betsy Reed, of Zanesville, had generously given, for the use 
of the Seminary, one thousand acres of land on Alum Creek, 
near Columbus, and preparations had been made for the location 
of the Seminary thereon. (Objections however, were urged, and 
the matter was postponed. 

Indeed, strenuous objections were made to more than one of 
Bishop Chase's plans. Mr. Charles PlAM^foND, a prominent 
citizen of Cincinnati, and a gentleman largely interested in 
Church affairs, a member also of the Board of Trustees, addressed 
a letter to the Bishop, urging strongly that, by the very neces- 
sities of the case, the Saminary ought to be " not one for general 
education, but one for the education of Ministers exclusively." 

Mr. Hammond, however, and those who thought with him, 
were overruled by the judgment o^ the Diocesan Convention (if 
182G, the report of the Committee of that Convention, as ac- 
cepted, declaring that " the lands in Knox County afforded an 
eligible site for the Seminary and College, and combined advan- 
tiges of greater magnitude than any offer tliat had been made." 
So it was decided that the Theological Seminary of the Diocese 
of Ohio and Kenyon C'ollege, should be forever established upon 
these lands, and the broad plan was adopted of laboring to build 
up, not only a school of Theology, but a College as well. The 
English funds were to be appropriated sacredly to the purpose 
for which they were given. The College Endowment, it Mas 
hoped, might, in some other way, be secured. 

In December 1827 Bishop Chase addressed the Legislature of 
Ohio desiring therefrom "a petition to Congress, and instruction 
to the Ohio delegates therein to urge such petition, for the grant 
of a tract of land, or some other property to Kenyon College, to 
enable the Trustees thereof to carry into effect their benevolent 
designs in the liberal education of the youth of our common coun- 
try." 





In this iiddress the lamentable and prevailing ignorance of 
the people was dwelt upon. It was affirmed that, except in tlie 
cities and towns, the majority of the youth of both sexes, born 
and reared at home, could not even road intelligibly to them- 
selves or others, and that, in very few instances were the chil- 
drea ever likely to equal their parents in common learning. 
The importance of Kenyon College was therefore insisted upon 
as a source of supply for Teachers of the schools, the want in this 
direction being very great. Ignorance and irreligion were de- 
clared to be the greatest enemies of the State — so it was argued, 
that by helping the College, the State might help to protect itself, 
and that therefore it was not unreasonable that public and na- 
tional patronage should be solicited. 

This address before the Legislature was followed by a Resolu- 
tion which i>assed that body with hardly a dissenting voice. 
The resolution was drawn up and presented by Governor Mor- 
row, then a member of the Senate, and declared that being fully 
persuaded that with proper support and encouragement Kenyon 
College promised to be extensively useful to the citizens of Ohio 
and the adjoining States in promoting the interest of Literature 
and Science, tlierefore the object of the application of Bishop 
Chase to the Congress of the United States for a donation of a 
tract or tracts of public lands, should be approved, and that the 
Senators and Representatives in Congress from Ohio be requested 
to use their exertions in aid and support of the said application. 

Almost immediately Bishop Chase proceeded to Washing- 
ton, and presented his petition. It was first brought before the 
U. S. Senate, and by that body, was most kindly received. A 
bill was introduced making a grant of a township of land, and 
after addresses in its favor from Messrs. Kane, Ruggies, Harri- 
son, Benton and Chambers, it passed the Senate by a vote of 25 
to 15. To the great disappointment, however, of the friends of 
Kenyon, it foiled of adoption in the House, that body, in the 
rush of other business, refusing to give it consideration. 

Tliough Bishop Chase now felt keenly the "anguish of dis- 



appointed hopy," he was neverthelev^ not in de,:-pnir. liis only 
escape from mental depression he felt to be in " renewed effort." 
So at once he scattered broadcast an ajipeal to his fellow-country- 
men for help from them individually. Johx Ql'ixx'Y Adam.^', 
then President of the United States, subscribed a hundred dol- 
lars — many others gave liberally, so that the total result of thi.5 
appeal was the addition of some Twenty-five thousand dollar.^ 
tj the funds of the " Star in the West." 

^Meanwhile the College town had been called Gambier, and 
the i^rocess of clearing and fencing the lands and of erecting tlie 
necessary buildings had been begun. Many of these buildings, 
being hastily put together, and constructed of cheap materials, 
were necessarily temporary, and have long since entirely disap- 
peared. One structure, however, rose in striking contrast with 
the rest. It was built solidly of stone, with walls from three to 
four feet thick, built as though it were intended to last forever. 
To this chief building was given the name of Kenyon Collegk, 
and thus the names of Lords Gambier and Kenyox, "Bishop 
Chase's most efficient supporters in England were perpetuated 
on this side of the water. The Corner Stone of Kenyon Ct)llege 
was laid by the Bishop, with appropriate religious ceremonies, 
on the 9th of June, 1827. The sermon upon the occasion \v.\:\ 
preached by the Rev. Intrepid ]Morse, of Steubenville. 

" In building an Institution of Learning- amid a dense forest, 
the first thing to be done would be to hire workmen and build 
shanties for them to live in. In the absence of markets, and 
amid a very sparse squatter population, lands must be cleared 
and grounds tilled to afford workmen the means of living. As 
nothing in the way of building could bo done without lumber, 
and this could not be had in sufficient quantities at any reasona- 
ble price. Mills must be erected for its manufacture. For this 
too, heavy ox-teams and all the costly appliances of hauling sav,- 
logs and lumber must be provided. A Flouring Mill was also 
needed to furnish material for the staff of life. Thus in almost 



every particular, after Ganibier was chosen, it was necessary to 
begin with the very elements of civilization." 

So, for some years, farming, milling and merchandising were 
carried on in the name of the College, and there were not only 
erected with its means such structures as were needed for the 
legitimate purposes of an institution of learning, such as houses 
for the Professors and Students, the Chapel, with the College and 
Grammar School buildings, but a Store also, and a Hotel, a Car- 
penter's and Shoemaker's Shop, a Printing Office, a Saw Mill, a 
Grist Mill, with houses for the Miller, the Dairymen and the 
workmen to dwell in. 

Bishop Chase's idea was, that in undertaking all this, he 
was contributing to the prosperity of the Institutions he had 
established, and helping to foster their beneficent ends. The 
necessary expenses of a student for board, tuition, fuel and light 
had been fixed at an extraordinarily low figure— S70 per year for 
those in the College, $(jO for those in the Grammar School, and 
$50 for those in tlie Theological department. In the face of ad- 
vancing prices tliese figures were adhered to, so that it was no 
exaggeration for our Speaker of the House of Congress, Hon. 
James G. Blaine, recently to declare that in a Western College 
(Kenyon) was educated at a total yearly expenditure of less than 
a hundred dollars, the Hon. Henry Winter Davis, " the most 
accomplished parliamentary orator of this century." 

It was not long, however, before debts were incurred, and 
unlooked-for complications arose. The number of Students was 
large, and they were well instructed by their Professors under 
the leadership of a man very remarkable for his character and 
gifts, the Rev. Wm. Sparrow. 

The matter of tiic difficulties of the College (into the origin 
and nature of which it is not necessary here to enter) was brought 
by Bishop Chase before the Diocesan Convention of 1831, which 
met in Gambier. The action of this Convention was unsatisfac- 
tory to the Bishop, in consequence of which he peremptorily 
resigned both the Presidency of the Seminary and College, and 



9 

the Episcopate of the Diocese, and forever severed his connection 
with the Institutions which he had so ardently and untiringly 
labored to establish. 

In the language of one well qualified to judge with accuracy, 
(Rev. Dr. Buonsox,) " Thus closes the record of Bishop Chase's 
labors in founding a Theological Seminary and College. Ho 
probably had no superior in all the qualities necessary to ori<^i- 
. nate such an Institution. The versatility of his manners was 
such that he could adapt himself readily to any condition of 
Society. Whether he were in the log cabin of Ohio, where the 
whole family slept, ate, cooked, received guests and lodged them 
in the same apartment, or in the magnificent halls of Lord Ken- 
yon, surrounded with the refinement of the old world, Bishop 
Chase was equally at home and capable of winning golden 
opinions. Add to this an energy that never flagged, a will that 
never succumbed, and a physical system that never tired, and 
we have such a character as is seldom produced, but which was 
precisely adapted to the great work that he accomplished. Bisho]) 
Chase was equally remarkable for industry and endurance. Day- 
light seldom found him in bed, and he seemed as fond of work- 
ing or travelling in the rain, as though water were his native 
element. He would preach at Perry (fifteen miles from Gam- 
bier), and as soon as daylight peeped in the East on Monday 
morning take his bridle himself, go to the field, catch " Cincin- 
natus," mount and be off to set his head men at work in Gam- 
bier. Bishop Chase began a work for the Church in Ohio, and 
in truth for the whole West, such as no other man then living 
would have attempted, or probably could have accomplished." 

The language of his successor in the Episcopate concerning 
him was—*' The name of Bishop Chase can never be forgotten in 
Ohio, nor cease to be regarded with affection and respect so long 
as there remains among us a just ai)preciation of those many 
and vigorous attributes of personal character which so signally 
marked his whole official life. His monument among us is 
Kenyon College— with all the history around it, of theenteri)rise 



10 

and sacrifices and toils and trials and difficulties with which its 
founder commenced and carried forward that Institution. It 
will not be long before the last of those who were personal wit- 
nesses of what he did and overcame in that enterprise will have 
passed away — nor before the aspect of Ohio will have become so 
changed by progressive and rapid iinjirovement that it will be 
very difficult for a new generation to form a just conception of 
what Bishop Chase undertook when he set himself to the estab- 
lishment of Kenyon College in the locality selected, and what 
he accomplished so long as he remained in Ohio to carry forward 
that enterprise. Difference of opinion as to the wisdom of some 
details of his plans is no detraction from his merited praise for 
great purity of motive, a single desire in all things to build up 
the Church of Christ, a Uirge heart to devise, and a most uncon- 
querable energy to execute schemes for the glory of God, and the 
salvation of men." 

The Convention of 1853 also declared that " Whatever aliena- 
tion once existed on the part of the Convention of this Diocese 
has long sini^e passed away, and we believe that throughout the 
Diocese of Ohio but one feeling is prevalent, and that is — Rever- 
ence for his memory." 

Bishop Chase's successor in the office of President of the 
Theological Seminary and Kenyon College, was his successor in 
the Episcopate of the Diocese of Ohio, the Right Rev. Charles 
P. McIlvaine, D.D., then a young man of thirty-three, but 
already widely and most favorably known, particularly in the 
great centres of Washington and New York, and since recog- 
nized as having been one of the greatest men of this generation. 
Bishop McIlvaine had been Chaplain of the United States Mil- 
itary Acadamy at West Point, an appointment urged upon him 
by Hon. John C. Caeiioun, then Secretary of War. He had 
also been settled as a clergyman in Georgetown, District of Co- 
lumbia, and in Brooklyn, Long Islant!. In appearance Bishop 
McIlvaine was a king among men. As an orator he was 



11 

remarkable. His mental gifts, naturally of a high order, had 
been largely developed, and while diligent in business, he was 
no less " fervent in spirit, serving the Lord." 

Such a man, coming to Gambler could not but be warmly 
welcomed. He saw at once, moreover, the importance of the 
institutions, and girded himself to labor in their behalf. New 
buildings were mucli needed. Besides, there was an accumula- 
tion of debt. Bishop Mcl7>VAiXE, therefore, before establishing 
himself in Ohio, solicited aid, chiefly in the Eastern cities, and 
received in all nearly $30,000, the larger part of which was con- 
tributed by friends in Brooklyn and New York. This was done 
in the year 1833. Without the help thus opportunely given by 
the new Bishop, Kenyon must have perished, the Trustees hav- 
ing determined that it would be impossil)le for them, as things 
were, to carry on the Institution. 

In the year 1835 Bishop McIlvaine crossed the ocean to seek 
abroad relief from his burdensome and exhausting labors. Upon 
his journey, he carried with him the thought, as Bishop CiiASi: 
had before him, that while England was annually transferring 
thousands of her population to our shores, it was not unreasona- 
ble to ask, from those in the Mother country who were benevo- 
lently inclined, some aid in behalf of their countrymen who had 
emigrated to the new world. He judged also that this aid could 
le given in no better way than by helping to raise up a Ministry 
requisite for their instruction in the way of salvation. The pro- 
priety of these thoughts and consequent appeal was most kindly 
acknowledged, and the sum of $12, GOO contributed towards the 
erection of a separte building for the particular use of Theologi- 
cal Students. Large donations of books for the Library were 
also received — in this the liberality of .Joshua Bates, Esq., Rev. 
Dr. E. B. Pusey, and Mrs. Hannah 3Ioore being esi^ecially mani- 
fested. 

Bishop McIlvaine continued to hold the office of President 
of the Theological Seminary and Kenyon College until the year 



12 

1840, though during most of this time very many of his duties 
in this office were delegated to and performed by the Vice Presi- 
dent, the Rev. Wm. Sparrow, D.D., who continued to be the 
moving spirit and the life of the Institution, and whose influence 
in Gambler was as great as it was good. Dr. Sparrow was not 
only a man of liirge attainments in learning, but of great wis- 
dom and personal magnetism. Some wise words of counsel 
received from him by Edwin M. Stanton, while a student in 
Kenyon College, were afterwards by Mr. Stanton frequently 
declared to have been the turning point of his life — a life more 
valuable to the American Nation than any words can express. 

Until the year 1840, there had been in Gambler a Joint Faculty 
of Theology and Arts. At this time separate Faculties were con- 
stituted with separate Heads, Bishop McIlvaine continuing at 
the head of the Seminary, while Major D. B. Douglass, LL.D., 
was elected to the Presidency of the College. 

Before tlie Convention of 1839, this change was advocated by 
Bishop McIlvainic. This advocacy, however, was not jiositive, 
but conditional. His language was — "Only on condition that 
in surrendering the Presidency the Bishop shall receive a substi- 
tute of authority quite equivalent for the purposes originally 
contemplated. Only on condition that the College shall remain 
in its new position quite as much bound to be strictly Episcopal 
in its principles and aims and influence as it is at present bound 
to be. Only on condition that while such College shall be situated 
on the lands and in the buildings belonging to the Theological 
Ssminary, whatever is now the property of said Seminary the 
Trustees shall not be permitted to make in any sense the pro- 
perty 01 the College." 

To meet these conditions, as thus expressed, and in making 
the needed changes to guard sacredly all rightful interests, among 
other things it was provided by the Convention, and so declared 
in the Constitution as altered, " that the President of the College 
be appointed on the nomination of the Bishop of the Diocese — 



13 

l)r()vided also, tliat his Episcopal supervision and authority be 
understood as embracing the spiritual interests of the College, 
and its Preparatory Schools, and that the present property of the 
Seminary, whatever use the Trustees may permit the College to 
make of any part thereof, shall always remain exclusively the 
Ijroperty of the Seminary." 

The accession of Major Douglass to the Presidency of Ken- 
yon, was in some regards most fortunate. He was a skillful 
Civil Engineer, and under his direction, some much needed im- 
provements were determined upon, and so wisely made that their 
benefits will accrue to yet subsequent generations. He must 
have believed also in the familiar maxim that " cleanliness is next 
to godliness," for at once he set about a thorough internal repair- 
ing of the College building. His reign however was short — for, 
though a man of unu -ual talents, and very extended attainments, 
and the highest character, he was yet not fitted to govern suc- 
cessfully Western youth, proverbially so impatient of restraint. 
His rigid military training and habits no doubt helped largely 
to bring about this result. 

Besides, he came to Gambler at an unfortunate time. The 
finances were in a depressed and most deplorable condition. 
The money collected by Bishop McIlvaine at the East, and I y 
Rev. Dr. Sparrow in Ohio, a few years before, had been par- 
tially used in the erection of new buildings, partially in the pay- 
ment of. old debts. These debts, however, were not entirely 
obliterated. To meet the deficit, Bishop McIlvaine, in 1S38, 
had found it necessary to contract a loan of $fo,000, which he 
secured " through the great attention and affectionate interest of 
Samuel Ward, Esq., of New York." This loan however proved 
a very heavy burden. Without it, or rather without the debt 
which it represented, the College financially would have pros- 
pered. As it was, there was an increasing accumulation of debt, 
year by year. 



14 

In 1842, a crisis came. The debt of Prime, Ward & Kingr, 
then nearly twenty tliousand dollars, was pressing? for payment. 
To secure this debt the College lands had been mortgaged. So 
the question naturally arose— " Shall these lands be sold ?" Nei- 
ther Bishop McIlvaine nor the Board of Trustees were willing 
of themselves to determine this important matter. "If," said 
Bishop M., "a measure of such fundamental importance is to be 
adopted, the main responsibility should be taken by the Conven- 
tion of the Diocese, assembled with express reference to the sub- 
ject, and having its delegates chosen with the express purpose of 
acting thereon." So in December, 1842, a special Convention of 
the Diocese of Ohio was called, and met to consider this question. 
It was a question with reference to which opinion in the Diocese 
had been not unevenly divided. ]Many were strongly of opinion 
that " a religious corporation could not conduct a farm to advan- 
tage," and it must be confessed that the results of the experiment 
went far towards justifying this conclusion. The total income 
from farms, houses and shops, had averaged but thirteen hun- 
dred dollars a year. The other side of the case was thus stated 
by the Bishop—" It is well known that the lands at present 
owned were purchased by the venerable founder of the Institu- 
tions upon them, for a permanent endowment, and were designed 
to furnish not only an income for the support mainly of theo- 
logical instruction, since candidates for Orders pay no tuition 
fees, but also for a moral protection to the Institution, by secur- 
ing the control of its neighborhood to a great distance around it. 
Nothing can be more manifest than that Bishop Chase not only 
did not expect that those lands would ever be sold, but was 
always strongly set upon their permanent retention. His vari- 
ous communications to the Convention of this Diocese and to the 
public contain most convincing marks to that effect. There is 
reason to be assured that the Trustees, as long as he remained 
over them, entirely sympathized in these views. I am certain 
that the same have been held as tenaciously by the Board ever 
since. Nothing but a sense of necessity has caused them so much 



15 

as to inquire into the propriety of a diflferent course. The at- 
tachment of those in the Diocese wlio liave taken interest enough 
in an Institution, so ctnlral to all its interests, to have any at- 
tachment thereto, is still decidedly to the maintenance of the 
original vie\\'s in regard to its lands." 

The conclusion as reached was thus stated by the Committee 
of the Convention, to whom the whole subject was referred. 

" A considerable portion of the present debts must be satisfied 
within a few months, and to effect this object, a forced sale of the 
lands of the corportion must be made, or funds procured by do- 
nation or loan. ***** Xo prudent man would force his real 
estate into market, unless compelled to do so, during the present 
pecuniary embarrassment of all classes. Such is the condition of 
the land market that time is everything to those who owe debts, 
and who must pay by the sale of lands. It is very clear that a 
ruinous loss would be incurred by the sale of the college lands at 
this time. To prevent, if possible, so great a sacrifice, it is the 
opinion of the Committee that a final and last appeal should be 
made to those who may feel an interest in the institution at 
Gambler. This is due to its venerable founder, to the early and 
present friends of Kenyon College— it is due to all other friends 
of learning and religion. The Committee therefore recommend 
the adoption of the following resolutions. 

1. Bewived, That the Rt. Rev. the Bishop of this Diocese be 
requested to make an effort in such manner as he may deem ex- 
p3dient to procure pecuniary aid by donations and loans to re- 
lieve the Institution at Gambler. 

2. Remlved, That it is inexpedient to recommend at this time 
a sale of any portion of the college lands, nor until it is ascer- 
tained that the Institution cannot be relieved by donations and 
loans— but, if a sale become necessary, that such portions be sold, 
and in such mode and to such persons as may least conflict with 
the preservation of good morals in the immediate vicinity of the 
Institution." 



IG 

In response to these resolutions, and the decision of the Con- 
vention, which passed them. Bishop McIlvaixp: again girded 
himself, and "labored with all his might." The next result of 
his appeal in the Eastern States, was $29,517. Some $6,000 besides 
were added as the result of an appeal in Ohio. 

Even this measure of relief, however, was destined to prove 
but temporary. By it the "evil day" was postponed, but not 
altogether averted. The fact remained that the College lands, 
valuable though they were in themselves, were yet almost entire- 
ly valueless as a source of income. 

" In 1840 a change was made with a view of realizing a profit 
from grazing and raising cattle and sheep. But after expensive 
stock had been purchased, a dry season cut off the means of keep- 
ing it, and it was necessary to sell at a great loss, to save life. 
There were those who blamed this experiment, but perhaps they 
would not have done so, if it had been attempted at a time when 
stock was rising instead of falling, and when feed was plenty 
instead of scarce. At such a time it mi^ht have cleared off the 
whole debt, but, as it was, the profits went the wrong way." 

This is simply quoted as a specimen of not a few vain at- 
tempts to realize largely from the college lands — so that it is not 
to be wondered at that in 1842 Bishop McIlvaixe should say 
"One thing is evident, that the management of land and produce, 
by the Agent of such an Institution, whose time is divided with 
other duties, must necessarily be at a disadvantage. What an 
individual might accomplish with his own land, a corporation 
cannot with theirs." 

So, though measurable relief came, after the crisis of 1842, 
from the funds which were then collected, matters nevertheless 
dragged along somewhat heavily until 1849, when a committee 
of the Board of Trustees gave expression to the prevalent senti- 
ment in the following language : 

"The pecuniary embarrassments of the Seminary, and the 
consequent depression upon the prosperity and success of its in- 
stitutions, have long been the theme of reproach among it? ene- 



17 

inies and the subject of deep mortificatiou and regret with its 
friends — various expedients have been from time to time resorted 
to, to relieve the Institution from this great evil, with very little 
better results than temporary relief, procrastination, and increase 
of the debt by accumulations of interest and costs. The com- 
mittee is informed that the present amount of debt against the 
Institution, in various forms of liability, is about fifteen thou- 
sand dollars, the accruing interest on whicli is nearly equal to 
all the available annual income. Many of the creditors are press- 
ing for payment, interest is in arrears — and unless means be 
speedily provided, portions of the real estate will be levied upon 
and sold under execution. To add to these embarrassments, 
there being due a large arrear of taxes against the lands, the 
whole tract has been sold to satisfy the incumbrance. 

To sustain the credit of the Institution, ov even to preserve 
its vitality, under such circumstances, and against such unhappy 
influences, seems to the committee hopeless. The tax sale must 
be redeemed, and the other pecuniary embarrassments removed, 
or the Institution must go into decay, perhaps be wholly lost. 

The corporation holds in fee a body of four thousand acres of 
land, than which, for the usual various purposes of Agriculture, 
none better can be found in Ohio. These lands are worth an 
average price of $20 per acre, and by many, are estimated much 
higher. The annual rents from the improved parts of all this 
body of land little, if any, exceed the bills of repairs and taxes. 
Is it wise then to leave this noble Institution w'ith its schools and 
colleges thus fettered and bound, its character and usefulness less- 
enetl, if not destroyed, when by a change of investment of the 
monies that are in these lands, or even a small portion of them, 
all the incumbrances might be removed, an annual income se- 
cured that would give permanency and prosperity to the Insti- 
tution ? We have come to the conclusion that from motives of 
both e.vj)cdienci/, and necessit}/ we are urged and impelled to make 
sale of a portion of these lands." 

To tliis was added the opinion of the Board itself, that the 



18 

time had come when it was " due to the Institution to change 
the investment of a i>ortion of its lands." 

So it was resolved by the Convention of the Diocese in 1849 : 

1. "That the Convention are of opinion that the Board of 
Trustees have full legal authority to sell and convey in fee sim- 
ple the lands belonging to said Seminary. 

2. That a sale of a portion of said lands, as proposed by said 
Board, is expedient, not only to enable the Trustees to discharge 
the debts of the Seminary, but also, to enable them to place that 
Institution upon a better footing as to its income." 

With the sale of a portion of these lands in 1850 "a brighter 
day dawned upon Kenyon" — all debts were paid — credit restored 
— and confidence increased. 

Most fortunately, soon after this time, also, the Trustees were 
enabled to secure the services of Lorin Andrews, LL.D., as 
President of Kenyon College. No man connected with educa- 
tional work in Ohio, w^as more generally or deservedly popular 
than President Andrews. He had literally, " a host of friends," 
and besides, he possessed rare executive ability. So almost at 
once, Kenyon's power began to be developed largely. Students 
came in greatly increased numbers, and the depression which 
for years, had rested over Gambler, rose as the fog before the 
growing light. Kenyon's cry no longer was " relief from diffi- 
culty," but now "room for enlargement." 

So once again aid was asked, but in a greatly altered tone. 
The following document explains largely the changed state of 
affairs. It was issued in 1855. 

, " Bishop McIlvaine solicits the kind attention of his friends, 
and of all who desire the extension of our church in the West, to 
the following respectful appeal and statement. It is in behalf of 
Kenyon College, situated at Gambler, Ohio, under Trustees ap- 
pointed by the Convention of that Diocese, and devoted to the 
promotion of Christian Education, and more especially, to that 
of candidates for the Ministry in the Episcopal Church. For 



19 

convenience, wo here speak of the College and connected Theolo- 
gical Seminary, both of them at Gambier, and essentially united 
under the same Trustees and incorporation under the one name 
of Kenyon College, because although the Corporate name is 
" Theological Seminary of the Diocese of Ohio," the other is tiie 
name familiar to the public. It is not to deliver this institution 
from debt, that aid is now sought. There is no debt. But there 
is an unprecedented prosperity, and hence arises the present neces- 
sity. The present accommodations are so occuj^ied with students 
that there is room for only a very few more. The number of 
HndergnuluateH is between one hundred and forty and one hun- 
dred and fifty. It is a remarkable and cheering fact, that of tliat 
number seventy-seven are communicants, forty of whom arc 
preparing to enter when they graduate, on theological study for 
the Ministry, while there is reason to expect that, of the remain- 
der, many will make up their minds in the same direction. In 
these times of need as to laborers in God's vineyard, liow enc<nir- 
aging and important these facts. 

Never before has Kenyon College been the oltject of so nuich 
attention East and West as an Institution to be relied on by the 
members of our church for the education of their sons. Never 
has there been so strong and wide a feeling among Clergy and 
laity that Kenyon College, however local and Diocesan as to its 
control, is National as to its importance and the usefulness to be 
exjjected from it, and the interest that should center upon it * * 
Then what does Kenyon need? We answer — ^fean.'i of En- 
largement. In what? 

First in the number of its Pr()fessorshij)S. ■■ * •• ■■ 
Sx'ondly. Enlargement in JlnHdinrf.-'. ^' •■ ■■ ■■ 
Thirdly. Enlargement as to incfois of iusf/uic/ioii. Suitable 
apparatus for instruction in Chemistry, in Natural Philosophy, 
and other departments of physical sciences, is absolutely needed. 
Fourthly. The mr>ans of providing residences for the Profes- 
sors." 



20 

This appeal resulted in the contribution of Fifty-five thousand 
dollars, chiefly devoted to tlie endowment of Professorships, and 
the erection of a new, large and beautiful building, known as 
Ascension Hall. In aiding to secure this most desirable enlarge- 
ment of Kenyon's resources, no one was more efficient than the 
Rev. G. T. Bedell, D.D., (since Bishop Bedell) then Rector 
of the Church of the Ascension, New York, in honor of which 
church the new building received its name. 

In 18G1, President Andrews resigned his post at Gambler, to 
enter the Union Army, he being the first man in Ohio to I'espond 
to the call of his country, and to volunteer for the Nation's de- 
fense. He was elected Colonel of the 4th Ohio Infantry, which 
entered for the three month's service. He re-enlisted July 5th, 
18(51, and died the following September, a great loss to Gambler 
as well as to the country he loved and served. 

His successoi's in the otfice of President of Kenyon College 
have been Charles Short, LL.D. (18(33-67), Rev. James Kent 
Stone, A.M. (18G7-GS), Eli T. Tappan, LL.D. (18(58-75). 

One other effbrt to add to the funds, and so to increase the 
efficiency of the Institutions at Gambler, remains to be noted. 
This was carried on chiefly through the instrumentality of Bishop 
Bedell, and can best be chronicled in his own words, as ad- 
dressed to the Diocesan Convention of 18()6. 

"Our Diocesan Institutions have reached a position of influ- 
ence which calls for gratitude to God, and an immediate united 
effbrt to complete their power to be useful. In forty years after 
their foundation by Bishop Chase, they have attained dimen- 
sions, and an endowment, which no similar institutions in our 
country (originating in similar small beginnings) have attained 
in so brief a time. The Grammar School (Milnor Hall), Kenyon 
College, and the Theological Seminary (Bexley Hall), thoroughly 
otficered, have gathered in and around them an average of two 
hundred students, of whom nearly fifty are in various stages of 



21 

preparation for the ministry. Meanwhile tlie State has grown 
in numbers to two and a half millions, and developed resources 
which insure a fixed population ; and the Church has become an 
influential body. At this moment, the appointments of the In- 
stitutions are sufficient (with the exception of a Library building 
and a Chemical Laboratory) for twice the present number of stu- 
dents. The intellectual force on the Hill is capable of guiding 
one thousand students as easily as the present number, and capa- 
ble of leading them to any point of perfectness of learning. 
There need to be two Professorships added to the College, and 
suitable assistiints appointed. Under the present force the Insti- 
tutions have acquired a commanding character for scholarship. 

"At a crisis in their history when danger was imminent, 
Bishop McIlvaine saved them, and has been the means of 
establishing their permanency. It has been my privilege to labor 
for their development. I have spent much time in former years, 
but especially in the present, in personal conferences, and in cor- 
respondence looking towards this result, and I feel deeply grate- 
ful for the interest which was manifested at the East by the Rev. 
Drs. Huntington of Boston, Duune of Providence, and our firm 
friends Rev. Drs. Tyng, Dyer, J. Cotton Smith and ^Montgomery, 
of New York. My appeal has been to individuals, and the re- 
sults, both in Ohio and at the East, have been encouraging. 

" The first person to whom the object was mentioned Mas the 
late R. B. Bowler, Esq., of Cincinnati, who entered heartily into 
TJlans for effecting it. His sudden death arrested his purposes, 
but he had already completed our Philosophical api)aratus at a 
cost of $3,000. Mrs. Bowler has since given a Professorship as a 
Memorial of her husband, $:io,000. A few gentlemen in Cincin- 
nati have contributed $14,000 towards a Professorship which will 
bear the name of our honored Diocesan — the sum will be com- 
pleted to $25,000. Nor have we any idea that the liberality of 
our wealthy churchmen there will stop at this point. ]Mr. Jay 
Cooke of Philadelphia, has contributed $2o,000 for a I'rofessor- 
ship. And our friend, Thomas H. Powers, Esq., commenced 



the completion of the Bedell Professorship by a contribution of 
$6,000. This Professorship, in memory of the late Rev. Dr. 
Bedell, has been guaranteed in Philadelphia. Mr. R. H. Ives of 
Providence has contributed $10,000. Mr. Frank Richmond of 
the same city has contributed $5,000 to found a Library Fund, in 
memory of our Missionary Hoffman. The Wolfe and Spencer 
Professorship has been raised to the standard by a contribution 
of $5,000 by each of its original donors. The Church of the x\.s- 
cension, New York, has expressed a desire through its Rector, 
Rev. Dr. Smith, to erect a Cliurch at Gambier under certain con- 
ditions, at a proposed cost of $30,000, towards which they have 
piid $10,000. Other liberal sums have been contrWbuted or pro- 
mised in various quarters. The recent subscriptions already 
amount to $140,000, of which over $100,000 have been paid." 

The Church above referred to has since been built through the 
liberality of members of the Church of the Ascension, New York, 
and by added gifts from Bishop and Mrs. Bedell. The name has 
been given of the " Church of the Holy Spirit," and the Church 
itself is regarded as "the perfection of beauty." 

It needs also to be stated to complete the list of the larger 
benefactions to Kenyon, that while on his visit to his native 
land in 1866, Mr. George Peabody, through his friend Bishop 
Mcllvaine, contributed $25,000 for the endowment of the Chair 
of Mathematics. 

To this brief historical sketch of the Institutions at Gambier, 
it is deemed desirable to add some concise biographical notices 
concerning those who have most largely aided in their founding 
and development. 

First of all, none have contributed more largely to their up- 
building and permanence than the three Bishoi:>s of the Diocese 
of Ohio— Philander Chase, Charles Pettit McIlvaine 
and Gregory Thurston Bedell. 

After leaving Ohio, Bishop Chase settled temporarily in 
Michigan, ministering with his own hands to his necessities and 



23 

those of his faiiiily, and breaking, without cost, the bread of life 
to perishing men in the wilderness. In 1835 he was elected to 
the Episcopate of Illinois, and continued therein until his death 
in 1853, at the age of 77. He was also for a time Presiding Bishop 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 

After serving most effectually the Diocese of Ohio, and the 
Institutions at Gambier, as well as the church at large, for more 
than forty years, Bishop ^McIlvaixk died in Florence, Italy, 
March 12th 1873. Bishop McIlvaine also stood as a pillar of 
strength to the nation, particularly during the dark days of our 
civil war; so that it may be said, in a very broad sense, that 
*' after he had served his own generation by the will of God, he 
fell asleep and was laid unto his fathers." 

Bishop Bedell, the son of the Rev. Gregory Townsend 
Bedell, D.D., of honored memory, was born in Hudson, N. Y., 
August 27th A. D. 1817. Pie was ordained to the sacred Minis- 
try in St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia, by Bishop ]\[oore of 
Virginia, in 1840, and after serving the parish at We.st Chester, 
Penn., for three years was called to the Rectorship of the church 
of the Ascension, N. Y., in which position he continued to offi- 
ciate for sixteen years. In 1859 he was elected assistant Bishop 
of Ohio, and consecrated in the city of Richmond, Virginia, in 
October of that year. He is still living and ministering as Bish- 
op of the Diocese of Ohio. 

Among those who have been connected with the offices of 
instruction and government, the most jjrominent laborers have 
been the following: — the Rev. Drs. Sparrow, Wixo, Smith 
and Bronson, with President Lorix Axdkews. 

Rev. Dr. William Sparrow, a native of Massachusetts, 
came to Gambier, in 1825, where he worked with large success 
until 1840, when he ra'^igned to accept the leading position in 
the Theological Seminary near Alexandria, Virginia, with which 
institution he remained connected until his death in 1874. 

Rev. M. T. C. AViXG, D.D., was born in Vermont, in the 
year 1798. He became connected with Kenyon College in 182G, 



2-t 

and, with tlie exception of a comparatively brief interval, con- 
tinued to reside in Gambier and to spend his talents and energies 
for its prosperity until he died in 1863. 

Bishop Bedell's testimony concerning him will readily be 
acceeded to — " His loss to our Institutions, as a whole, and espe- 
cially to the Seminary, in which he took the interest almost of a 
founder, can never be repaired. Not more than once in the his- 
tory of such an Institution does a friend appear like him, equally 
disinterested and thoroughly devoted to its good, willing to spend 
his strength, and his last days, and actually spending them in its 
behalf." 

Bishop Mcllvaine has also justly said — " To his eminent faith- 
fulness, wisdom, self-devotion, patience and constancy in most 
trying circumstances, the Diocese and its College and Seminary 
are deeply indebted. His memory will ever be cherished with 
the fondest affection and veneration." 

The Rev. Thomas M. Smith, D.D,, was born in Connecticut 
in 1G9G. His ancestors were among the most distinguished of the 
early Puritan settlers of New England, He was first a Clergy- 
man among the Orthodox Congregationalists. Soon after his 
ordination in the Protestant Episcopal Church he came to Gam- 
bier, where he continued to live and labor zealously and usefully 
for nearly twenty years. He died in 1864. 

The Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson, D.D., was born in Con- 
necticut, but was brought to Ohio while yet an infimt — his mother 
being the first white woman and he the first white child that 
crossed the Cuyahoga River. In his youth he came to Gambier 
as a student, and after graduating in 1833, acted for sometime in 
the cai^acity of Tutor. For a quarter of a century he was one of 
the most active and efficient members of the Board of Trustees. 
At a period of great depi'ession (1845-50) Dr. Bronson held the 
post of President of Kenyon, laboring most assiduously and un- 
selfishly for her welf^ire and i)rosi>erity. 

Dr. Bronson is still living, and is now Rector of Grace Church, 
Mansfield, Ohio. 



25 

LoRix Andrews, LL.D., was born in Ashland, Ohio. His 
name appears among the Kenyon students of the Class of 1842— 
the same class to which belonged the present honored Governor 
of Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes. Gov. Hayes remained to 
graduate— Lorin Andrews did not. After leaving Kenyon he 
filled successively several posts of usefulness in the field of Edu- 
cation, and came back to his Alma Mater as President in 1854, 
remaining seven years, which were indeed "years of plenty." 
He gave himself with such energy to his country's cause after 
lie entered the army, that his strength gave way. This overtax- 
ing of liis powers, combined with long continued camp-fever, 
brought about his death in 18G1. His character was soon after 
thus sketched by Bishop Bedell—" A man singularly adapted by 
natural qualities, and endowed by grace for the position to which 
God had appointed him! His views were comprehensive, his 
actions discreet. His faculties were well trained, so that he could 
keep mastery over himself. He was enthusiastic on the subject 
of Education, for he had devoted his life to promote its interests. 
Earnest, affectionate, sympathetic, impulsive, and exceedingly 
sensitive, feeling keenly, but able to control the expression of 
wounded sensibility. Noble and generous, he had command 
both of. the minds and hearts of generous students — for they 
respected his judgment, confided in his motives, relied on his 
kindness. He was noted fjr executive ability, h id remarkable 
power of organization, an:l was tenacious of purpose, yet with 
sufficient flexibility to be properly influenced by those whose 
advice he respected. With these qualities were combined true 
piety, and a longing for the conversion of his students. Toward 
the increase of spiritual religion in our Institutions, he was 
always watchful — always ready to act. Both privately and pub- 
licly faithful in admonition and entreaty, he wielded great moral 
power at Gambler. Under Divine blessing iie was the means of 
elevating our College from a point of much depression, and he 
left it in the possession of high literary character and large suc- 
ceri. Tlio Diocese is deeply indebted to Lorin Andrews." 
4 



26 

Two other prominent names alone remain to be mentioned, 
of those who have lived in Gambler, and most faithfully and 
z3alously labored for Kenyon's welfare. Without the mention 
of these honored names, even a brief sketch of the Theological 
Seminary and Kenyon College, would be felt to be incomplete. 
First— ihe Rev. Alfred Blake, D.D., for many years, Rector 
of Harcourt Place School and now chairman of the Executive 
Committee of the Board of Trustees of the Seminary and College. 
Second— Marden^ro White, Esq., a large number of whose 
years have been spent in Gambler, and many of them as Trea- 
surer and Agent of the Institutions. 

Among the members of the Board of Trustees, the Rev. Dr. 
Erastus Burr, holds the place of honor, he having served con- 
tinuously as Trustee from 1840 up to the present time — though 
before the nation at large, no one stands so honored as Morrison 
R. Waite, LL.D., Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
T^. S. Among the lay Trustees, those most distinguished for 
long and faithful service have been Bezaleel Wells, AVilliam Key 
Bond, Josiah Barber, John Bailhache, P. B. Wilcox, Columbus 
Delano, Henry B. Curtis, Rollin C. Hurd, Joseph R. Swan, 
Elisha T. Sterling, John W. Andrews, Thomas C. Jones, Kent 
Jarvis, Moses M. Granger, and Augustus H. Moss. 

A few words now as to the Gambler of the present, including 
a look at the site and buildings. 

The situation is admirable in point of natural beauty, healthi- 
ness, and convenience of access; and is in every respect well 
adapted to the purpose of a Seminary of Learning on the largest 
and most liberal scale. It has an easy communication, by Rail- 
road, with Cleveland and Sandusky on the north, and with 
Columbus and Cincinnati on the south. 

The particular site of the College and other buildings is an 
elevated ridge or headland jutting out from the general slope of 
the hills on the north side of the valley of the Kokosing River. 
The table land at the top of this ridge, from one to five hundred 



27 

yards wide, affords an irregular area, somewliat undulating, bvit 
generally elevated about 150 feet above the stream. This is 
occupied by the village of Gambler, with the buildings of the 
different Institutions commodiously and tastefully disposed 
around it. 

On a knoll somewhat elevated above the plat of the village, 
and about a quarter of a mile north, is the beautiful building of 
Bexley Hall, erected for the exclusive use of the Theological 
Seminary. It was commenced in 1841, and not fully completed 
until 1859. It contains the Library of the Institution, about 
seven thousand volumes, and furnishes rooms, each with sepa- 
rate bed-rooms, sufficient to accommodate 34 students. 

Near at hand are the dwelling liouses for the Professors in the 
Theological Seminary. 

About 500 yards in the opposite direction, and near the 
southernmost point of the plateau, stands the more massive and 
venerable edifice of Kenyon College, fronting north, and 
overlooking the valley of the Kokosing, to the distance of 
several miles in all directions. This building is of plain stone, 
190 feet long, and four stories high, including the basement ; 
with battlements, pinnacles, belfry, and a spire 117 feet high. It 
contains upwards of fifty rooms for students ; also the Libraries 
of the Philomathesian and Nu Pi Kappa Societies, between four 
and five thousand volumes in each. 

About 200 yards north, and a little w^est, is Rosse Hall 
(formerly Rosse Chapel), a substantial stone building, in Ionic 
Architecture. The foundations of this building were laid by 
Bishop Chase, and the walls laid to the floor ; the present build- 
ing was erected, with some varations from the original plan, in 
1836, and was occupied as the parish Church of Harcourt Parish 
till May, 1871, It is used on Commencement and other occa- 
sions, and is capable of accommodating nearly 1000 persons. 

About midway between Kenyon College and Rosse Hall, 
and about 60 yards east of the latter building, fronting the west, 
st.mds AscEXSiox Hall, erected in 1860, 171 feet long and four 



28 

stories high, including the basement. The walls throughout are 
of a fine light-colored free stone — laid in courses with rough 
undressed face. The appearance of the building is imposing, 
and equal to any in, the land erected for a similar purpose. It 
contains two sjiacious and elaborately finished Halls for the use 
of the College Societies — six Recitation and Lecture Rooms, the 
Library of Kenyon College, and 26 rooms for students. The 
Tower is fitted up for an Observatory, and contains an Equato- 
rial and a Transit Telescope. 

Directly north of Ascension, and about fifty yards from the 
village street, stands the Church of the Holy Spirit, which 
was finished in 1871. This most beautiful of all the buildings in 
Gambler, is cruciform — with the Tower in one of the angles — the 
Nave and Chancel being 90 feet and the Transcept 80 feet in length 
— all the windows are of stained glass — the churcli finished in 
Oak and the walls tastefully illuminated. The building is of 
the same free-stone as Ascension Hall, laid in courses with 
dressed quoins and facings. It will accommodate a congrega- 
tion of about (iOO. 

To the north and east of the village, and some distance from 
the main street, environed by trees, and commanding an exten- 
sive and beautiful prospect of the Valley of the Kokosing, 
stands Milnor Hall, built for the use of the Preparatory 
School. This is a plain structure of brick, the main building 
four stories high. 

All of the above buildings, except Bexley and Milnor Halls, 
are in the College Park, an inclosure of about fifty acres, well 
shaded with forest trees. Here are also six dwelling-houses for 
the use of the Professors in Kenyon. 

The election of Trustees of the Institutions is regulated by a 
Constitution which was adopted in 1824 by the Diocsean Conven- 
tion, and was recognized in the Act of Incorporation. Some 
changes have been made in the original constitution in the man- 
ner provided in the instrument. The Bishop of the Diocese has 
always been ex officio a member, and President of the Board. 



29 

By a change in the Constitntion which took effect at the meet- 
ing of the Diocesan Convention in May, 1873, the Board of Trus- 
tees consists of the Bishops of all the Dioceses within the limits 
of the State of Ohio ; the Assistant Bishop, if there be one, of 
the Diocese in which the Seminary is situated ; the President of 
Kenyon College ; four clerical and four lay trustees, whose suc- 
cessors shall be chosen by the Board of Trustees, for terms of ten 
years ; three clerical and three lay trustees, whose successors shall 
be elected by Diocesan Cnoventions, for terms of three years ; 
and two clerical and two lay trustees to be chosen by the alumni, 
who also are to choose the successors of these four, for terms of 
four years. 

The Faculty of the Theological Sp:minary is thus consti- 
tuted— 

Right Rev. GREGORY T. BEDELL, D.D., President, ex officio. 



The Dean. Milnor and Lewis Professor of Systematic Divinity. 



Griswold Professor of Biblical Literature and Interpretation. 



Bedell Professor of Pastoral Divinity', 



Eleutheros Cooke Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Polity. 
Rkv. WILLIAM B. BODINE, A.M., Professor and Librarian. 

The Course of Study embraces Eight Departments,, and ex- 
tends through three years, as follows : 

JUNIOR CLASS. 

1. Hebrew Language — IlebrcAV Grammar and Bible. 

2. Biblical Literature and Interpretation — Harmony of the Gospels ; 
Inti'oduction to the Scriptures. 

3. Apologetics — Lectures on Natural Science. 
5. Ecclesiastical History — Sacred History. 

8. Sacred i?/(eto)-ic— Principles of Composition and Reading. Prejiara- 
tion of Skeletons of Sermons. 



Y 



30 

MIDDLE CLASS. 

1. Hebrew Language — Isaiah. 

2. Biblical Literature and Interpretation — Isaiah — Earlier Prophecies. 
St. Paul — Eiiistles to the Romans and Galatians. 

4. Si/stematie Divinity — Didactic and Polemic. 

5. Ecclesiastical Historij — Ancient and Media3val. Christian Antiquities. 
S. Sacred Rhetoric — Preparation and Deliverj^ of Sermons. Practice in 

Reading Services and Scripture. 

SENIOR CLASS. 
2. Biblical Literature and Interpretation — The Book of Job. Isaiah — 
Later Prophecies. The Epistle to the Hebrews. The Catholic Ejiistles. 

4. Si/stematic Divinity — Didactic, Polemic and Ethical. 

5. Ecclesiastical History — Modern. 

6. Church Polity and Liturgies— lAiwr'^y and Usages of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church. 

Pastoral Theology — Lectures. Criticism of Sermons. 

ALL THE CLASSES. 

Rhetorical Exercises. 



KENYON COLLEGE FACULTY. 

Rev. E. C. BENSON, A.M., Acting President. 
Professor of the Latin Language and Literatmv. 

JOHN TRIMBLE, A.M., 

Emeritus Professor of Greek. 

THEODORE STERLING, A.M., M.D., 
Bowler Professor of Natural Philosoiihy and Chemistry. 

Rev. GEO. A. STRONG, A.M., 
Mcllvaine Professor of English Literature and History. 

ELI T. TAPPAN, LL.D., 
Peabody Professor of JNIathematics and Astronomj-. 

LAWRENCE RUST, A.M., 

Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. 

WILLIAINI H. MINNICH, A.M., 
Instructor in German and French. 

Rev. W. B. BODINE, A.M., Chaplain. 



Spencer and Wofe Professor of Mental and Moral Philosoi)hy, 

The duties of this Professorship are temporarilv under tlie charge of 
Rev. Mr. Bodine. 



31 
COURSE OF STUDY. 

FRESHMAN CLASS. 

EnrjUsh — Composition : Lectures, exercises in Class, and Essays. De- 
clamation : Reading, and select orations before the Class. 

Greek— Homer'a Iliad; Herodotus, selections; Prose Composition; 
Presody. 

Latin — Virgil's Eclogues and Georgics; Cicero, pro Milone; Livy; 
Prose Comi3osition. 

HiMory — Greece ; Rome. 

Mathematics — Algebra, through Quadratics; Plane Geometry and 
Trigonometry. 

Natural Science — Botany. 

SOPHOMORE CLASS. 

English — Composition : Class exercises, and Essaj-s. Declamation : 
Select Orations, in Class and before the College. 

Greek — Plato, selections; ^Eschines, selections; Demosthenes, pro 
Corona. 

Latin — Tusculan Disputations; Horace's Odes; Tacitus, Germania 
and Agricola; Composition. 

Mathematics — Higher Algebra ; Solid Geometry and Trigonometry ; 
Surveying. 

Histori/ — England. 

■ JUNIOR CLASS. 
English — Rhetoric; Original Orations, before the College. 
Greek — ^Eschylus, Seiitem contra Thebas ; Sophocles, selections. 
Latin — Cicero, de Officiis ; Horace's Satires and Epistles. 
Mathematics — Analytical Geometry; Calculus. 

Natural Science — Astronomy ; Mechanics ; Acoustics ; Heat ; Light ; 
Electricity. 

Philosophy — Logic. 
Religion — Butler's Analog3% 

SENIOR CLASS. 
English — History of Literature ; Original Orations, before the College. 
French — Various Authors. 

Natural Science — Chemistry ; Physiology ; Geology. 
Philosophy — Mental ; Moral. 
Laxu — International ; Constitutional. 
Political Economy. 

Throughout the Course, Lectures on the Holy Scriptures. 

DKauiciis. — The Degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred upon all stu- 
dents in good standing wlio are approved at the final examination of the 
Senior Class. 



32 

Candidates for the Degree of Master of Arts in course, must show tliat 
they liave, since talking tlie Bachelor's Degree, been engaged for tliree 
years in the study or practice of one of tlie learned professions, or in otlier 
scientific or literary pursuits; and each candidate must deliver to tlie 
Faculty an Essay upon some literary or scientific theme. 

Literary Societies.— The two Literary Societies, the Philojiathk- 
siAN and Xu Pi Kappa, have always been fostered by the College. The 
Society Halls are very commodious, and have been fitted ujj at great ex- 
pense, occupying the whole of the second and tliird stories of the central 
portion of Ascension Hall. All the students are active members. The 
meetings are held every week, for practice in declamation, essay, oratory 
and discussion. These exercises, with the nmtual criticism which forms 
a part of the regular work, and the generous rivalry maintained between 
the Societies, contribute very much to the education of the students as 
writers and speakers, '^ 

Libraries. — The students have access to the libraries of— The Theo- 
logical Seminaiy, Kenyon College, the Philoinathesian Society, and the 
Nu Pi Kappa Society. Tlie aggregate number of volumes in these four 
libraries is about 19,000. 

Religious Influences. — The influence of the Cliristian religion is 
regarded as an essential feature alike in the Theological Seminary, the 
College, and the Grammar School. The Chajjel exercises conforni to the 
creed and form of worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Attend- 
ance at Chapel is obligatory. The Chaplain is a Clergyman of the Pro- 
testant Episcopal Church, selected by the Bishop, whose Episcojjal supei - 
vision extends to the sjiiritual intei'Psts of all the Institutions. 

Property. — The lands, buildings, apparatus and endowments at 
Gimbier are valued at about lialf a million dollars. 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY 



LAKE ERIE FEMALE SEMINARY, 



:FOI^ 1876- 



Lake Erie Female Seminary was so named from the 
adjacent lake, and is located in Painesville, Lake County, 
Ohio. 

It was incorporatedy^d^ tfre gehe/M ^t-atvites of Ohio, 
the articles of associmion and the'Auditor's ce'tititicate re- 
quired by the statutGf^bearing date June 23,^J.1$56. The 
corporators were : \vSJliam !>. Perkins, Aaroti Wilcox, 
Timothy Rockwell, (.m^igte^-Ab ,-^YSP^'^''^^- l^add and 
Reuben Hitchcock, all resKrent iVeeholders of Lake 
Connty. The first Board of Trustees was elected by the 
corporators June 24, 1856, and consisted of Aaron Wil- 
cox, Reuben Hitchcock, Charles A. Avery, Edward L. 
Plympton and Timothy C. Martindale, of Lake county ; 
Orimel H. Fitch, of Ashtal)nla county; Rev. Thomas C. 
Clark, of Trumbull county ; Rev. John C. Hart, of Port- 
age county; Rev. Carlos Smith, of Summit county; Rev. 
James A. Hoyt, of Cuyalioga county ; A. A. Bliss, of Lo- 
rain county; Rev. David A. Grosvenor, of Medina county; 
Rev. Fredericiv H. Brown, of Mahoning county ; Lester 
Taylor, of Geauga county ; and Rev. Alfred Newton, of 
Huron county, all of the State of Ohio. 

The Trustees hold their position during life, or until 
their seats are declared vacant by the Board in pursuance 
of the by-laws, and vacancies occurring in the Board, by 
death or otherwise, are tilled bj^ the Board of Trustees. 
This Institution is not under control of State, local or 



muuicipal authorities, uor under the Common School sys- 
tem. It is not under the patronage or direction of any 
rehgious denomination, but is designed to be eminently 
Christian in all its management in every department, 
and is patronized by all Evangelical denominations, 
though more extensively by Congregationalists and Pres- 
byterians. 

The town of Painesville, in which the Institution is 
located, is on the Lake Shore Railroad, and is thirty 
miles east of the city of Cleveland. It is also connected 
with Youngstown, Ohio, by the Painesville and Youngs- 
town Railroad. 

The grounds and premises comprise 14 acres, including 
a grove of oaks and chestnuts, and abundant space for 
line effects in landscape gardening when the means of the 
Institution shall permit. 

The original building, completed and opened Septem- 
ber, 1859, is 180 ft. by 60 ft., and four stories high above 
the basement, which is occupied as dining hall, domestic 
hall and store-rooms. 

The lands occupied with the improvements and build- 
ings are now worth $100,000, of which $75,000 to $80,000 
is in the building, the original cost of which cannot now 
be accurately ascertained. An improvement is now in 
prospect in the addition of a building 74 ft. by 40 ft., to 
be connected with the main building, and to contain a 
dining hall, library, and thoroughly furnished depart- 
ment for the care of the sick. 

All the grants to this Institution have been derived 
from individual sources and have been invested in the 
lands, buildings and improvements, and in the library, 
apparatus and furniture. It has no endowment, or per- 
manent fund, but greatly needs it. 

The articles of association declare the object proposed 
by this Institution to be " to promote thorough and com- 
plete female education,'' and " for that purpose the system 
of instruction, the principles of government and the gen- 
eral plan of management shall be substantially after the 



model of the Mt. Holyoke Seminary, at South Hadley, in 
Massachusetts." 

In 1847, a school for young women, taught by gradu- 
ates of Mt. Holyoke Seminary, and under the care of 
a Board of Trustees, was begun at Willoughby, Lake 
county, Ohio. The instruction was thorough, the aims 
of the school high, and it was an acknowledged power 
for good throughout this region. 

After some years, Rev. Roswell Hawks, who had 
been interested in the founding of Mt. Holyoke Seminary, 
and had aided in collecting funds for that Institution, 
was invited to Willoughby by the Trustees of the school 
to consult with them in regard to its interests. About 
this time the buildings occupied by the school were 
burned, and a question arose as to its permanent loca- 
tion. Mr. Hawks was in favor of a larger town. Liberal 
offers beiug made b}" citizens of Painesville, and other 
considerations favoring, this town was selected as the 
location of the Seminary. It was not intended that the 
school should be local in its chajracter. Rev. Roswell 
Hawks was appointed an agent to present its claims and 
solicit subscriptions through Northern Ohio. Contribu- 
tions came mainly from Lake county. Father Hawks, 
as he was familiarly called, with gentlemen of Painesville 
specially interested, Reuben Hitchcock, A. Wilcox and 
C. A. Avery, labored with untiring zeal in providing 
means and in superintending the erection of the building. 

Miss Lydia Sessions and Miss Mary Bronson, gradu- 
ates and teachers of Mt. Hol\'oke Seminary, were elected 
Principal and Associate Principal. Miss Bronson spent 
several months in Painesville, prior to the opening of the 
school, in preparing those who were candidates for en- 
trance. The Principal and Associate Principal, with 
seven assistant teachers, most of them graduates of Mt. 
Holyoke Seminary, took possession of the building and 
opened the school in September, 1859, with 127 pupils, 
all boarders. The plan of education proposed can be 
best stated in the words of Mary Lyon, the noble founder 
of the parent institution : 



1. Buildings for the accommodation of the school 
and of boarders, together with furniture and all other 
things necessary for the outfit, to be furnished by volun- 
tary contributions, and placed, free from incumbrance, in 
the hands of Trustees, who should be men of enlarged 
views and of Christian benevolence. 

2. Teachers to be secured, possessing so much of a mis- 
sionary spirit that they will labor faithfully and cheer- 
fully, receiving only, a moderate salary compared with 
what they could command in other situations. 

3. Style of living neat but very plain and simple. 

4. Domestic work of the family to be performed by 
the members of the school. 

5. All pupils to room and board within the walls of 
the Seminary. 

6. Board and tuition to be placed at cost, or as low 
as may be and still cover the common expenses of the 
family, instruction, etc. 

7. The whole plan to be conducted on the principles of 
our missionary operations ; no surplus income to go to 
the teachers, to the domestic superintendent or to any 
other person, but all to be cast into the treasury for the 
still further reduction of the expenses the ensuing year. 

The experience of seventeen years in this Institution 
has proved the value of these principles. No material 
deviation from the original plan has been made. The 
cost of board and tuition has varied, but has been kept 
at the lowest possible point. It is now $165 per year, 
including steam-heated rooms and lights. The domestic 
work, frequently misunderstood and severely criticised, 
has proved to be invaluable in its influence on character, 
as well as an important means of reducing the ex] tenses. 

Requirements for admission to the Seminary are few 
in number, and are adapted to the region in which the 
school is located. Geography, grammar and arithmetic, 
to Percentage, are required on entrance. Examinations 
are thorough. Three weeks are allowed for review, if, 
■upon examination, there is found to be a deficiency in 



any study. Candidates failing after this opportunity, are 
obliged to prepare elsewhere. The course of study is as 
follows : 

JUNIOR YEAR. 

Latin Reader and G-rammar — Harkness. 
Arithmetic, (finished.) 
Algebra — Loomis. 
Physiology — Hitchcock. 
History of the United States. 
Analj^sis of the English Language. 
Bible : Genesis ; Exodus ; the Gospels. 
English Composition. 

JUNIOR MIDDLE YEAR. 

Sallust, 

Latin Prose Composition — Arnold. 
Geometry — Loomis, 
Natural Philosophy — Quackenbos. 
Botany — Gray. 

Ancient History, (Wilson's Outlines, Univ. Ed.) 
Rhetoric — Quackenbos. 

Bible: Joshua; Judges; Monarchy till the death of 
Solomon ; Acts. 

English Composition. 

SENIOR MIDDLE YEAR. 

Virgil. 

Trigonometry — Loomis. 

Modern History, (Wilson's Outline, Univ. Ed.) 
Chemistry — Stockhardt. 
Astronomy — Peabody. 
English Literature — Shaw Backus. 

Bible : Monarchy from the Revolt to the Captivity ; 
Hebrews. 

English Composition. 



SENIOR YEAR. 

Cicero. 

Geology — Dana. 
Natural Theology — Chadbourne. 
Evidences of Christianity — Alexander. 
Mental Philosophy — Haven. 
Moral Science — Wayland. 
Butler's Analogy. 

History of Literature — Botta and Schlegel. 
Bible : the Prophetical Books ; Ezra, Nehemiah and 
Romans. 

English Composition. 

Competent instruction in French, German and Instru- 
mental Music will be provided. Those who pursue these 
studies will be expected to give them such time and thor- 
ough attention as they demand, and will therefore re- 
quire a longer time to complete the course. For such 
instruction, and for the use of a piano, a reasonable extra 
charge will be made. 

Instruction will be given without charge in Vocal 
Music in classes, in Reading, Penmanship and Drawing. 

The question of a Preparatory year is under consider- 
ation ; the terms of admission to be the same, some stud- 
ies of the present Junior year to be included in the Pre- 
paratory year, and a more liberal course of study to be 
thus secured. 

Diplomas signed by the Principal of the Seminary and 
the Secretary of the Board of Trustees are, by vote of 
the Board, on recommendation of the Principal, given to 
those who have completed the prescribed course of study. 
Certificates of attainment are given, when requested, to 
those who complete the full course. 

In this Institution, religious influences are regarded as 
essential. The arrangements of the school and family 
are on this basis. The Word of God is daily honored, 
and family worship is maintained, attendance upon which 
is obligatory. 



The Library contains 1554 volumes, obtained by dona- 
tions from individuals. The reading room is furnished 
with valuable periodicals. 

The Seminary possesses a collection of minerals ; chem- 
ical apparatus, procured in Germany with special refer- 
ence to laboratory practice ; a manikin and twelve mag- 
nified models ordered from Dr. Auzoux, of Paris, with a 
skeleton and other appliances for anatomical study to 
the value of eight hundred dollars, and the nucleus of an 
art gallery in a collection of photographs and casts. 

The number of pupils for the school year 1875-6 is 100. 
Nine in the Senior class. 

The number of graduates of this Institution, including 
the Senior class of 1876, is 150. 

The number who have engaged in teaching, after grad- 
uation, is 102. 

The number of regular teachers is 11, an increase of 4 
over the number employed in the earlier years of the 
Seminary. Lectures in Chemistry are given by Prof. E. 
W. Morley, of Western Reserve College. 

During the ])resent school year, lectures in English 
Literature have been given by Prof. N. P. Seymour, of 
Hudson, Ohio, and lectures in Physical Geography, by 
Hon. T. W. Harvey, of Painesville. It is expected that 
courses of lectures will form a part of the instruction of 
each year, and that an advance will be made in every 
department of study. 

Lake Erie Seminary enters upon the new century with 
promise of success in its work of training women for the 
highest siervice in the church and in the world. 

MARY A. EVANS, 

Prinm'pal. 



TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN LAKE 

ERIE FEMALE SEMINARY IN EACH 

CLASS ANNUALLY. 



YEARS. 


oi 


o 

3 


.2 


Q 




1360 


37 

7 

16 

48 

51 

49 

21 

30 

8 

8 


78 
67 
30 
42 
72 
81 
103 
79 
12 
43 
42 
38 
51 
71 
64 
51 




10 
20 
12 
13 
19 
12 
25 
24 
44 
9 
8 
12 
11 
17 
12 
10 


2 


1861 


9 


1862 




12 


1863 




7 


1864 




7 


1865 




11 


1866 




6 


1867 




18 


1868 




15 


1869 




15 


1870 


15 
30 
31 
26 
41 
32 


4 


1871 




7 


1872 

] 873 




10 
6 


1874 




6 


1875 




10 









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Connecticut. 


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District Columbia. 


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Georgia. 


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Illinois. 


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Indiana. 


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Iowa. 


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Kansas. 


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Maryland. 


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Massachirsetts. 


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Michigan. 


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Minnesota. 


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Mississippi. 


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Missouri. 


; i : : : ►"* to : I • : 1 : : : • : 


1 Nebraska. 


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New Hampshire. 


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New Jersey. 


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New Mexico. 


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New York. 


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1 Ohio. 


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Pennsylvania. 


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Rhode Island. 


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Tennesseee. 


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Tetcas. 




Vermont. 




1 Virginia. 


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Wisconsin. 


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Foreign Countries. 



HISTOiaiC^Ij SiCEOTGIEI 



MARIETTA COLLEGE. 

Founded at Marietta, Ohio, February 14, 1835. 



Tlie hi.'^torian of one of tlic niosl }»roinint'nt of our 8tate 
Univfi'sities, after de.^crihinii; the stormy times through 
which the Institution had passed, says : "But the l)est thing- 
wliich can be said of the Law school is, tliat it has no his- 
tory. No differences of opinion as to its management have 
ever been l)rought before the public ; its classes have ma- 
triculated and graduated in succession, and nothing has 
arisen to furnish matter of discussion."* 

What is here said of that Law school may lie said of Mari- 
etta College. From its establishment to the present day it 
has been singularly free from excitements and troubles, and 
it has pursued the even tenoi- of its way, aiming to give the 
best possible training to the young men who have sought its 
privileges. The Trustees have never l)een divided into 
parties, and its Faculty has ever been harmonious. In the 
sense in whicli the woi-d "liistoi'y" is used in the ))aragra,))h 
quoted above, the College fui'nishes little material for an 
historical sketch, and ])erha]>s this is the best thing which 
can be said of an institution of learning. 

The College at Marietta has always l)een closely identified 
witli the ])lace where it is locatecl, and its name is much 
more than a mere designation. The beautiful town at the 
mouth of the Muskinuum was settled in 17N<S l>v th(^ Ohio 



'•"Ten Brook's American State Universities and the I'niversity of Miohifran, j). 
227, 



( 'mupaiiy, ;iii nssociatinii coniiiosccl lor tlic most [tart of tlir 
officers of the Krvolution. ( )!' this coinpany ( irncral Wash- 
infi'ton wrote : 

"No colony in America was over settled undei' such t'a\'or- 
able aiis])iccs as that which lias just comnieiiced on the lianks 
of the Muskingum. Information, ])ro])erty, and strength 
will be its characteristics. I know many of tlie settlers ])er- 
sonally, and theiv never were men l)etter calcuhited to pro- 
mote the welfare of sucli a c<)mmunity/' 

Tlie rehition of General fvufus Putnam to the Ohio Coni- 
l)any is a matter of history. He and (leneral Benjamin 
Tupper issued the call of the meeting at Boston, Mai'ch 1, 
IT'Sfi, which formed the Association. He presided at that 
meeting, was chairman of the committee appointed to draw 
up the articles of agreement, and was appointed superin- 
dent of the colony. The agent of the comi^any to purchase 
land from Congress was Rev. l^r. Manasseh Cutler.* To his 
suggestions were probably due some of the best features of 
the celebrated ordinance foi' the govei-nment of the territory 
northwest of the river Ohio, which was adopted by the Con- 
tinental Cong]'ess while Dr. Cutler was negotiating the 
purchase. This ordinance, says Judge Story, "is ecjually 
remarkable for the brevity and exactness of its text, and 
for its masterly display of the fundamental principles of 
civil and religious liberty." 

The settlement thus begun in 17<S<S received additions 
from year to year. Some of the family of General Israel 
Putnam joined it, and at various times many others, repre- 
senting the best blood of New lllngland. 

The College at Marietta was the natural outgrowth of this 
settlement l)y the Ohio Company. The descendants of the 
men of the Ilevolution and theii' associates in the Ohio 
Company, whose ideas of civil society were embodied in the 



" The original contract (on paiehment) for tiie land, made with Congress by Dr. 
C, and the deed (signed by George Washington and Thomas JefiFerson) convey- 
ing 913,883 acres to Rufus Putnam and others in trust for the Ohio Company, 
have been dei)osited in the library of Marietta College by the Hon. William Rufus 
Putnam, grandson of General Rufus, and a Trustee of the College. 



immortal ordinaiu-c of 17S7, wvw the foiiutU'fs (tf Marietta 
Collffje, and they have been its warmest and most steadfast 
friends and its most genei'ous benefactors. To speak of no 
others, the families of the two Putnams — Creneral Isiael and 
(ieneral Rufus — of Dr. Manasseh Cutler and General Benja- 
min Tu|)])er, have furnished eight Trustees of the College, 
six of whom still liold to it this relation. 

NAME AM) CllAKTEK. 

The rhartei- of Marietta College bears date Fel)ruary 14, 
ISoo. The Institution had, howevei', l)een in operation a 
short time under another name. An act of incorpora- 
tion had been obtained December 17, 1832, for '* The Mari- 
etta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary." 
This charter gave no })ower to confer degrees, and contained 
a section authorizing any future Legislature to amend or 
rejieal it. A new charter was obtained two years later, free 
tVom the repealing claiise, and giving the ]»ower to confer 
degrees. 

The same gentlemen were naine(l ;is (•or[)(»rators in both 
charters, viz: Luther (J. IJingJiam, -bdiu Cotton, Caleb Em- 
erson, .[ohn Mills. .h)hii ('I'awfoi'd. Arius Nye, Douglas Put- 
nam, Jonas Moore, and Anselm T. Nye, though of them, 
Messrs. Arius Nye and .lohn CraAvford I'etired from the Board 
about the time the Colh'gc cliai'tei' was obtained. 

The gentlemen, and theii' successors, wei'c "constituted a. 
])o(ly cor])oi-ate and politic with pci-pctual succc^ssion, with 
all till' jMtwei'sand jiri vilegcs i ncidcnt to acoi'poration, to 
be known and distinguished by tlif name and style of 'The 
Trustees of Marietta College." "' 

Thei'e is no restriction or rcipiiri'menl as to residence, 
religious l)elicr. oi- any othci- (pialiticatiim. The State has 
no managemenl or conli'ol of tiic Inst it nt ion. and no State 
ollicial is a I'ruslce cf-ajflr/u. It is not umlcr t lie dii'ection 
of any religious denomination, nor lia^ any ecclesiastical 
Ixidy the |i(i\ver to a|)|»oinl oi' nominate Trustees. It was 
intended to be ;i n Institution w liere sound learn inti' sliould 



be cultivated vmder the l>est religious influences; a Chris- 
tian College, controlled by a Board of Trustees, with power 
to fill all vacancies in their body. 

The act of in(H)rporation jn-ovides for the establishment 
*'in the County of Washington" of an Institution, etc. It 
was intended to be at Marietta, the capital of the county, 
the place where the settlement was commenced April 7, 
1788. The idea of offering the location to be determined 
by competitive bids was never entertained. 

There were no reservations as to free scholarships, and no 
requirements as to instruction in particular studies. The 
charter provides for the establishment of an institution "for 
the education of youth in the various branches of useful 
knowledge.'" 

The corporation were em})owered to confer on those whom 
they might deem worthy " such honors and degrees as are 
usually conferred in similar Institutions." 

MODIFICATIONS OK THE (HAKTKK. 

The charter to " Marietta College" of February 14, 1885, 
has been modified but once. This amendment, made Decem- 
ber 21, 1844, autliorized the IJoard of Truste(\s to increase 
tlie nunibci- of members at their discretion, provided it 
should not consist of njoic tlian twenty-five. It also author- 
ized the Board to })rescril>e l)y by-law in what manner a 
quorum for the transaction <»f l)usiness should be consti- 
tuted. • 

The full numtici- of iiicnil)ers has nevei' Iteen readied ; the 
present number of eb'cted members- — the President of the 
College is a member cx-oftirio, and has been annually elected 
to the Presidency of th<.' Board of Trustees — is twenty-one. 
A quorum consists of seven. 

SJ'I'K. 

Marietta is situatc^d at the mouth of the Muskingum 
river, the hvrgest iiorlliern h'ihulavy of the ()hio. It is 
the ca])ita,l <»f Washington County, wliicli was the tii'st 
ovo-anized in the Northwest Tevritoiv. Marietta is nearlv 



rlne south from ricveltmd, and a few miles north of east 
from Cincinnati. It has stoaml)oat communication with 
all places on the Ohio, and with those on the Muskingum 
as far as Zanesville. The Marietta & Cincinnati, and the 
Marietta, Pittsburgh tV' Cleveland Railways, with their con- 
nections, furnish direct railway communication with all 
})arts of the State. 

(iUOlNDS AND PREMISES. 

• The town of Marietta is laid out in blocks, 810 feet long 
V)y o70 wide. The College buildings occupy one of these 
blocks, which, situated in a ({uiet part of the town, and yet 
near the postoffice and luisiness portions, is perha})S the 
most eligible site for the ])ur])Ose which the town atibrds. 
The President's house is on an adjoining block, on a lot 120 
feet by 225. 

OTHER LANDS. 

Donations in land have occasionally been made to the 
College, and some parcels are now held in Ohio, Illinois 
and Missouri. Such property lias been disposed of as soon 
as fair prices could l)e obtained. For the' most part, dona- 
tions in land luivc prov<'d ])rof]table to the Institution. 

i;rii.i)iN(;s. 

The etlucational vvoi'k of the College proper was carried 
on, till 1850, in a single building of very moderate dimen- 
sions. It is seventy-five feet l)y forty, four stories high, 
with abasement and an attic. The l)asement has long since 
ceased to be used for I'ecitation rooms, jts originally designed. 
Tlie l)uilding is now used for students" i-ooms, cxce]>t the 
Latin recitation i-ooni and the rciiding room. It waserected 
in 1832. 

The second building is seventy-five feet by Hfty-tlii'ce, 
three stories high, with a, tower. It was erected in 1850; 
according to the plans aixl under the supei'vision of Hon. 
II. K. llartc. of Mariella. On the lirsl llooi' aiv llie Vvo<\- 
deiit's lecture room, the .Mathematical room, the ('hcmical 
lecture room, ami a woi'king room for the Chemical depart- 



merit. Aliout lialtdt' Mic second stoi\v is oceiiided as a I'oom 
for the College C'abinet and aj»paratus. Tliere aix- also the 
Greek room, the Rhetorieal room, and "Hildreth Cabinet." 
In this last are deposited the specimens in Natural History 
and (leology presented to the College by the late S. P. Hil- 
dreth, LL. 1). The two Literary Societies occui)y the third 
Hoor. 

This building, whose corurr-stonc was hiid in l.S4r), with 
an address l)y Hon. Lewis Cass, who was a citizen ot" ^hiri- 
etta, in his early manliood, was erected through the lil)cral- 
ity of the i)eople of Marietta. The ro(tm containing tlie 
Cabinet and apparatus is named " Slocond) Hall." from Wil- 
liam Slocoml), Esq., one of tlie ])i-incij)al donors. 

The third building of the group was hiiislied in 1S70, and 
was erected by the Alumni and other students of the Col- 
lege. Its cost, including tlie fitting up of the two rooms 
for the Libraries of the tAvo Literary Societies, was about 
$25,000. It is two stories high, and seventy-five by fifty feet 
on the ground. The lower story', which is sixteen and a 
half feet liigli, is divided by a wide hall into two equal 
})arts, one of which, intended for an >Uunini Hall, is at 
jiresent used as a Chapel. The other half furnishes two 
fine rooms for the society libraries. 

The whole of the second story, wliicli is twenty feet high, 
is devoted to tln^ College Library. The room is surrounded 
with a gallery, and has twenty-five alcoves, each lighted 
with its own window. 

On another |iai't of the grounds is a building used for the 
Preiiaratory i)e])artnient exclusixcdy, thus keeping this de- 
))artnient cntii'ely distinct from the College. This building 
is of W0(xl, while the others are of Itrick. 'i'lie three form- 
ing the College group are on an (^levated poi'tion of the 
grounds, Avith a l)eautiful slope in front. 

It will be seen tlial tlic outlay for l)uildiuL';s has btMMi very 
moderate. The Trustees have acted on the principle that 
the real etficien(\v of an Instilutittn of learning is in men, 
with books and api>ara.tiis lo work with, rathci- than in 



1)llil<lin,iis. Arci>iu)U(»(l:it ion of (his kind has hrcn provided 
when the ncccssitv hccamc ui-iiciit, l)Ut (Iktc has Ix'cn no 
aiiihitioii to cfcct line ciliHccs. 

ORIGIN AM) CHANCIES. 

It has already been stated that Marietta College owes its 
existenco and its siieeess to the character of the men who 
began, at this ])()int, the settlement of tlie Northwest. 
After s])endin,»i- foi'ty years oi- more in removing the forest, 
they could no longer ])ost])one the establishment of an 
institution of learning, embodying those principles and 
methods Avhicli had made the old Colleges of New England 
so efficient and prosperous. There was a deep conviction 
on the ])art of many of the most intelligent men in south- 
eastern Ohio that a literary institution of high order was 
essential to the educational and religious interests of a 
large region, of which Marietta was the center. This con- 
viction was confirmed by the opinions of men of high stand- 
ing both West and East. 

The enter])rise Avas undertaken by men who understood 
that a long and arduous work was before them. They knew 
that an institution conducted with reference t(^ genuine and 
thorough culture, witli no resoi't to superficial methods or 
temi)orary expedients, must be of slow growth. They had 
but moderate means from which to draw, but their gifts 
were most generous. They gave, exjtecting to give again 
and again, as they have done. They believed that such an 
institution as they ])roposed to estal)lish was indis])ensable, 
and their faith in its success was sti-ong from the begin- 
ning. 

Of the seven Trustees who continued to act under the 
charter of I800, one left the Board in 1845 on bis removal 
to the East, thret> have deceased, and three are still con- 
nected with the College. 

Rev. Luther (4. Bingham, a native of Cornwall, \"erniont, 
and graduate of Middleburv College, was ])astoi"of the Congre- 
gational Church at Marietta, though a member of the Pres- 
bvterv of Athens, when the College was founded. In con- 



lu'ctiou with Mr. Mansticld French, he h;i(l established a 
Miiih SclxM)! at Marietta, and tlie Itiiildinii,- tliey liad erected 
l)ecaiiie the property of t lie Coileue. Mr. Hiiiuhaiu left Ma- 
rietta for Cineinnati in 1888, and a few yeai-s later removed 
to Brooklyn, New York. He was very active in tlie early 
history of the College, and his conneetion witli it as Trustee 
continued till l<S4o. 

Hon. John Cotton, j\I. !).. a lineal descendant of the dis- 
tinguished clergynum of that name, who <'ame to Boston in 
1638, was born at Plymouth, Mass., Se]»teml)er 9, 1792, and 
was graduated at Harvard in 1810. He established himself 
as a physician at Marietta, and remained here till his death, 
April 2, 1847. Dr. Cotton filled many ]M)sith)ns of useful- 
ness, and was a most valuable mendx'r of the Board of Trus- 
tees. He was elected President of the Board at its organi- 
zation in December, 1882, and continued President till 1888. 

Caleb Emerson, Esq., was born at Ashley, Mass., August 
21, 1779, and came to Ohio in 1808. He was a lawyer by 
profession, and a man of philosophic mind, enriched by 
very wide reading. He married a daughter of Captain Wil- 
liam Dana, one of the ])ioneers, whose descendants are nu- 
merous and of the highest resi»e(ttability. Mr. Emerson 
was a Trustee till his death, March 14, 1808. 

Jonas Moore, M. D., ant)ther of the founders of the Col- 
lege, was also a native of Massachusetts, l)orn Marcli 9, 1781. 
His early manhood was s]»ent at the South, but for many 
years he was a citizen of Marietta, lie was a warm friend 
of the College, and gave generously to its funds. Dr. ]\[oore 
died March 24, 185(1 

The three surviving founders. John Mills, Douglas Put- 
nam and Anselm T. Nye, are all natives of Marietta. They 
have all been i)rominent business men, and identified with 
the most im])ortant enterprises of the ))lace. Colonel Mills 
was Treasurt-r of tlu' College from its founding till 18.50, 
rendering this service gratuitously, the treasu}'y being also 
almost always overdrawn, sometimes to the amount of sev- 
eral thousand dollars. Mr. Putnam has been the Secretary 
of the Board from the beginning. Both have been mem- 



l)(^a's of tlu' Executive Coiuiuittcc t'n 111! the Hrst. and fliey 
ui'e the two largest doiiovs. (V)h»nel Mills gave $1,CK)() when 
tlie College was founded; his last gift was fl( ),()()(). The 
sum of his donations is nearly $22,000. Mr. Putnam's first 
gift was $200, and his last $25,000; the whole amounting to 
ahout $47,000. He now i)ro])oses to give $oO,000 more, ))ro- 
vided a certain additional amount shall l)e secured. 

BetAveen 1885 and 1S45, when the amendment in the char- 
ter authorized an increase of memhers, there was hut one 
addition to the Board — Rev. Addison Kingsbury, D. D., of 
Zanesville, who was elected in 18o<S, and who is still a mem- 
ber. Of those elected in 1845 and subsequently, the follow- 
ing gentlemen remained members till their decease : Henry 
Starr, Esq., 1845-51; Rev. Charles M. Putnam, 1845-70; 
William Slocomb, Es(}., 1847-78; Noah L. Wilson, Esf|., 
1849-()7; Rev. Thomas Wickes. D. D.. 1849-70. A number 
have ]'esigned, in consequence of change of residence, viz : 
Rev. Jacob Little, D. D., 1845-70; Rev. E. Buckingham, 
D. D., 1845-61 (subsecjuently a Trustee of Western Reserve 
College); Rev. Alexander Duncan, 1845-60; Rev. H. L. 
Hitchcock, D. D., 1846-55 (then elected President of West- 
ern Reserve College); Rev. Franklin 8. Howe, 1847-54; 
Rev. Samuel W. Fisher, D. D.. 1854-59 (when he became 
President of Hamilton College). 

The whole number of elected Trustees has lieen forty- 
one — sixteen clergymen and twenty-tive laymen. Five are 
alumni of the C'ollege, viz: Rev. (Jeorge M. Maxwell. D. 1)., 
of the class of 1842; William Sturgess, Esij.. 1845; Hon. 
Alfred T. Goshorn, 1854;* Col. Douglas Putnam, jr., 1859; 
and Cen. Rufus R. Dawes, 1860. 

The "C'ollegiate Institute " went into operation in the 
autumn of 1838. Mr. Henry Smith, who was at the head 
of a High School in Marietta when the first charter was ob- 
tained, was elected Professor of Latin and (Ji^M'k in the 
winter of 1882-88. In May, 1838, Mr. Milo P. Jewett was 

'■■■As these sketches are prei)arefl for the Centennial Exposition, the writer 
takes pleasure in noting that the l)ireotor-(ienern,l of the Exposition is both an 
Alumnus anJ a Trustee of this College. 



made ProtVssor in the Tcaclu-rs' Ocitartnicnt. and in Auirust 
}i\v. D. Howe .Mien was clioscn Profcssuv of Matticniatics, 
and Mr. Sanuicl MaxAV(dl, Princii)al of the Prr])arat()rv De- 
partment. A Freshman class was formed that fall, but be- 
coming reduced in numl)ers, its members fell back into the 
next class, which was graduated in 1838. 

The relations of these gentlemen to the institution re- 
mained unchanged under the charter of 1835, Professor 
Jewett having been transferred in the summer of 1834 to 
the chair of Rhetoric and Oratory. In the spring of 1835, 
Rev. Joel H. Linsley, of Boston, was elected President. 
Thus, when the Collegiate Institute became " Marietta Col- 
lege," the Faculty consisted of five members, a President, 
who was also Professor of floral and Intellectual Philosophy, 
a Professor of Languages, a Professor of Rhetf>ric and Ora- 
tory, a Professor of Mathematics, and a Princi])al of the 
Preparatory Department. 

President Linsley remained at the head of the Institu- 
tion till 1846, when lie accepted the pastorate of a church in 
Greenwich, Connecticut. He devoted himself to the duties 
of his office with the utmost zeal and fidelity, rendering 
fruitful service both as an instructoi' and in the general 
work of administration. All who knew him will recognize 
the truthfubiess of the words ])enned by his successor con- 
cerning him : 

" To the deep-toned piety and spiritual fidelity of Dr. 
Linsley, the Institution is largely indebted for the internal 
religious infiuence which ])revailed, and the frequent and 
))owerful revivals of religion which blessed it during the 
period of his Presidency ; and to his earnest conviction of 
the importance of the Institution to the cause of Christ 
and his stirring appeals from the i)uli)it, is to be ascribed 
much of the public confidence which it has secured, and 
the favor which it has met with from the friends of Chris- 
tian education both East and West." * 

•■' Dr. Linsley was born at Cornwall. Vermont, July 16, 1790 : was graduated at 
Middlebury College, 1811 ; was Tutor from 1813 to 1815 ; practiced law at Middle- 
bury 181C)-22 : pastor of the South Congregational Church. Hartford, Conn., 
1824-32; pa.stor of Park Street Church, Boston. Mass., 1832-35 ; President of Ma- 
rietta College, 18:i5-46 ; pastor of the Second Congregational Church at Greenwich 
till his death, March 22, 1868. He received the degree of D. D. from Middleliury 
in 1837, and was a Trustee of Yale College from 1855 till his death. 



President Linsley was succeeded in tlie Presitlency l)y 
Professor Henry Smith, who had l>een Professor of Lan- 
guages from the founding of the College. The Institution 
was fortunate in all the members of its first Faculty. Four 
of them came directly from the Theological Seminary at 
Andover. and thcii' sul>se(|U('nt success attests the good 
judgment of the Trustees in their api)ointment. Dr. Smith 
remained in the College longer than any of his associates, 
and his de])artment of instruction furnished the o})portu- 
nity to leave a decided impress upon the Institution in its 
forming period. While those associated with him in laying 
the foundations of the College were men of fine ability and 
liigh attainments, some of them eminently so, it is not do- 
ing them injustice to say that the College is more indebted 
to him than to any other of its instructors for shaping its 
character, and making it a place of genuine and thorough 
culture. Few men have comlnned in a higher degree than 
Dr. Smith broad and exact scholarship, ability in instruc- 
tion, and eminence in the jmlpit. He resigned the Presi- 
dency in the winter. of 1854-55, and accepted an invitation 
to the chair of Sacred Rhetoric in Lan(^ Seminary, with 
which Institution he has been connected u)) to the present 
time, with the excejjtion of a few years at Buffalo, X. Y., as 
pastor of the Nortli Presbyterian Church. -•= 

Professor Jewett, a graduate of Dartmouth in 182S, left 
the College in 18oS. Foi'many years he was at tlie head of 
a Female Seminary in Alabama, and then removed to 
Poughkeepsie, New York. It was dui-ing his residence there 
that Mr. Matthew \'assar decided to appropriate a portion 
of his ])ro])ci'ty to the founding t)f a. College for young 
ladies: and it was, doubtless, owing, in ])art at least, to the 
influence of Professor Jewett that this munificent gift, 
originally intended foi" anothei' purpose, took an educational 
direction. He was ajipointed the first President of Vassar 
College, and visited Kni'ope to examine institutions with 



Frcfiident Smith was giaduiitt'd at iMidtllchmy College in 1827, antl was Tutor 
tliere from 1828 to tsiio. He received the honorary degree of D. D. at Middlebury, 
in 1847, and that of LL. D. at Marietta in 1874. 



refeii'urc to iiiethocls of instruction antl courses of study 
He is now living in Wisconsin. The degree of Doctor of 
r^aws was conferred on Professor Jewett in 1861, by the 
I'niversity of Rochester, New York. 

Professor 1). Howe Allen (Dartmouth, LS'iH) was trans- 
ferred from tlic cliair of Mathenuitics to tliat of Phetoric 
and Oratory, at liis own rc<iuest, in 18o<S, on the resignation 
of Professor .lew ctt. His fitness for successful work as an 
instructoi", and liis pi-i'soual influence ovci- young men, was 
remarkai)le. and his loss was seriously felt when he acce])ted 
an invitation to Lane Seminary in the early autumn of 
1840. As Professor of Sacred Rhetoric, and afterward of 
Theology, he was (nninently successful. Professor Allen 
was born at Lel)anon. New York, July 8, 1808. The hon- 
orary degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him 
by Marietta College in 1848. His connection with Lane 
Seminary remained till his death, though for years he was 
laid aside from active duty. He died November V), 1870. 

Professor Samuel Maxwell (Amherst, 1829) was con- 
nected with the institution for more than twenty years, 
for the greater pai't of the time being in charge of the Acad- 
emy or Preparatory Dei)artment. He was a man of great 
])ersonal intelligence, and was most conscientious in the 
discharge of his duties. In 1855 he relinquished that 
work and established a l^oarding school for lads. He was 
born at Lebanon. Connecticut, March 9, 1804, and died at 
Marietta. January 24, 18H7. 

Of the original faculty of five.-'- two only are now living 
— Professoi- H(>nrv Srnitb and Milo P. Jewett. The follow- 
ing gentlemen have been Pi-ofessors foi- vai'ious })eri()ds, but 
are not now in active duty: Professor .b)hn Kendrick, a 
graduate of l)ai'tinouth, 1.S26, and valedictorian of the class 
to whicli Cliief -lust ice Chase belonged, succeeded Professor . 
Allen in the chair of Rhetoric, et(^, in 1840. having for 
some veai's ipre\iousl\- been a men)l)er (>f tlu^ facultv of 



'■'It i-s worthy of note thai throe if tlio^o five were the valedictorian.'^ i>f their re- 
spective clas.ses in College. 



Keiiyou Collfc'fit'. He was tiaustVrrtHl to the depurtint-nt of 
Ancient Languages when Dr. Smith hecame President in 
1846. In 1866 the department was divided, Dr. Kendrick 
retaining the Greek. He resigned in 1873, having been in 
active service in the College for thirty-three years. Since 
that time he has been Professor Emeritus.* 

Professor Hiram Bingham, a graduate of Middlebury, 
1889, occupied the cliair of Geology and Chemistry from 
1846 to 1849, since which time lie has been in the work of 
the ministry in Northern Ohio. 

Professor Ebenezer B. Andrews, an Alumnus of the Col- 
lege, of the class of 1842, was elected to the department of 
Geology, etc., in 1851. With the exception of two years in 
the arpiy as Colonel of the o6th 0. V. I., he continued to 
discharge the duties of this Professorship till 1870, when 
he resigned to enter the service of the Sfate in the Geolog- 
ical Survey. t 

Professor Addison Ballard (Williams" College, 1842) was 
Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy from 
1855 to 1857, having previously held the chair of Rhetoric 
at Williams' College. He is uoav Professor at Lafayette 
College, Easton. Pennsylvania.:': 

Dr. Ballard was succeeded by Professor Evan W. Evans 
( Vale, 1851 ), who occupied the ^Mathematical chair till 
1865. On the organization of Cornell University he was 
elected Professor of Higher Mathematics in that institu- 
tion. He died in 1874. 

In 1860 Mr. Edward P. Walker (Marietta, 1S56) was ap- 
pointed Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature. He 
had been tutoi- from 1856 to 1867. The hopes cherished 
by his friends and associates that a long career of useful- 
ness was before him were cut ofl' by his death in the latter 
part of 1861. 

After the resignation of Dr. E. B. Andrews, in 1870, the 
vacancy was billed by the ai)]»()intment of Mr. William B. 



■Dartmouth College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1870. 
tThe degree of Doctor of haws was conferred on him by his Ahmi Mnt, ,■ in 1870. 
tHe received the degree of D. D. from Williams in 1867. 



Graves (Aiiihci^t, 1862). Professor Graves had cluirgo t)l" 
the Chemical and Geological Dei)artnient till 1874, when 
he accepted an appointment in the Agricultural College at 
Amherst, Massachusetts. 

The gentlemen named above are all besides the present 
faculty who have held j)ermanent Professorships in the 
College, though a number have been acting Professors for 
short periods, or have been lecturers. George 0. Hildreth, 
M. D., lectured on Chemistry and Miuei'alogy from 1840 to 
184o. Timothy S. Pinneo, M. D., was acting Professor of 
Mathematics in 1843-4. Professor Alonzo Gray gave in- 
struction in 1844—"), and Professor W. W. Mather in the 
same department in 1845-6. Professor George R. Rosseter 
had charge of the Mathematical Department in i850-l, 
and Professor William Porter, now of Beloit College, gave 
instruction in the* Classical Department from 1850 to 1852. 
Charles H. Raymond, M. D., lectured on Chemistry in 
1850-1, and Rev. Charles S. LeDuc gave instruction in 
Mathematics in 1852-3. Professor Erastus Adkins, for- 
merly of Shurtleff College, gave instruction in Greek from 
1857 to 1859, and in Greek and Rhetoric from 1864 to 1866. 
Professor John X. Lyle, now of Westminster College, Mis- 
souri, had charge of the department of Mathematics and 
Natural Philosophy from 1866 to 1868. 

The ])resent faculty nunil)ers eight, including the Prin- 
ci])al of the Academy and the tutor, tour of them being 
graduates of the College. 

President Israel W. Andrews (Williams" College. 1837,) 
was a])})ointed tutor in the fall of 1838, and in A]iril, 1839, 
was elected Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philoso- 
phy. Entering U])on the duties of tliat de])artmeiit at the 
beginning of the next college year, he continued them till 
1855, when he was called to the Presidency.* 

Professor George R. Rosseter (Marietta, 1843,) was tutor 
from 1845 to 1847; Acting Professor of Mathematics in 



"The degree of D. D. was given him by William.* I'ullege in 18.W. and that of 
LL. D. by Iowa College in 1874. 



1850-1; F'rincii.iil of tli<> Academy iVoiu l.S(i4 to 1S(;S, and 
then was elected to the chair i>l" Mathematics, Natund 
Philosophy and Astronomy. 

Professor .lohn I>. Mills (Vale, hSoo) was tutor at Yale 
from ISoS to 18(il. Professoi- of Mathematics, etc., here 
from 18<)5 to LSfiti. and was tlien transferred to tlie chair of 
I^atin. 

Professor David E. Beach (Marietta, 1S.59,) was Principal 
of the Academy for two years from 1859 to 1861, and in 
1869 was ajipointed Professor of IVIoral Philoso})hy and 
Rhetoric. 

Professor 8. Stanho})e Ori-is (College of New Jersey, 1862) 
was tutor at Princeton from 1865 to 1866, and was eh^cted 
Professor of (Ireek in 1873, on the retirement of Dr. Ken- 
drick.* 

Professor Thomas D. Biscoe, a graduate of Amherst in 
1863, tutor there one year, and Walker instructor in Math- 
ematics from 1866 to 1869, was appointed Professor of 
Chemistry and Geology in 1874. 

Mr. George R. Gear, an Alumnus of the College in 1867, 
has heen Principal of the Academy since 1871, and the 
|»resent tutor is Mr. Charles K. Wells, of the class of 1874. 

It has been stated al)ove that Professor Maxwell, the first 
Principal of the Academy, continued in charge of it till 
1855. Since that time some graduate of the College has 
heen Princi})al, with tlie exception of two years, from 1862 
to 1864, when it was under the care of Rev. Edward F. 
Fish, a graduate of Hamilton College. 

Of the tutors, all have been Alumni of the College except 
for the year 1838-9. The Avhole nund)er of instructors — 
Presidents, Professors, Principals of the Academy and 
tutors — has Ijeeu tb)-ty four: of whom twenty-nine have 
been Marietta graduates. The institution has thus hon- 
ored its educational work by calling ba(dv its Alumni, and 
committing to them tlie responsible work of instruction. 



'■■The honorary degree of Doctor of Philojiophy wni^ oonffrreJ on Professor 
Orris by the College of New Jer.sey in 1875. 



Tlic experience of the CoUetie is (leeidedly tavoraMe to 
tlie election of young men as Professors. It lias been st'cn 
that four of the tive gentlemen composing the tirst faculty 
came directly from the Theological Seminary. Of the 
seventeen ditferent Professors, five only had heen engaged 
in other professional work. These tive had heen pastors of 
churches; l:)ut, with one exception, that of President Lins- 
ley, their jieriods of clerical service had heen short, rang- 
ing from two to six years. All hut one entered upon their 
duties as Professors at an early age. Eleven of the seven- 
teen had been tutors, here or elsewhere, before becoming 
Professors. Two of the three Presidents were elected from 
the corps of Professors: in both cases men who had come 
here in early manhood. The aggregate time si)ent by 
these two in the work of instruction in the College has 
amounted to thirty years. 

One feature of the College was modi tied after a few years 
experience. When the institution was oi)ened provision 
was made for daily labor, agricultural and mechanical, and 
each student was required to work three hours a day in 
summer, and two in winter. As early as 18H.S the shops 
were directed to be rented, and manual laltor became op- 
tional. The last mention of it in the annual catalogue 
is found in that for 1842-0. 

PLAN OF EDUCATION AXD COUESE OF STTTDY. 

In founding the institution it was the purpose to estab- 
lish a genuine College of the New England ty]ie. It has 
been seen that all the members of the (original Faculty had 
been educated in the Eastern Colleges, and the same is true 
of those Trustees who had received a liberal education. Of 
the seventeen who have held permanent chairs in the Col- 
lege, thrcH^ wer<' graduates of Middlebury College, three of 
Dartmouth, two of Amherst, two of Williams, two of Yale, 
one of Princeton, and four of Marietta. The Institution 
was thus moulded after the New England type, and its 
course of study and general plan continue to be substan- 
tiallv the same as in those Colleges. 



At lii'st s[>t'ci;tl ai'faugcniciils were hukU'Ioi- tlu' insti'iic- 
tioii of teachers; but that (k'[)artn)ent soon took tlie tonii of 
the Scientific course, found in so many C'oDeges, embracing 
all the branches ))nrsued in the classical course except the 
Aucieut La.nguag(\^, with some additional work in Ahithe- 
matics and its a] (plications. But while this course, though 
interior to the classical, was good in itself, as is shown in 
the case of the few stndents who completed it, the difficult}- 
was that the students did not remain to finish it. What- 
ever may have been the cause, this was the fact. While 
the regular courses was completed by sixty percent, of those 
who entered it, this short course of three years was com- 
pleted by only six jier cent. It became evident that such 
a course Avas no advantage to the College, and was a doubt- 
ful good in any educational sense ; as in all probability 
many who studied awhile in the short course would have 
completed the longer one had there been no other. It was 
given U]) about twenty years since. There have been occa- 
sional students who, while not (candidates for a degree, have 
been ])ermitted to recite in certain studies for which they 
were fitted. The experience of the College is decidedly ad- 
verse to any alternative courses of study wbich are not sub- 
stantially e(|ual in time and degree of culture to the full 
classical coui'se. 

With scarcely an exce})tion, tbe Professors have gi\-en no 
instruction in the Preparatory l)e}tartment, nor bave tbeir 
energies been exhausted in attempting to carry on a num- 
ber of parallel courses of study. Their strength b;is been 
concentrated U])on the ]tropei' undei'graduate course, and 
they believe that tbe result has shown the wisdom of this 
])olicy. The requisites for admission luive been gradually in- 
creased, and such changes have l)een made from time to time 
in the studies of the course as experience and tlie jirogress 
of the times have made desii'al)le. 

The optional system has not been regarded with favor. 
The first President, in his inaugural address, characterizes 
the theorv "that ea(;h should follow his iiredilections, and 
pursue those studies only foi' which he has the must relish 



;uul tht! l)est capucity, as I'lillacious in theory and niiscliiev- 
ous in pi'actici'.'" The same system was also discussed l)y 
the present President at liis inauguration in l.Soo. He 
sayw: "This CoHege has not wasted her energies or jeoparded 
the interests of her young men l)y any rasli experiments. 
She has pursued that (course which the experience of the 
jmst and the wisdom of the most learned have pronounced 
to he the hest adapted to seouic the highest and most sym- 
metrical development of the human intellect/' Whatever 
changes have taken place, the })rineii)les underlying and 
guiding have I'emained the same. Ahii'ietta has no hesita- 
tion in declaring a decided i)reference for the methods 
adojited at Vale and Williams over those at Charlottesville 
and Ithaca. 

In matters of internal arrangement, each class has sixteen 
literary exercises a week, including the declamation on 
Wednesday afternoon, which all the students attend. These 
daily exercises are not (consecutive, the first heing at about 
half past seven o'clock, the second at eleven, and the tliird 
at half past three in winter, and half past four in summer. 
The class system has been carefully maintained in distinc- 
tion from that which would allow a Freshman, or it may 
l)e a, Pre})aratory student, to i-ecite with the upjx'r classes, 
perhaps with the Seniors. The custom, well nigh univer- 
sal forty years ago, of attending morning ]irayers and recita- 
tion l)efoi-e breakfast, and at a very early hour, was changed 
at Marietta in 1.S40. 

HKLKIIors INFLUEXCKS. 

The foundei's of the College were religious men, and their 
purpose was to estaltlish a Christian Institution. The de- 
sign and aim have been to furnish the best facilities for 
instruction in ail the branches of a lil>eral, non-professional 
education, and at the same time to bring the students under 
religious influences. A leading object was the training of 
young men for the work of the gospel ministry. One of the 
first donations was the sum of 15,000, yiven b\- Deacon Sa.ni- 



iicl Tr;i:iii, d]' Mc'tlfoi'd. Miis.'^acliust'tts, towards a, fund for 
aiding the .student^; who were preparing for this woidv. 

But the Institution is under no eeelesiastieal control, and 
neithei' charter nor hy-hiw imposes any restriction in the 
election of Trustees or Piofessors. The first Board of Trus- 
tees, nine in nundx'i-, had in it menihers of five different 
denominations. And the fund s})oken of ahove is used to 
aid young men of promise Ixdonging to any evangelical de- 
nomination. 

The chapel services hekl eveiv morning, and attendance 
upon which is oliligatory, consists usually of reading the 
seri|»tures, singing, and prayer. Tntil 1-S68 there was a 
chapel service every evening also. There is no cha})lain, 
and on the Salihath students attend those churches in town 
which their parcnits prefer, there heing no'^veaching ser- 
vice in the chajjel. All the (Masses have a Bihlical exercise 
on Monday morning. 

Thirty-seven per cent, of the alumni have studied for the 
ministry. It may also he stated that seventy-six per cent, 
were professedly religious men at the time of their gradua- 
tion, and that twenty-four per cent, were convei'ted in Col- 
lege. 

1 ' I { K F^\ 1 { .\ T ( » II ^■ D J-: J ' .v K T M !•: xr . 

From the first a se])ara,te department has heen in opei-a- 
tion, with the oljject of pi-eparing young men for College, 
Since lS40it has heen known as the Marietta Academy. It 
has a ])ermanent Principal, who receives the same salary 
as a Professor in ( 'ollege. The coui'se of study occupies three 
years, and tlie school, in its jtlan and ap])ointments, is s))e- 
cially designed for those seeking a lil)eral education, though 
others are received. Of those a<lmitted to the Freshman 
class, alxtut thrcc-l'ourt lis on the avei'age a.ic )>repai'ed at 
this Ai-adcniy. The average annual attendance, as shown 
from all the catalogues, is 7o ; the average foi- the last ten 
vears is lO;'). 



LIBKAKTES, r.VBTNETS, ETC. 

As cjirly MS December, 18;U. Prt)te,ssor Heurv Smith ol)- 
taiiied leave of absence, with continuance <»f sahirv, to go 
to Eui'ope tor the ])iirpose of study. His (lei)artui'e was de- 
layed, hoAvever, till the summer of 1836. and meanwhile 
efforts were made to raise funds for the jnivehase of books 
and apparatus. Most o])portunely, though (juite unexpect- 
edly, the sum was increased by the gift of $1,()(K) from the 
estate of Samuel Stone, of Townsend, Massachusetts. A like 
amount was given U) each of several Colleges, for the pur- 
chase of bo(>ks. The ))ortioii coming to Marietta was ex- 
pended for ])hilosophical works. Dr. Smith says: "These 
books were carefully selected and purchased, for the most 
part, l)y a personal attendance U])on the grea.t a,uction sales 
of Leipsig and Halle. In this way the Institution came into 
possession of one of the most valuable collections of classi- 
cal works in the West, and for a sum probably less than one- 
third the price it would have cost in this country." 

In 1850 a special cttbil was made by a few friends to in- 
crease the library. .Mr. houglas Putnam gave $2,500, Mr. 
N. L. Wilson |1.5()(). Mr. William Sturges $1,250, Col. John 
Mills $1,000, Mr. Winthrop P>. Smith $500, and others in 
smaller sums, i^csidcnl Smith ex]>en(led most of this 
monev alu'oad. thus increasing largely the numbt-r of works 
needed in the several departments of instruction. Subse- 
quent j)Urchases have been made from year to year, almost 
all with refei-ence to the wants of the Professors. The Col- 
lege librai-y is thus largely ]>rofessorial, the Literary Socie- 
ties ])roviding for the current literature. 

In 1S.')(), Di'. Samuel I'. 11 ildi'et li, an eminent luituralist 
of Marietta, gave to the ( 'ollege his cabinet of niinei'als, etc., 
together with souk^oOO volumes, chietly scientific and his- 
torical, lie eontinued toadd to this collect ion till his death, 
18(>), since which time h is son, ( Jeorge ( ). 1 1 ildi-etli. .M. D., 
lias made nuniei-ous addil ions. 

'i'hi' College has also recei\cd many valualde works from 
lion. William A. W h it t lese\- a ud lion. Willia,m P. Cutler, 



both of Marietta. From various otlicr scturccs tbf College 
has received l)(M)i<s and painphlets relating to this ))art of 
the West, and to the governmental history of the State und 
nation, making it unusually rich in works of this character. 

The number of volumes in the College library, including 
the Hildreth collection, is over 15,000, and the whole num- 
ber in the various libraries is about 27,000. 

Besides the collections in the "Hildreth Cabinet," which 
are in a room by themselves, the College has a valuable col- 
lection of fossils, minerals, shells, etc. The whole have re- 
cently been arranged, and the number of specimens is over 
30,(X)0. 

The apparatus, though not extensive, includes some val- 
uable instruments. Among them are a Holtz Machine, In- 
duction Coil, Electric Lamp, Absor])tion Spectroscope, Bi- 
nocular Microscope, an Air-Puni]) of great power, a fine At- 
wood's Machine, a Theodolite, Sextant, etc. There is also 
a Quadrant belonging to and long used by General Rufus 
Putnam, who held the office of Surveyor-General under 
President Washington. It was given to the College by his 
grandson, Hon. William Rufus Putnam. 

<0]vLE(iE SOCIETIES. 

The two literary societies, the Alpha Kappa and the Psi 
Gamma, were formed in December, 1839. They took the 
place of Phi Sigma,, a society with two branches. They 
have large and handsome halls ; the Alphi Kappa frescoed, 
the Psi (4amma stuccoed, with stained glass windows. The 
Alpha Ka]»]»a lil)rary has o,i;')() v(»lumes, the Psi Gamma 
4,oH(). Tlie initiation fee is fo.OOin each; the annual dues 
So. 2") in oue, and $4.")0 in the other. The weekly meeting 
is oil the forencxtn of Saturday. New students are chosen 
by the societies alternately, kee})ing their numbers sul)stan- 
tially ('(lual. 

The Socie(\' ol hii|uir\' is a re! igious organization, formed 
June 5, bS?>;>. H lias a lil».i-ai'y of ahout 1,000 volumes, anil 
a, collection of cui-iosities illusti-ating heathen customs. The 
present number of memlx-rs is ?A}, 



Tlicrc iiic two t^t'crc't Societies — the Alalia Di Ganiiiia, 
lornied in 1859, with 18 inenibers at present, and a total of 
148; and the Alpha Sigma Phi. formed in 1860, having 20 
members, and a total of loO. There is a ehapter of the Delta 
Upsilon, an anti-secret fraternity, formed in 1870, with 21 
members, and a total of 66. 

An Alumni Association was formed in 1841, and has been 
maintained with much interest. 

In 1860, a chapter — the (Tamnia — of the I'lii Beta Kappa 
Society was organized at Marietta, l)y Dr. John Kendrick 
(Dartmouth), Gen. T. C H. Smith (Harvard), and Professor 
E. W. Evans (Yale). 

.V Boating Association has been in existence a few years. 
The Muskingum River, on which there is slack-water mivi- 
gation, furnishes unsurpassed facilities. Nundjer of mem- 
bers, 61. 

gkaduatp:s. 

The first class was graduated in 18;)8. From that time 
the series has been unbroken. The whole number of Bach- 
elors of Arts is 404. Ten have completed a shorter course, 
and are entered as Bachelors of Science on the triennial. 

The class (regular) of 1888 numbei'ed 4, that of 187o num- 
bci'ed 22. No class has Ijeen larger than the last, and none 
smaller tlian the lirst. 

It has been stated before that 60 i)er cent, of those enter- 
ing the regular classes have com])leted the course. Taking- 
all the catalogues ])ul»lished from l.S;)7-;'>8 to 187-")-76, the 
ratio of Seniors to Freshmen is as 67 to 100. On the 88 cat- 
alogues to 1874-75, the number of graduates is to the num- 
ber of Freshmen as 66 to 100. 

The alumni have come tVom twenty-tive States, froni the 
District of ('oluml)ia, from Caiuida, and from England. Ohio 
has furnished 290. \Mrginia (including West \"irginia) 19, 
New York 12, Indiana and Kentucky each 11, etc. Wash- 
ington County, of which Maiictla is (he ca pilal, has fur- 
nished 125, or 81 per cent, of the \vhol<'. .\nd lor the last 
few veai's tlie catalogues show an avei'age of fortv students 



troDi this ('(tiiiity, Itcinn '•"•' I'"' <';t<'li one tliousand of (lie 
})()ltulati(in. 

TIr* unulujitcs ai'c (list i'il»utc(l aiiionij: the profcssious and 
occupations as loilows: ('Icrtiviiicn, l'>7 pciM^eut. ; business 
men, 25 per cent.; lawyers, 17 pei' cent. ; physicians, 8 per 
cent. ; teachers, S per cent. : all others, o per cent. 

Seventy of the alumni are sons of cleruynien — 17 ])er cent. 
Counting the present Senior class as ffraduates, the (V)llege 
has amono- her alumni 120 in u'roups of two, three and four 
in a family. Three families have sent four sons each, eight 
have sent three each, and forty-two have sent two each. 

Thirty-six of the graduates came from other Colleges to 
finish their course here, and thirty-two who have left Mari- 
etta have taken their degrees elsewhere. The College has 
not knowingly received a student from another College who 
did not bring the customary papers. 

The honorary degree of Doctor of Laws has been conferred 
on sixteen gentlemen, that of Doctor of Divinity on twenty- 
seven, that of Doctor of Philosophy on one, that of Master 
^f Arts on thirty-seven, that of Bachelor of Arts on one. 

The following persons have received the degree of LL. D. : 
Hon. Peter Hitchcock, 1845; Hon. Samuel F. Vinton, 1847; 
Hon. Gustavus Swan, 1851 ; Hon. Reul)en Wood, 1851 ; Hon. 
Edward D. Mansfield, 1853; Samuel P. Hildreth, M. D., 1859; 
Hon. William Dennison, 18H0; Hon. William V. Peck, 1860; 
Hon. Noah H. Swayne, hSfi:]; Hon. Aaron F. Peiry, 18B5; 
Hon. Joseph (J. Wilson, 1865; Hon. Chauncey N. Olds, 1869 ; 
Professor E. B. Andrews, 1870; Professor T. (J. Worndey, 
1870; Hon. Edward F. Noyes, 1872; Pvev. Henry Smith. 1). 
D., 1874. 

OKA NTS AND ENDOWMENTS. 

The College has been sustained entirely by private gen- 
erosity. It has never received from the State or Nation an 
acre of himl or a dollar of money. It was not founded in 
consecpience of any large gift from an individual or family, 
nor did the town vote, or the ))eo]ile ])l(Mlge, any sum foi'the 
sake of securing the Institution at that ]»oint. The first 



ettort to niisc I'limls was tit'tcr the cliartci' had liccn ()l»t;iiiicd, 
and this was to ]niy for tlit' propci'ty which tlic 'rnistccs had 
purciiased, at a cost of $<S,(K-)0. This sum was secured at 
Marietta, three donors giving $1,()(K) eacli. 

This was the small ])eginning. l)Ut tiie founders and 
friends of the Institution ai)})reciated the impoi'tanee of the 
enterprise, and their gifts have increased witli their ability. 
Their example has had its intiuence upon others, and thus 
the College has retained its old tViends and Ijeen gaining 
new ones. As illustrative of this continuance of interest, 
and the increase in successive donations from the same per- 
sons, a fact or two may be stated. Among tlie donors in 
the first effort made in the spring of LS33 to raise SS,CK)0, 
were seven men who gave in sums ranging from $50 to 
$1,000, making an aggregate of S2,250. The total gifts to 
the College made by these seven gentlemen u]) to this time 
amount to $95,350, or over forty times the sum given at first. 
In 1847 a gentlemen in Southern Ohio gave $50. In 1858 
he gave $500. About ten years later he gave $5,000. Ft is 
by such men that Marietta has been sustained. 

An examination of the list of donations shows that 120 
persons have given each $500 and u))waixls: 73 have given 
$1,000 and U]>wards: 12 have given $5,000 and ujiwards; 
and four have given $10,000 each and upwards. The largest 
single gift is $25,000. 

Most of the donations have l)een given for the general 
purposes of the ('ollege. And when made for a specified 
use, as for a building or the library, it was because of spe- 
cial need in that direction. Allusion has already been made 
to a donation of $5,000 to aid students having tlH> ministry 
in view, which was made very early. Smaller sums have 
been added, ]»ut the fund has never become large. It has, 
however, furnished aid to a large numl:)er of young men 
who are now preaching the gos|)el, and has l)een of great 
service to the College. 

As early as 1834 an efiort was jiegun to raise funds in the 
form of sf/id/iirs/iijis, liut neither then or since has any e(_>un- 



tciiancr Keen iiivcii to tlic system nf clicnii s(•lu»l;ll•slliJt^. 
The tuition Itcinti; tlion $'2r) a year, tlic donor of -1^1(10 iniaht 
send a son, or one whom lie miji'ht ado))! tor the pur})ose, to 
the Institution for four years. And a largei' sum o-iven would 
entitle the donor to free tuition for a |»roportionate numher 
of years. In later years some })ermanent scholarshi})S hav(^ 
l>een endowed, on the hasis of ."l^l.OOO eaeh. the occupants for 
the time hein«; reei'ivino- free tuition. The same i)rinei])le 
is recognized in these as in the tcnijtoraiy s(diolarships. 
They Avere never intended as an investment from which 
the holdei- mij>ht receive a money income, the student pay- 
int>- to him the tuition instead of to tlie ("olleiic treasurer, 
hut were given to henetit the Institution, and at the sanu' 
time aid deserving young men in securing an education. 
There are now twenty-eigiit such })ermanent scholarshijis, 
each one entitling the occupant to gratuitous tuition. The 
price of tuition was twenty-five dollars a year to 18o7, then 
raised to thirty dollars, and in 1871 to thirty-eight. The 
interest of $1,()00 is more than the tuition fee, hut less than 
the cost of tuition to the College. The selection of the stu- 
dent is in nearly all teases left to the College. There are also 
two scholarships of the same amount, the income of which 
is used in aiding such students as may need assistance. 

For some years jiri~j'x have heen awarded to students in 
the three upper classes distinguished for excellence in gen- 
eral scholarship during the i)revious yeai'. Csually the 
sum of sixty dollars has l)een divided hetween the best 
two in (»ach of these classes. Two small prizes foi' excel- 
lence in Declamation have heen given to two students in 
each of th(^ So])homore and Fi'eshman classes. Recently 
Rhetorical jirizes have heiMi awarded to the two or tliree in 
the Junior chiss who have excelled in that department. 
These prizes are hut partially endowed as yet. thougli they 
have been regularly paid. 

In 184)) an association was t'oi'me<l in the East, undei' the 
name of the "Society foi- Pionioting Collegiate and Theo- 
logical P>lucation at the West."" Marietta was one of the 
institutions whose circumstances led to the formation of 



the Society, and was one n\' the (irst live taken under its 
patrona.ae. Aid was received tlii'(iui:li this S()ur<'e t'of aUout 
twentv v<'ars, and tlie cause of education owes l: rea t( •! •li- 
gation to that Society. 

The CoUege is too younu' to liave reccdved niU(di aid in 
the foi'ni of /(-(((tries, hut a heuinninu' lias lieen made. Two 
bequests have heeu made of .f"),(K)0 each, l)oth from Co- 
lumbus, in this State. Mrs. Mai'v Keyes left this sum to 
found Hve scholarships for fui-nishiuii- m'atuitous instruc- 
tion to young men preparing foi- the ministry, and Mr. 
Daniel T. Woodbury liequeathed a like amount for the 
general endoAvment fund. 

In a number of instances information has been received 
that generous persons have ma,de testamentary provision 
for the C'ollege ; and from the character of the testators and 
their warm attachment to this institution, there is no 
reason to doubt that their generous purposes will be car- 
ried into execution. 

Allusion has already been made to the w'arm interest 
manifested in the College l)y the people of Marietta and 
the immediate vicinity. At its founding they gave gen- 
erously according to their ability, and each succeeding 
decade has witnessed a large increase in theii- benefactions. 
Their gifts have amounted to Sl(v'.,()(K). 

What has been said of the ])eo|>le whei'e the College is 
located, may be as emphatically said of the corporation to 
whom the management of its affairs has been entrusted. 
The Institution has been to them from the first a foster- 
child. They have regarded themselves apiwinted not 
merely to manage and control, l)ut to nourish and strength- 
en. They have (Micouraged benefactions in others by mak- 
ing them themselves. Their various gifts reached the 
sum of $lHo,0(H). 

The only work for the College which the .\hii)iiu\ as a 
bod}^, have undertaken is the erection of the Liltrary 
building. This was completed in 1870, at a cost of $22,000. 
If to this be added the cost of fitting up the two rooms for 



tlu' lihrarifs ol' thv LitiTury SiM'iftit'H, which was horuc hy 
the undergraduates^, aided hy the Alumni, the whole expense 
may l)e j)Ut at •1?2o,(X)0. Tlic class of hsyi gave, as a parting 
gift, on commencement day, -i^ljoOO for the endowment of a 
class scholarship. The various gifts from Alumni and 
other students prohably exceeds i80,0(X). And since this 
sketch was begun a new Alumni movement has l»een 
inaugurated, with evei-y ]irospect of success — the founding 
of an Alumni Professorshi]). The el1:()rt originated with 
the Marietta College Club of Cincinnati. Avhose mend)ers 
manifest a degree of enthusiasm and lil)eralitv which can 
hardly fail to stimulate theii' fellow 
and successful co-o]teration. 

The following is a list of donoi's to 
and U])wards : 



Alumni to a hearty 
the amount of Sl.OOO 



Douglas Pntnaiti S4tJ,S0()iRev. Di 

John Mills 21,700 

Noah L. Wil-on 13,850 

Charles W. Potwin 10,000 

Benjamin B. Gaylord (5,600 



Jo.seph Eldi'idge 

andfaniilv $1,400 

Wm. A.Whittlesey 1,400 

Prof. J. L. Mills 1,350 

Joseph Perkins 1.300 



Mrs. Marv Keves ."),SO0 J. Mnnroe Brown 1,300 

Hanmel Train! 5,000i Wintlirop B. 8mith 1,3(K) 

Preserved Smith 5,000 Prof. E B. Andrew.s 1,230 

Daniel T. Woodbnrv 5,000 George Dana 1,100 

Wm. P. Cutler ' 5,000;Marcus h'osworth 1.100 

A.J.Warner 5,0()0!W. W. WicUes 1,100 

Francis C. Sessions 5,000'Silas Slocumb 1,100 

SanuielP. Hildreth 4,100 Samuel Stone 1,000 

John C.Calhoun 3,vS00lSamuel Willi.ston 1,000 

Samuel Shipman 3,075 President Henrv Smith 1,000 

Tiio.s. W. Williams ;!,(;oo; Robert Ilamiltun 1,000 

Loval Wilcox 3,500j Wm. .Johnson 1,000 

President Andrews .3,000 x\. T. (ioshorn 1,000 

David C. Skinner 2,925;A H. Hinkle 1,000 



Wm. R. Putnam 2,800 

Nahum Ward 2,300 

John Newton 2,100 

Rev. L.G. Bingham 2,000 

Jonas Moore... 2,000 

David Putnam 2,0(10 

Wm. Slocoinb 2,(100 

Anson G. Phelps 2,000 

Mrs. Frances A. Morgan.. . 2,0(i0 

Rev. Wm. Van VIeck 2,000 

Cornelius B. Frwin 2,(»0(» 

Prof. John F\endrick 2,()0(» 

Rufus Pi. Dawes l,(i()(J 

P.emaH (iates I, .500 

Anst'lm T. Nye .". 1,500 

Isli/.nr Smith 1,.5(»0 

.lohii P.radley 1,500 

Win. .Sturges 1,475 



r.. C. Hopkins 1,000 

J<.iin Field 1,000 

Cutler LaHin 1,000 

IjeCJrand Ijockwood 1,000 

W. .1. Breed l.tJOO 

R. M. White 1,000 

Wm. ShaHer 1,000 

Henrv Stanlev 1,000 

Timothv W. Stanlev 1,000 

Rev. Dr. Geo. M. Ma.xwell.. 1,000 

Douglass Putnam, Jr 1,000 

Henry C.Brown 1,000 

K. C. Davis 1,000 

Wm. Thaw 1,000 

Wm. F. LoiKlun 1,000 

Dr. and Mrs. A. I), l^ord I,(t00 

Mrs. Kc.bert Hamilton 1,000 

Mrs. John Mills 1,000 



< OLLKGK PTBLICATIONS. 

" The First Annual Report of the Trustees of Marietta Col- 
legiate Institute" was published in August, 1884, and the 
'' Second Annujvl He])ort of the Trustees of Marietta ( 'ollege " 
in Se]>tenihei'. IS:')."). The lirst catalogue of the othcers and 
students \v;is for the college year ISoT-S, jind the annual 
issue has been continued. A list of tlie Ahnnni (in En- 
glish) was ])uhlished with the annual catalogue for 1844-5. 
The first Latin triennial was publislied with the catalogue 
for l.S4()-7: and tlic triennial has been issued regularly 
since that. 

The laws of the Collegiate Institute were ])rinted in 1834, 
and the laws of Marietta College in 1840. with a catalogue 
of the library — the htttei' occU]»ying forty-two ])ages. An- 
other edition of t he hi ws was pi-inted in ISo'i. A catalogue 
of till' CoUege liWrai'y was |)repai'ed in IS-iy l>y Tuto)' E. P. 
Walke]'. and printeil. It occu])ied one hundred and sixty- 
six pages, the nund)er of volumes being nine thousand. 
A card catalogue is kept of all additions. 

In 1850 the Society of ln(|uiry puitlished their constitu- 
tion and by-laws, w ith a cafalogue of iuend»ers, and cata- 
logues of theii' lilii'ary ami cabinet. A catalogue of the 
Psi (hnniua Society was published in bSOl. 

The inaugural aildresses of three Presidents were pub- 
lished: President hinsley having been inaugurated July 
25. lS;i8: President Smith, -luly HO, 1888, and President 
Andrews, .luly "jr.. 1S55. The address l)y Rev. Thomas 
Wickes, in behaH' of the Trustees, is i>rinted with the 
inaugural of President .\ndi-ews. 

The exercises at the TwentvrHfth Anniversary, June 
27. 1860. were published in a i»am])hlet of sixty pages. It 
contains the historical address liy the President, with 
remarks by Pev. Di'. I ). Howe Allen, one of the first Pro- 
fessors, and In- Hon. William Dennison, the (Governor of 
the State; also, \arious speeches at the dinnei-by Trustees, 
Ahinini and o1 hers. 

.Man\' oi' 1 he addresses and orations deliverecl before the 



College or its S(»cieties luivc i)eeu jjubliyhed. Among them 
are the following: Professor E. Ballantine, Literary Socie- 
ties, Literary Charactei- of the Bible. 1840; Rev. L. W. 
Seeley, Literary Societies, ISol ; Rev. President Charles 
White, Literary Societies, Characteristics of the Present 
Age, 1852; Hon. W. S. (Iroesbeck, Literary Societies, The 
Shape of Human (Jovernments, 1855; Rev. W. W. An- 
drews, Society of ln(|uiry. The Work of the Church in 
America, 1855; President Andrews' discourse on Tutor A. 
M. Washburn, 1860; Hon. Ali)honso Taft, Literary Socie- 
ties, 1861; President .Andrews, Phi Beta Kappa Society, 
The American College. 1869; Hon. Willard Warner, Alumni 
Address, 1869; .Fames (^. Howard, P]s(j., Alumni Address, 
Art Education in >\meri('a, 1871; Rev W. G. Andrews, 
Alumni Address, The Relations of the Scholar to Labor 
and Capital, 1872; Hon. .b)sep]i (i. Wilson, Alumni Ad- 
dress, 187B.^^^ 

"The Marietta Collegiate Magazine" was begun in .lune, 
1854, and eontinued through three volumes of nine num- 
bers each. "The Marietta Collegiate Quarterly" (pub- 
lished by the Senior class) began in November, 1865. Only 
one volume was issued. The "Marietta Olio" was started 
in November, 1872, and is still continued. After the first 
volume it was styled "The College^ Olio." It is published 
b}' the two Literary Societies. 

The Faculty have had little time for the [(reparation of 
text-books or other works connected with education, though 
they have written a number of articles for journals, and 
divers educational addresses have been published. Presi- 
dent Smith translated and edited the Homeric Lexicon of 
Crusius Avliile connected with the College; and President 
Andrews has recently pul)lished a Manual of the Constitu- 
tion of the Cnited Stat<'s. 

(■oij-K(;k statistics. 

Tables have bt^Mi jjre pared, showing the statistics of at- 
tendances in the l^icparatory Department and in College 



'■ JudKe Wilsiin iticd very sudiliMil.N- :i few li<iiir8 before his address was to have 
been delivered. Tlie address and the i>r<>ceedinj;s of the Alumni were imlilished 
by the Alumni. 



from the colU'gc yc<ir l.So7-<S to the year lN7-")-<i, inclusive. 
No catalogue was published prioi- to the year 1887-8. 
Some statistics have already been jj-iven of the residences 
by States of the graduates. Tables liave also been pre- 
pared (not here printed) giving the residences of the Col- 
lege students by Stiites on each catalogue. From these it 
ai)pears that Virginia (including West N'irginia) and New 
York are represented on twenty-nine of the thirty-nine 
catalogues, Indiana on twenty-Hve. Kentucky and Connec- 
ticut on twenty-one, Massachusetts on twenty, Pennsylva- 
nia on nineteen, Michigan on fourteen, Illinois on twelve, 
Iowa and Vermont on eleven, Mississippi on ten, Missouri 
on nine, Alabama, Minnesota and New Hampshire eight, 
Arkansas six, Louisiana, Tennessee and Wisconsin four, 
Delaware and the District of Cohunbia three, Florida and 
South Carolina two, Kansas and Texas one. Foreign Coun- 
tries on nine. 

MARIETTA COLLEGE. 

Sf(t{ idles of Attendance in Preparatori/ Depart laeiif. 



Yeak. 


O 


1 Year. 


6^ 


Yeak. 


o 
"5 


Year. 


>> 

c 


Year. 






a. 
35 




a, 
151 




eS j 

60 




Ph 
54 




p- 


1838® 


1846... 


1854... 


1862... 


1870... 


73 


1839 


46 


1847... 


1 
117 


1S55... 


30 


1863... 


47 1 


1871... 


100 


1840 


30 


1848... 


107 


1 1856... 


22 


1864... 


56 


1872... 


116 


1841 


36 


1849... 


109 

1 


j 1857... 


38 


j 1S65... 


74 


1873... 


119 


1842 


(i6 


1850... 


89 


1858... 


40 


1866... 


85 


1874... 


107 


1843 


80 


1851... 


79 


1859... 


33 


1867... 


100 


1875... 


117 


1844 


118' 


1852... 


50 


1860... 


40 


1S68... 


102 


1876... 


100 


1845 


125 


1853... 


50 


1861... 


51 


1869... 


92 













'The statistics are taken fri)iii the catalogue |'<ir 1837-38; tiie iiunibei' 
)!' students is for the calendar year 1837. 



MARIKTTA ('()I.LK(;K. 
Statldics of Attendci'iire and (rrnd nation. 



Unukugrauu- 
ATE Classes. 



Year.- 



o 



1838 HI15I15 

1839 [HilsllS 

1840 il3 15 11 14 

1841 10 12 9 9 

1842 15 7 10 9 

1843 Ill 14 8 IC 

1844 714114 

1845 lOl 7 12 13 

1846 Il9!l2|ll 10 

1847 11 17 10 10 

1848 :.. 12|l3il5J 9 

1849 9 10 12 13 

1850 :19'12 7 10 

1851 11721 11 6 



m 



1852 110114 



1853. 
1854. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857. 



19 11 

22 22 



18; 9 
11 15 
8 11 
15 8 
17J14 

loiie 



O 



< 

; '^ 

■ ^' s 

) OS I Sh 

1 :o 



4 4 
12 7 

9 14 

4 9 

5 9 

4 10 

7 , 6 

5 13 

1 9 
5 10 
5 9 
9 113 
5 110 
11 i 6 

8 I 8 
561 5 lis 
63I 12 111 



Year. 



54i 8 



1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1S69. 
1870. 
1S71. 
1S72. 
1873. 
1874. 



UXDKRGRADU- 

ATK Classes. 



9 &i 



1858 22 

1859 i20 

1860 jl6 

1861 20 

1862 19 

1863 .. 
1864... 



13! 15 

I2I12 



1875 25 



1876. 



22 



O 



&H U 



49! 5 6 
56 8 ilO 

551 4 8 



70i 14 
621 11 



54| 6 12 



6 
14 



49 
45 

48 8 

46j 8 

56| 13 

66 10 

57 4 

71 5 

91 11 

87 10 

91 15 

80 4 

u\ 



"The years are College years, ending 1838, 1839. etc. 
Ten have completed the Scientific or English cour.se, viz: Two in 1839, nnd 
one in each of the years 1843, 1S4."). 184S, 184<>, 1851, 18fi.5, ia58. 1872. 



<'()Hr<)i;ATii)N. 

Israel W. Aiifhcws. I). D., IJ>. D.. I'lcsidcnt : -lohn Mills, 
Marietta; Douglas Putnam, Harniar : Anselm T. Nye. Esq., 
Marietta; Rev. Addison Kingsbury, 1). 1)., Zanesville ; Hon. 
Simeon Nash, (lallipolis ; Hon. William P. Cutler, Marietta; 
Hon. William R. Putnam, Marietta ; William Sturges, Esq., 
Chicago, 111.; Rev. E. P. Pratt, 1). 1)., Portsmouth; Samuel 
Shipman, Marietta; Rev. Henry M. Storrs, D. D., Brooklyn, 
N. v.; Benjamin B. (^aylord, Es(|., Portsmouth; Francis C. 
Sessions, Esq., Columbus; Rev. (xeorge M. Maxwell, 1). D., 
Cincinnati ; Hon. Charles W. Potwin, Zanesville; Gen. Ru- 
fus R. Dawes, Marietta ; Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn, Cincin- 
nati ; Rev. Theron H. Hawks, D. D., Marietta; William J. 
Breed, Esq., C^incinnati ; Rev. William E. Moore, D. 1)., 
Columbus ; Col. Douglas Piitnam, jr., Ashland, Ky. 

FAcn/rv. 

Israel W. Andrews, D. D., LL. D., President, and Putnam 
Professor of Intellectual and Political Philosophy ; .lohu 
Kendrick, LL. D., Emeritus Professor of the Greek Language 
and Literature; George R. Rosseter, M. A., Professor of 
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and Lee Lecturer on 
Astronomy; .John L. Mills, M. A., Professor of the Latin 
Language and Literature; David E. Beach, M. A., Professor 
of Moral Philosojihy and Rhetoric: S. Stanhope (^rris, Ph. 
D., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature ; Thomas 
D. Biscoe, M. A., Professor of the Natural Sciences ; George 
R. (rear, M. A., Principal of the Preparatory Department; 
Charles K. W>lls, B. A., Tutor and Lil)rarian. 

TERlNrs OF ADMISSION. 

Candidates for admission to the Freshman class are exam- 
ined in English Grammar, Geograj^hy, Arithmetic, Alge- 
bra through Quadratic Equations, three books of Geometry, 
Latin Grammar. Caesar's Commentaries, six books of the 
iEneid of Virgil, Cicero's Orations against Catiline, Greek 
Grammar, and four liooks of Xeno]ihon's .Anabasis. Addi- 



tioiuil MatlK'UUitics will \k- uccepted a.-< a .sLib.stitute foi' a 
portion of the Greek. 

For advanced standing, the candidate, whether from an 
other College or not, in addition to the preparatory studies, 
is examined in the studies to which the class which he 
wishes to enter lias attended. 

No one can be admitted to the Freshman class till he has 
completed his fourteenth year, or to an advanced standing 
without a proportional increase of age. 

Testimonials of good moral character are in all cases re- 
quired, and those who come from other Colleges must pro- 
duce certificates of dismission in good standing. 

COUKlSE OF INSTRUCTION. 

The course of instruction occupies four years. The Col- 
lege year is divided into two terms or sessions. 

KKKSHMAN CLASS. 

Fird Term — Livy ( Lincoln's) : Latin Testament; Herodo- 
tus; Algebra (Loom is"s) ; History: Elementary Rhetoric. 

Second Term — Horace (Odes, Satires, and Epistles); Latin 
Testament: Latin Prose ('<tm|)osition ; Xeno])hon's Memo- 
rabilia; Geometry (Chauvenet's) ; Elementary Rhetoric. 
Du/riny the year: Written Translations, C'om])ositions, Decla- 
mations. 

SOI'HOMOKE (l.-^SS. 

Fh'st Term — Cicei'o de Senectute, and the Captives of Plau- 
tus ; Plato's Apology and Crito; Greek Testament; Greek 
Prose Composition (Boise's); Plane Trigonometry; Men- 
suration: Surveying; Navigation (Lo(Hnis's); Physiology 
(Hooker's). 

Sermid Term — Tlir Sck-ct Lcttci's of Pliny, :ind the Adel- 
])hi of Terence : 1'he Prometlieus of Aeschyhis : (ireek Tes- 
tament : French: Spherical Trigonometry f Looniis's) : An- 
alytical (fconieti-y (Howison's): Diffei-entia! and Integ]'al 
Calculus ( Loomis's). f)iir/iiii l/ie i/ear : Com])ositions, Decla- 
mations. 



JUNIOR ('J>A,SS. 

Fird Term, — Quintiliau, Book Tenth; The Agricohi of 
Tacitus ; Orations of Demosthenes ; Greek Testament ; Ger- 
man ; Mechanics, Astronomy ; Rhetoric (Whately's). 

Second Term — Thiicydides ; Greek Testament ; Natural 
Philosophy; Astronomy; Guizot's History of Civilization; 
Psychology; History of English Literature. Darlinithe Year: 
Compositions and Original Declamations. 

SENIOR CLASS. 

Fird Term — Logic; Political Economy ; Evidences of Chris- 
tianity (Hopkin's) ; Chemistry. 

Second Term — Woolsey's International Law; Moral Sci- 
ence ; Constitution of the ITnited States (Andrews's) ; Min- 
eralogy; Botany; Geology (Dana's). Durinfi t/u' year : Com- 
positions, Debates, Original Declamations. 



Mount Union College, 

. MT. UNION, OHIO. 



Mount Union College was founded with a definite de- 
sign, quite distinct from any other Institution. Its dis- 
tinctive Plan, dating from its provisional organization, 
October 20th, 1846, has ever since continuously outlined 
the elements of its progressive character ; while its pres- 
ent appointments, provisions, permanent improvements 
and regular workings under its charter legally per- 
fected January 10th, 1858, show its attained growth and 
usefulness. 

Its name originated in " the idea and intention of uniting the 
people, on the philanthropic principle of voluntary patriotic Christian 
unity, through a common interest and just representation for the 
common good, by offering equal advantages to all with preference to 
none, in perserving eflForts for the united or integral education of all 
the faculties of the common mind." 

The true history of the College, showing the facts, growth and 
results of its plan, would be misunderstood, without constantly 
keeping in mind, as its cherished goal, the following incorporated or 
fundamental objects : — 

1. To found for the people a cosmic College, where any person 
may economically obtain thorough, illustrative, integral instruction 
in any needed studies. 

2. While retaining the traditional classical course, to provide, 
in accordance with the true demands of our nature and country, 
fresh college courses and departments distinctively essential to the 
full and harmonious education of all the faculties. 



3. To enable persons of either sex to take any general course, or 
a special or elective course, or such study or studies in any depart- 
ment or course, and for such time, as their choice and life-character 
may need. 

4. To furnish a healthy, moral, pleasant and accessible location ; 
ample grounds and commodious buildings; normal systems of in- 
dustrial, social, aesthetic and physical culture, and self-government ; 
thoroughly qualified and reliable professors and trustees ; also 
superior apparatus, cabinets, museums, galleries, observatory, 
implements, gymnasiums, botanical gardens, parks, models, minia- 
tures, relics, charts, natural, historical and aesthetic specimens, as 
cosmic endowments, with which to illustrate and apply each study. 

5. To make the college a voluntary, representative, patriotic, phil- 
anthropic, christian and progressive Institution — not compulsory, 
sectarian, antiquated, arbitrary or partial ; to hold its property per- 
petually in trust for the educational benefit of students ; to aid enter- 
prising students to support themselves ; and, accordingly, to arrange 
the sessions, and regulate the price of students' board (their chief 
expense), and to keep wholesome boarding at certain low rates, by 
generously erecting buildings, and furnishing rooms and ample 
boarding facilities. 

6. To perpetuate the Institution, with God's continued favor, by 
largely keeping the College internally self-supporting, and exter- 
nally by permanent improvements as representative free-will oifer- 
ings ; and by adapting the College distinctively to the true needs of a 
free people. 

The Charter. — The main reason for chartering the Institu- 
tion as a College, was the better to carry out the foregoing " funda- 
mental objects ;" the time being arranged to suit the large attend- 
ance of students who had, in the Seminary, been pursuing a full 
College Course, and who desired to graduate and obtain the Degrees 
legally and honorably from the Institution where they had received 
the instruction. The original corporators were 0. N. Hartshorn, 
I. 0. Chapman, G. W. Clarke, E. N. Hartshorn and R. R. Hilton. 
The general act of the Charter passed the Legislature of Ohio 
March 11th, 1858, as seen in Swan & Critchfield's revised statutes, 
page 269 ; and provides that the College shall " have as a body cor- 
porate and politic, perpetual succession and existence, with all the 
ordinary powers of corporations ; " " can sue and be sued, plead 
and be impleaded, in all courts of justice and equity ;" " may 
possess, dispose of, aqd hold all kinds of estate, real, personal and 



mixed, acquired by donatiori, demise, or otherwise," and through its 
Trustees and Faculty " may exercise all the powers, and enjoy all 
the immunities, usually pertaining to Colleges and Universities of 
the United States." 

Leading Provisions. — The property is not owned by any in- 
dividuals or organization, but is held perpetually upon trust, by 
a board of Trustees, for the educational benefit of students. It 
is also required that the Trustees and Faculty shall carry out pro- 
gressively the foregoing fundamental objects of the Institution ; 
that they shall acquire and supply the means of a true integral 
education to persons of both sexes, irrespective of their religions 
or political opinions; that the Faculty shall possess and exert 
the requisite authority to establish and administer all necessary and 
proper regulations for the integral instruction and government of the 
College pertaining to students, and for general, elective, special, 
practical courses of study ; that the Institution shall be conducted in 
accordance with the principles of the Christian religion as revealed 
in the Bible ; that any Department or School that may be established, 
or any Literary Society, or other organization composed of students, 
shall be under the supervision of the College authorities ; that all 
moneys and property of the College shall be faithfully and safely 
appropriated by the Trustees, to the purposes for which they were 
respectively donated ; that the College shall not be a close corpora- 
tion : that the Trustees hold their office during three years, one-third 
of the number determined upon being elected each year ; that 
in electing the Trustees, any candid person, religious denomination, 
or philanthropic organization, donating to the College money or 
property, shall be respectively entitled to one voice or vote for a 
Trustee, for every twenty-five dollars actually donated to the College 
by said persons, denomination or organization, thus respectively 
patronizing the College ; that the Institution shall be patriotic and 
Christian, but not sectarian or partisan, and be generously conducted 
on the philanthropic principle of voluntary patriotic. Christian 
unity, with the view of doing the greatestgood to the greatest number. 
Thus, through trustees whom they elect as their representatives, 
the College is equitably and generously controlled or governed by 
the actual people who, with a united interest and just representa- 
tion for the impartial and equal good of all, voluntarily bear the 
responsibility of contributing the means for building up and sus- 
taining the college in its benevolent mission. 

The degrees or other honors that may be conferred, are similar 
to those that may be granted by Colleges or Universities of this or 



otter countries. The oiiglnal grant of property, under wliieli the 
College property was obtained, was donated by the person first 
named in the list of original corporators. There were no limita- 
tions, as to time of organization or acceptance of conditions. The 
charter has undergone no modifications ; contains no limitations or 
reservations as a condition in grants or otherwise with respect to 
scholarships, or requirements as to instruction in particular studies. 
Organization. — Immediately after perfecting the Charter, the 
Institution was regularly and efiiciently organized as a College, by 
the election of a suitable Board of Trustees, Professors, Commit- 
tees and Ofiicers ; the adoption of proper by-laws and courses of 
study, the classification of students, the publication of all needful 
information, and by the legitimate and continuous exercise, through 
its Trustees and Faculty, of all its appropriate functions, in accord- 
ance with its Chartered Powers and Immunities. 

Liocafion. 

Mount Union, Ohio, being the location of the Institution 
before its incorporation as a College, continued to manifest the requi- 
site enterprise and generosity which would prompt the citizens to 
furnish, as needed, all suitable grounds and buildings for its growth 
and continuance. 

In thus locating the Institution, its founders selected a site healthy, 
accessible, removed from the temptations of large cities ; among a 
moral, intelligent and enterprising people ; and in a region possess- 
ing natural resources. This unusual combination was found in 
Mount Union, a Village whose corporation extends to the city of 
Alliance, Stark Co., Ohio, and with which it is united by Plank 
Walks, and by Omnibus Lines connecting with the several Railroad 
Trains. It is in that desirable portion of the country toward which 
the leading Hallways converge. It is four hours' ride west from 
Pittsburgh ; about a half a day's ride east from Chicago ; four hours' 
ride north-west from Wheeling; and three hours' ride south from 
Cleveland, so that it is easily reached by Riil, Telegraph and Mail, 
from all parts of the country. 

Alliance Union Depot, the Railroad Station fo- Mount Union, 
is the Junction of the Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Wheeling, with 
the Lake Erie, Alliance and Wheeling, and the Pittsburgh, Fort 
Wayne and Chicago, Railroads — the latter road being one of the 
great thoroughfares between the Atlantic and Pacific. 

The Institution occupies the highest ground in Ohio, overlook- 
ing the Mahoning River Valley, and miles of highlands beyond. 



The air is pure, and the surrounding country beautiful. It is in 
the heart of a populous and fertile region, with rare agricultural, 
manufacturing and commercial advantages. No intoxicating drinks 
are sold in the Town ; the people are moral, hospitable and refined. 
Cultured, congenial Society, the economy of living, and superior 
Educational Facilities, have led many persons to found here pleas- 
ant homes for retirement. Such considerations make this an at- 
tractive and valuable Location for those who have children to edu- 
cate, and who wish to exercise some supervision in their educational 
pursuits, during the period of student life. 

Grounds and Buildings. 

The Grounds, occupied by the Institution and its appendages, are 
naturally elevated, beautiful and fertile, being adapted to building sites, 
ornamental planting, botanical gardens, pai'ks, recreations, drives, and 
experimental and model cultivation. Their cultivation and special im- 
provements are limited, though some progress has been made in under- 
drainage, grading, walks, and the planting of evergreen and forest trees. 
A map of the College Grounds, showing their extent and design, will soon 
be prepared. 

The buildings are of two kinds — those connected with the instruction 
and those for boarding purposes. 

Buildings for Instruction. — The main or central building was com- 
menced in the spring of 1862 and completed in IS&i, and dedicated Decem- 
ber 1st, 1864, the address being delivered by Hon. S. P. Chase, LL. D., a 
trustee of the College. The ground plan of this building is 116 feet long 
by 72 feet wide, three stories high above the large basement story, having 
an atic, clock and bell-tower; also connected with it is an observatory 
substantially built up of masonry, and adapted to both terrestial and 
celestial observations. The walls and partitions are constructed of over 
ten thousand cubic feet of stone and about a million brick; the cornices 
are iron and roofs slate. The building is symmetrical and has an elegant 
and substantial finish throughout, being designed for chapel, recitation 
and apparatus rooms, cabinets, laboratory-, department libraries, andjtwo 
literary halls, so constructed that they may be easily opened into one hall 
capable of seating over 2,000 persons. The value of this building at com- 
pletion was estimated, at $100,000 by the architect, Col. S. C. Porter, of 
Cleveland, 0. 

Some of the departments of instruction, including the Museum, being 
in buildings and apartments too limited, it is proposed to erect the com- 
ing season, "a new and capacious Museum Building, containing gymna- 
sium, library and several experimental, recitation and other rooms." A 
considerable portion of the funds have been subscribed by the citizens; 
and, if the balance is speedily secured, this building will be erected im- 
mediately on a beautiful site a few rods from the central building, the 
proposed cost of erection being $50,000. 

The trustees have resolved to advance the Commercial Department to 
the broader basis of an Industrial College, requiring its removal to a more 
"commodious and widely separated building, containing rooms for a 
superior industrial museum, etc.," and perhaps requiring enlarged grounds 
for an industrial farm, or other illustrative purposes. A considerable 
amount has been subscribed to purchase, for this purpose, the building 
known as the Alliance College, a large, substantial, nearly new, well- 
planned and finished edifice; it being beautifully located on an elevated 
and commanding campus, in plain view of the central building, and dis- 
about a mile. 



BuiLDtNGS FOfi, i3oARDiNG. — In 1864 the main building previoilsly occil- 
pied by the College for instruction, was reconstructed, with the view of 
aiding to accommodate students with furnished rooms and economical 
boarding facilities. 

in 1866, a new, substantial and tasteful Boarding Hall was erected and 
properly completed and furnished. Its ground plan is 135 feet long by 
47 feet wide; four stories high above the large basement story. On the 
principal floors seventy-six pleasant rooms are constructed. Each room 
has a sejjarate entrance, and is well ventilated and properly arranged for 
warming, light and other conveniences. Some groups or suits of rooms 
are conveniently arranged to accommodate several students from the 
same family, as brothers and sisters. The first or basement story is 
adapted to cooking and dining rooms, laundry, bath rooms, etc. The 
walls and partitions are made of stone and brick, and the roofs of slate, 
being, like tlie central and other buildings, approximately fire-proof. 
The architect, Col. S. C. Porter, of Cleveland, estimated the value of this 
building at $50.0(.K3, exclusive of the furniture and of the large addition to 
the grounds purchased at the time of its erection. 

Table-board for six hundred students, if desired, can be here furnished 
at cost, on the co-operative plan. Students can rent the rooms unfur- 
nished, fully or partly furnished, and board where and as they prefer. 

Each of these buildings is under the superintendence of a suitable 
family, appointed by the College to see that the students are properly 
cared for as in home-life. A separate portion of this building is designed 
to accommodate lady students with good rooms as retired and enjoyable 
as in a private family. 

The sole object of erecting or keeping up these halls is to aid in carry- 
ing out the following 

PLAN OF BOARDING. 

1st. The College regulates the price of Students' board, (their 
chief expense,) and keeps it at certain moderate rates, by erecting 
Buildings and supplying Rooms, Furniture, Table-board and Fa- 
cilities for Club, Co-operative or Self-boarding, to the students who 
apply for any or all of these, at such published prices as will simply 
cover current cost of board and repairs — no charges being made for 
capital, buildings, or other permanent improvements required. 

2d. Many Citizens are providing Facilities above mentioned, at 
about the prices established in College Buildings. 

3d. Other families supply Dining-rooms, Furniture, etc., and 
cook for a " Club," whose members pay (pro rata) a reasonable price 
for the cost of provisions, services, use of Dining-room and Furni- 
ture. 

4th. Some students rent Rooms and Furniture, and Board 
themselves — the numerous provision stores, bakeries and other 
markets, both in Mount Union and Alliance, being constantly sup- 
plied with an abundance of fresh articles, so extensively produced 
in the surrounding community, thus making it easy to obtain any 
kind of provisions delivered at lowest prices. 

Students can choose board, with fully or partly furnished rooms 
in the same house ; or rent a room, unfurnished, partly or fully fur- 



Dished, and board where and how they may prefer, at the published 
prices for each item chosen. 

The College, by regulating these prices, thus guarantees a great 
saving to students, on the usual average price of Rooms and Board 
at other Colleges of like advantages. Students are allowed to room 
or board where they prefer, restricted only by good order. 

The lowest total Expense per term or year, rather than transi- 
tory prices of minor items, is the matter con.sidered. The tuition 
or term fee varies but little in Colleges ; but prices of Rooms, 
Board and Incidentals, differ greatly in different places, because, if 
left mainly to private individuals, they unite and pledge themselves 
to certain prices with a view to their own profit. Colleges cannot reg- 
ulate prices of Rooms and Board, and keep these down, without care- 
ful management, and vast outla3's for Buildings and Boarding Fa- 
cilities. Few Colleges are willing to take such responsibilities. 

Property and Title;^. 

The property of the College has been obtained chiefly by donation, and 
is all in good condition and permanently secured to the College by good 
titles in fee simple, being free from all encumbrances. The College owes 
no debts except on account of erecting the Boarding Hall in 1866, which 
indebtedness, however, is all provisionally arranged for. 

<](rants and Endowments. 

1. The original grant under which the College was chartered was 
donated by 0. N. Hartshorn December 12th, 1857, embracing, as appraised 
in the recorded schedule, all the property previously used bj' the Institu- 
tion, including the grounds buildings, furniture, cabinets, apparatus, 
implements, specimens, etc., and by him, as required by the State, con- 
veyed in fee simple to the College as a body corporate and politic. 

2. A series of grants by Professors 0. N. Hartshorn, Ira 0. Chapman 
and Geo. W. Clark, denoted by them in equal amounts from 1859 to 18(J4, 
chiefly in monej' for purchasing ai>paraius, including the telescope — 
estimated at $8,200. 

3. A grant of about eight acres of additional College p^rounds donated 
by,W. A. Nixon and varions others, deeded to the CoUeere December 25th, 
1861. 

i. A grant of six hundred and thirty acres of land, donated by a 
friend of education, and deeded to the College November 15th, 1864. 

5. A series of donations by divers persons, including many generous 
contributions of citizens in the vicinity of Mt. Union and Alliance, of 
the means for erecting on the College grounds in 1862 and '64, the main 
or central building, its value being estimated by the Architect, Col. Porter, 
of Cleveland, at $100,000, 

6. A series of donations, chiefly by the students, made prior to 1866, 
for procuring books for the libraries of the Republican and Linnaean 
Literary Societies and furniture for their halls — estimated at $6,300. 

7. Various conditional subscriptions amounting to $34,000 by divers 
persons, reported March 186Q. 



8. A few small grants in 1866, to apply on erecting the Boarding Hall 
and purchasing ten new pianos, and a large addition to the College 
grounds. 

9. Subscriptions reported at $20,250.25, by divers persons, made at 
and prior to the Commencement, June 21st, 1866, among which was a 
donation of $500 by D. W. C. Longshore, of East Fairfield, 0. 

10. The donation of $25,000 made October 4th, 1866, by Lewis Miller, 
of Akron, 0., endowing the Professorship of Philosophy and Astronomy. 

11. The donation of $25,000 made October 4th, 1866, by C. Aultman, of 
Canton, 0., endowing the Professorship of Mathematics and Civil Engi- 
neering. 

12. The donation of $25,000 made October 4th, 1866, by Jacob Miller, of 
Canton, 0., endowing the Professorship of Moral and iVIental Philosophy. 

13. The donation of $1,000 made October 4th, 1866, by Miss Libbie 
Aultman, daughter of C. Aultman, of Canton, 0. 

14. Donations amounting to $2,375.25 made October 4th, 1866, by citizens 
of Canton, 0-, among which was a donation of $500 by H. R. Wise. 

15. Grants of land at sundry times by different persons. 

16. Grants of money and material prior to 1874 by divers persons, for 
specific improvements, chiefly libraries, furniture and improvement of 
grounds — $500 beinac subscribed in books by W. A. Ingham, of Cleveland, 0. 

17. Munificent grants for the Museum repeatedly made by a few liberal 
patrons of the College — the value of the Museum being estimated at 
$251,000. A history of the Museum will be published upon the completion 
of a new Museum Building. 

18. A munificent grant of an extensive silver mine in Arizona, donated 
to the College March 23d, 1876, by Col. Wm. G. Boyle, of London, England. 
Col. Boyle, being a Civil Engineer, also a member of the Geological and 
Chemical Societies of London, has devoted the past twenty years in test- 
ing and superintending silver mines in our Western Territories. 

19. A munificent grant of a large silver mine in Montana Territory, 
near Bannoc City, donated to the College, April 13t'i, 1876, by James 
Hammond, a resident of Bannoc City. Mr. Hammond lias spent the past 
twenty-five years as a practical civil engineer and manager of silver 
mines along the Rocky Mountain Range. Both this and the Arizona mine 
have been worked, and the silver ore has proved to be of excellent quality, 
specimens of each being in the Colleg; Museum. 

All money or property donated to the College, with all interests or 
proceeds therefrom, instead of being used to pay professors or other 
current expenses, have, in all instances, been applied to increase the 
permanent improvements and facilities for the benefit of students. 

The income to the College of the small tuition or term fee, averaging to 
a student in the several departments only fifteen dollars per term, on an 
average attendance in the departments of 495 students — about the number 
of students now in the departments — is equal to the income of interest, at 
the rate of six per cent, per annum, on a permanent moneyed endowment 
fund derived from scholarships, or donation, of $495,000. 



Origin and Karly History. 

As the purling rivulet, issuing from some perennial spring, 
gradually carves its channel through flinty rocks, and enlarges 
its current by each additional streamlet, forming at length a 



majestic river, whose lucid waters, in their onward course, widen 
and deepen by accessions from a thousand noble tributaries ; so has 
Mount Union College providentially taken its humble origin, and 
has regularly progressed in appointments, permanent improvements 
and usefulness, by constantly developing, through voluntary agen- 
cies, its fundamental objects of integral culture, until it has largely 
gained a distinguished position in the confidence and aifections of 
the American people, its patronage having aggregated over twelve 
thousand different students, coming from thirty-four States and 
Territories. 

The Institution was first organized as a small Semiaary, with six 
students, October 20, 184(J, at Mt. Union, Ohio, by 0. N. Harts- 
horn. In a few days the number increased to twenty, consisting of 
young men and ladies residing in the village and neighborhood, and 
five students from a distance, who had attended the public schools 
which he previously had taught. These five students hired rooms 
and employed a family to furnish utensils and cook the provisions 
which they furnished, the teacher and some others boarding in the 
same " club." A simple yet efficient system of self-government was 
adopted. Voluntary classes were soon formed in the Common 
Branches ; also in Algebra, Geometry. Latin, Natural and Mental 
Philosophy, Chemistry, History, Astronomy, Music, Physiology, and 
in Social and Physical Culture. In addition to some Appara- 
tus and Natural Specimens owned by the Teacher, other simple 
Apparatus was extemporized and Specimens collected, as needed 
for illustrating and applying the studies. The Instituiion was pro- 
visionally organized with a broad or cosmic, yet a simple and " dis- 
tinctive plan," designed to be impartially and progressively adapted 
to the true educational needs of the people — it being provided that 
the Institution was to be voluntary and Christian, not sectarian or 
partisan ; also to be internally self-supporting, chiefly from a 
moderate tuition or term fee of three to five dollars per month, as a 
partial equivalent for the illustrative integral instruction, and ex- 
ternally supported by represeatative free-will offerings. 

In the fourth week of this first' term, there was regularly organ- 
ized, as a permanent Department of the Institution, a Literary So- 
ciety, subsequently named the " liepublican Literary Society," 
whose object was the promotion of Literature, Friendship and 
Morality. As in the Institution, so in this Society, both sexes were 
admitted to equal membership on precisely the same terms. Its 
sessions, like those ol the lustitutiuu, were at all times to be open 



and free to visitors, and conducted every Friday evening during each 
term, in an orderly, profitable and spirited manner. 

The interesting fact decisive of the first determination and sys- 
tematic eflforts resulting in founding the Institution, and the first 
definite public statement of its proposed character, will be better 
understood by accurately relating 

The Memorable Event. 

In the fall of 1846, shortly before organizing, while endeavoring 
to remove the general apathy, certain opposition to the plan arose. 
The efforts to overcome either the apathy or the opposition, seemed 
fruitless. It was finally decided to call a public meeting to discuss 
the plan. This meeting being held October 4th, 1846, in the public 
school building — John Hair, senior, presiding — there was by citizens 
a free and earnest discussion of the plan, touching the leading points 
of the proposed " fundamental objects." Some, also, objected, on 
the ground that the enterprise was too great, consequently a humbug ; 
or, if possible under liberal State patronage or other munificent 
support, that the rural life of the Teacher, having been raised the 
son of a common farmer in the adjacent neighborhood, would dis- 
qualify him for so protracted confinement, and for the clear and 
persevering thought and devotion requisite to inaugurate or develop 
the plan. The teacher, having been invited to be present and partici- 
pate, was pleasantly introduced by the Chairman ; and kindly re- 
plied, briefly submitting and illustrating the following distinctive 
features of the plan : — 

" An Institution, whose plan embraces these fundamental objects, 
is likely to meet with honest and persistent opposition, and will, at 
first, be small, arduous and of slow growth. There will, however, 
soon commence somewhere, and gradually develop, as God may 
open the way and raise up generous and eSicient helpers, a superior 
Institution for the People, where any person of either sex may 
economically obtain illustrative integral instruction in all studies, 
from those taught in our common schools, to those needed to qualify 
students for any department of society, or industrial pursuit. From 
the farmer's country home and the mechanic's or merchant's cot- 
tage, rather than from the palace, come those of sound mind and 
body, who, by force of will and thought, prove themselves the 
pioneers and persevering laborers in the arduous and usually thank- 
less work of true reform, national weal and human elevation. 

" Integral culture, that is, the education of the whole man, is neces- 
sary to the observaqce of the laws of our phi'sical, intellectual, social 



and moral being, consequently, to individual happiness and public 
welfare. All youth of either sex, and of whatever rank or condi- 
tion, have a natural and equal right to the full and harmonious 
education of all their faculties — physical, intellectual, affectional 
and volitive — no person being endowed by the Creator with a super- 
fluous power or susceptibility. We should begin and properly train 
not merely the intellect, which is less than a third of the faculties, 
but each group and class of faculties in their natural order, so as to 
round out the character and fit the student for the varied duties of life. 

" The school is a community, and should be a model of the so- 
ciety for which it is to prepare and fit the minds of its members. 
The sexes are designed properly to live together in the same com- 
munity, and should be educated accordingly. The vast amount of 
unproductive (because uneducated) labor, expended in the agricul- 
tural, manufacturing and other industrial pursuits, requires new de- 
partments and courses of elective studies. The need for better 
teaching in our public schools, renders normal departments and sys- 
tematic normal training a necessity. School government should be 
such that all the faculties — intellectual, aflFectional and volitive — 
act promptly, voluntarily and harmoniously. The indispensable 
matter of wholesome and economical boarding, with proper aids to 
the self-support of students, needs wise attention and generous ex- 
penditures for facilities. The true demands of our nature and 
country, require in superior Institutions, truer modes of living and 
more improved methods of instruction and courses of study, than 
those so arbitrarily prescribed centuries ago. 

"Next to modernized courses of study, moral, JBsthetic and in- 
tegral culture, and to thoroughly qualified and reliable teachers, suit- 
able apparatus and specimens for fully illustrating and applying the 
principles of Science, are most necessary to a student's success, 
enabling him easily and quickly to acquire and permanently to retain 
proper discipline and knowledge. While general courses of study 
should be duly prescribed for those who will take them ; there should 
be allowed liberty in the choice of studies, with provision for suita- 
ble elective and special courses, prominence being given to the order 
and methods of test.Gh.ing practical studies. Students also need the 
wisest, most afiectiouate and timely aids or incentives in voluntarily 
forming proper habits, especially as to their morals, social relations, 
manners, thoroughness, promptness, self-reliance, self-government, 
industry, economy, and an intelligent and honest observance of all the 
laws of their being. Those endovred with the greatest capacities, rise 
from the mass of humanity, and belong to the industrious ranks. 



Voluntary, conscientious and adequate thought, feeling and action, 
are essential to integral education, or the full and symmetrical cul- 
ture of all the faculties, so indispensable in the development of true 
character. But the Schools of the land, from the lowest to the 
highest, only undertake to educate chiefly the intellect, (less 
than a third of the faculties); hence the signal failure to round out 
the character, and prepare the student for life's actual duties. 

" Every person should have educational opportunities, as extensive 
and varied as his capacities. The fact of bestowment, is God's per- 
sonal command to each person to educate symmetrically, as a human 
being, all his faculties, to their full capabilities ; also His solemn 
warrant for us to begin at once, and gradually develop the funda- 
mental objects of this plan, by progressively supplying to students, 
as He may help, the highest quality and quantity of educational 
opportunities in our power. The Institution should be patriotic 
and Christian, not sectarian or partisan ; and as free to all as possible. 
Internally it should be largely self-supporting, and externally by 
representative free-will offerings, in order to adapt it progressively to 
the true needs of the people. Aesthetic, industrial, social and moral 
culture should be promoted, as in a well-regulated family home. Also, 
let the Institution receive a name expressive of the idea and inten- 
tion of uniting the people, on the philanthropic principle of voluntary 
patriotic Christian unity, through a common interest and just repre- 
sentation for the common good by offering equal advantages to all 
with preference to none, in persevering efforts for the united or in- 
tegral education of all the faculties of the common mind." 

After a few lively replies to these proposed distinctive features, 
and some definite expressions of a willingness that the plan be 
tested, the meeting adjourned, with the opinions of the mass of citi- 
zens unchanged ; though out of the previous chaos of apathy and 
opposition, by means of the thoughtful and honest agitations and 
efforts introduced at this meeting, resulted the orderly steps which 
gradually led, both to a better understanding of the true principles 
on which it was designed to found and conduct the Institution, and 
to the arduous work of successfully inaugurating and managing its 
first and succeeding sessions. 

Earlj Facts awd Results. 

The first term having expired, the second session, without an in- 
tervening vacation, was commenced, in February, 1847, in the same 
"factory building," with about the same students and classes. During 
this term numerous citizens, also many teachers from adjoining 
communities, visited the Institution or Literary Society. The first 



academic year closed in the ensuing spring, with a public examina- 
tion of all the classes, and a musical and literary entertainment. 

The second school year commenced in the fall of 1847, with 
twenty-five students, the same general plan and classes being con - 
tinued with a few additional studies. The factory building being 
otherwise used, there had been fitted up for the purpose, during the 
preceding vacation, apartments in a large but unfinished building, 
denominated " People's Meeting House." Some additional appara- 
tus and specimens were procured for illustrative teaching. After 
patient thought and labor, the second academic year closed in the 
ensuing spring of 1848, with the usual examinations, and a public 
literary performance, by the members of the Literary Society. 

Soon after commencing the fall session of 1849, the teacher, 0. 
N. Hartshorn, being a classical graduate, in cursu, of Allegheny 
College, in the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, having also been 
a student three years at another Institution, organized, in addition 
to the previous studies, classes in Ureek, French and Grerman, also 
additional branches in mathematics, natural science and literature, 
with book-keeping, logic and rhetoric. Towards the close of the 
preceding vacation, the teacher had purchased, and caused to be 
completed and furnished, the large building last used. In a few 
weeks, he also purchased some choice additions to the nucleus of 
mineralogical and geological cabinets, philosophical, chemical and 
astronomical apparatus, mathematical implements, and of historical, 
geographical, botanical and physiological collections. He also em- 
ployed two competent assistant teachers. The students, registered 
during this session on the rolls of the Institution, technically de- 
nominated " Mount Union Seminary," numbered sixty-two. Du- 
ring the following winter session, the students numbered sixty -eight, 
about one-fourth being ladies. The Literary Society, first organized 
November 20, 1846, having enrolled as its regular or attending 
members nearly all the students, was, December 15, 1849, 
named the "Republican Literary Society of Mount Union Semina- 
ry." In the earlier history of this Society, in addition to the 
regular performances in declamation, composition, instrumental and 
vocal music, debate and criticisms, half an hour was appropriated 
to the exciting exercises of competitive spelling. The ensuing 
spring and summer sessions showed a large increase ot advanced 
students from a distance. This academic year was continued with- 
out any vacation between the terms, and closed with its summer 
session July 4th, 1850, by the students devoting the whole day, in 
the presence of a great concourse of people, to a literary and musi- 



eai entertaiDtnent, held in a large and beautiful grove, near the 
Seminary building. 

During the ensuing summer vacation, some special arrangements 
were made to accommodate the students from a distance, with fur- 
nished rooms and wholesome and economical boarding. 

First I¥orinal Orgauiziition. 

During the spring, summer and fall sessions of 1850, many of 
the students, having taught public school the preceding winter, 
felt, as did a number of others, the need of special and thorough 
preparation for the responsible work of teaching. In order to meet 
this demand, there was organized, at the opening of the fall term, 
August 26, 1850, a Normal Department. The leading provisions for 
this Department, including the Teacher's Course of study, were 
published in the Annual Catalogue for this Academic year, in 
connection with the provisions and courses of study in the Classi- 
cal, Scientific and Musical Departments. During the ensuing win- 
tar session, there was in attendance a large number of lady stu- 
dents, who, having taught public school during the previous sum- 
mer, desired also to enter this Normal Department. 

The public demand for better qualified teachers regularly in- 
creased ; consequently, this Normal Department continued to grow 
rapidly in both numbers and usefulness ; and received the personal 
superintendence and instruction of the Principal of the Institution ; 
two additional assistant Teachers having been employed in other 
Departments. Didactics, or the Science and Art of Teaching, was 
combined with integral culture, and with plain illustrations and 
applications of each of the common branches, by means of such 
simple apparatus, instruments, maps and natural specimens, as 
could easily be obtained and used in all common schools. The call 
for trained Teachers at greatly improved wages, so increased, that 
usually a large number of students earned enough by teaching 
during the winter season, to defray their entire expenses during the 
chief portion of the academic year. 

A Critical Juncture. 

In the spring of 1851, the attendance of advanced students from 
a distance greatly and unexpectedly increased. This increased de- 
mand for illustrative integral instruction, so providentially made 
upon the Institution, greatly transcended its existing means of 
supply. Additional Apparatus and Specimens, enlarged Grounds, 
and new Buildings, were immediately needed. While some citizens 
were apathetic, others were divided as to any plan for raising the 



necessary funds. Extraordinary eflForts, under discouraging obsta- 
cles and opposition, were patiently and perseveringly put forth, and 
divinely blest. Soon there was purchased (chiefly from proceeds 
of tuition,) additional amounts to form good sets of Apparatus for 
illustrating and applying the principles of Natural Philosophy, 
Chemistry, Astronomy, Geography and Physiology ; also additional 
Mathematical Instruments, Maps, Cabinets of Minerals, Botanical 
and Geological Specimens. 

A new and commodious two story building, forty-five by sixty 
feet, was, in the spring of 1851, erected on an elevated and beautiful 
site of two additional acres, and properly finished and furnished — 
the funds for its erection being subscribed by citizens, on the plan 
that one-half be donated, and the other half be refunded in tuition. 
Two commodious buildings were generously erected and furnished 
by Robert R. Hilton, to accommodate students with good rooms and 
economical boarding. 

"The Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Mount Union 
Seminary, for the academic year ending July ith, 1851, together 
with the Courses of Study, Conditions, etc., printed by Gotshall & 
Martin, Canton, Ohio.," showed the attendance, (with the names, 
residences and classifications,) of 211 different students, and the 
particulars concerning the Institution. 

The accessibility of the Institution was greatly improved this 
year, by the construction (forming the junction at Alliance, two 
miles distant,) of the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago, and the 
Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Wheeling, Railroads. 

Accessions of the early and Alumni Professors. 

When regularly occupying the new Building at the begin- 
ning of the regular fall term of 1851, Ira O. Chapman- 
having in the preceding July, classically graduated, in. curm, 
at Allegheny College, in the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, and hav- 
ing taught one term in the Institution the preceding winter — was 
elected, September 1, 1851, Professor of Mathematics and As- 
tronomy. 

George W. Clarke, being a classical graduate, in ciirsn, in the 
Degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, was elected August 
25th, 1854, Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages and 
Literature. 

E. N. Hartshorn,— having been a student of the Institution since 
its origion in 18IG, and having taught two or three classes each 
term, and having (like some others of the students) nearly com- 



pleted a full college classical course, — was elected, in January 1857, 
Professor of Natural Science. 

Mrs. Jane Weston Chapman, having been a student for six years, 
and graduating in the scientific course with the class of '58, was 
elected in 1857, Professor of Designing, Painting and Drawing, occu- 
pying the chair with marked ability and honor until her decease, 
April 2, 18(i4 ; the chair since being successively occupied by J. W. 
McAbe, De. Scott Evans, and L. S. Harrison. 

James A. Brush, having been a student for seven years, and 
graduating in the scientific course with the class of '60, and in the 
classical course with the class of '63, was elected, March 10, 1865, 
Professor of Natural Science, Literature, Logic and Political 
Economy. 

H. S. Leland, who graduated in the classical course with the 
class of '66, was elected, August 20, 1865, Professor of Instrumen- 
tal Music ; and resigning his professorship in July, 1872, was suc- 
ceeded by the election, in August, 1872, of William Armstrong, a 
graduate of instrumental and vocal music under Professor Henry 
C. Cooper, leader of the Philharmonic Society of Loadon, England. 

Theodore Armstrong, having been a student during six years, 
and graduating in the scientific course with the class of '70, and 
in the classical course with the class of '71, was elected in 1869, 
Professor of Penmanship and Physiology. 

J. B. York, having been a student for four years and gradua- 
ting in the scientific course with the class of '64, also Miss Sarah 
Rexroth, having been a student for some years and subsequently 
graduating in the scientific course with the class of "72, occupied 
in succession the chair of Modern Languages ; they being succeed- 
ed by Gustave A. Scherf, A. M., who was elected, August 25, 1868, 
Professor of the German and French Languages and Literature, which 
he occupied with distinguished ability until his decease, April 1, 
1875, being followed by Prof. C. F. Stokey. 

B. U. Jacob, having been a student during four j^ears, and gradu- 
ating in the classical course with the class of '71, was elected in 
February, 1872, Curator of the Museum. 

H. D. Gould, having been a student during four years, and grad- 
uating, December, 1871, in the commercial and actual business 
course, was elected, March 4, 1872, Professor of Book-Keeping, 
Commercial Calculations and Correspondence and Phonetics. 

G. W. Waughop, having also been a student of Mount Union 
College, and gi'aduatiog in the Philosophic course with the class of 
'75, was elected, August 25, 1875, Professor of the Languages and 
Natural Science. 



Also, several Alumni of the College have been employed, at sun- 
dry times, as Assistant Professors, as follows: A. Baker, in He- 
brew ; Miss Matilda Hindman, in Literature and Mathematics ; 
G. Hester, in Chemistry; J. W. Gillespie, in Instrumental and Vo- 
cal Music ; A. E. Ward, in Natural Science and Mathematics; S. 
F. DeFord, in Natural Science and Mathematics; A. W. Helden- 
braud, in Penmanship and Booli-Keepiug ; JoKiah Williams, in 
Natural Science, Literature and Language ; N. Anthony, in Pen- 
manship ; Miss Hattie C. Clark, in Designing, Painting and Draw- 
ing : J. Wooldridge, in Penmanship; [. T. Osmond, in Natural 
Science and Literature ; Miss Lla M. Clark, in Instrumental Music. 
Other regular Professors, not Almuni of the College, were 
elected as the increasing demands required, and their names and 
titles, as members of the Faculty, like the names and titles of all 
the preceding or succeeding assistant Professors or Teachers and 
non-resident Lecturers, were duly published in the respective An- 
nual Catalogues. 

Orgaiiizatiou of the liiiin»>au Literary ^iociety. 

It being suggested by the Faculty to divide the Republican Lite- 
rary Society equally, owing to its increased numbers, such a motion 
was unanimously adojited by the Society, and one-half of the 
members were, at their own request, honorably dismissed; 
and they regularly organized April 20, 1854, the Linna^an Literary 
Society, receiving from the other Society an equal portion of 
its furniture, books, and other property. These two Literary So- 
cieties were constituted coordinate departments of the Institution, 
and separate halls were appropriated to their use. 

First l'ataIo;;iie ol the College. 

Early in 1S58, there was published the Annual Catalogue of 
Mount Union College, for the academic year 1857-8 ; showing, in 
that year, an actual attendance of 361 different students, with their 
names, residences, classifications, and the following summary : — 
Seniors,?; Juniors, 13 ; Sophomores, 39 ; Freshiaen, 25 ; Normal, 
255; Music, 11(1 ; Fine Arts, 10; Preparatory, 22 ; average daily at- 
tendance, 197; of whom 92 were ladies, distributed nearly propor- 
tionately in each of the above Classes ; also showing the exercised 
offices of the following Faculty : Rev. 0. N. Hartshorn, A. M., Pres- 
ident, and Professor of Didactics, Mental Science and Political Econ- 
omy; Ira 0. Chapman, A. M., Vice President, and Professor of 
Mathematics and Astronomy ; Geo. W. Clarke, A. M, Secretary, and 
Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature; E. N. Hartshorn, 



A. B., Professor of Natural Science ; J. B. York, Professor of Ger- 
man Language and Elementary Branches; J. W. Gillespie, A. B., 
and Miss M. Whitcomb, Teachers of Music on Piano, Melodeon, 
&c.; Mrs. Jane W. Chapman, B. S., Professor of Drawing, Painting 
in Oil, Mono-Chromatic, &c.; Albert Baker, A. B., Assistant Teacher 
of Hebrew ; Miss Matilda Hindman, A. B., Assistant Teacher of 
Mathematics ; Geo. Hester, A. B., Assistant Teacher of Chemistry ; 
W. P. Cooper, Teacher of Penmanship; A. W. HeldenbranH, 
Teacher of Book-keeping ; Werren P. Edgarton, Teacher of Elo- 
cution ; T S. Lambert, M. D., Lecturer on Physology ; J). Vaughn, 
A. M., Lecturer on Natural Science — together with Officers of the 
Board of Trustees, consisting of 0. N. Hartshorn, President; T. 
O. Chapman, Secretary ; E. N. Hartshorn, Auditor ; and G. W. 
Clarke, Treasurer ; also Committee of Visitors and Examiners, 
coDsisting of Rev. D. P. Mitchell ; Ephraim Ball, Esq ; Rev. W. 
A. Davidson, A. M. ; David Arter, M. D. ; Prof. John Ogden, A. 
M., of Columbus ; and Prof. Andrew Freese, A. M., of Cleveland. 
This first Catalogue of the College, (like the seven preceding An- 
nual Catalogues of the Seminary, and the eighteen succeeding cat- 
alogues of the College,) contained also a synopsis of the provisions, 
the courses of study, a list of the text books, and a description of its 
location, apparatus, normal and musical departments, literary socie- 
ties, boarding arrangements, rates of tuition, calendar. &c. 

From the first step to secure the College Charter, up to the preseut date, 
(April 15th, 1876), full and satisfactory records of all the proceedings 
and transactions of the College have been properly and accurately made 
and kept by its proper officers in substantially bound Journals, which, 
with all necessary papers, titles, documents and full files of all the annual 
catalogues, daily registers, regulations, rolls, reports, etc., are accessible 
at the otfice of the College, including all proceedings of the Tiustees ami 
Faculty, charter, registry of donations and bequests; also the deeds to the 
real estate which are all legally and properly executed in fee simple to 
Mount Union College, and recorded in the proper County Records. 

Mtiideuts and Selt-gO¥ernineDt. 

The former Students, like those since, were not usually from 
large towns and cities, but chiefly consisted of young men and 
ladies from rural life, who, having early formed habits of integrity, 
industry, economy, and self-reliance, possessed sound minds and 
bodies, force of character, and strong convictions of duty to be- 
come integrally qualified for a positively useful life. They ex- 
perienced no difficulty in cheerfully governing themselves, in con- 
formity with wholesome regulations. Membership in the Iqstitu-: 



lion as Students, like the membership of Patrons, Professors or 
Trustees, has been from the first, wholly voluntary, and mutually 
responsible and beneficent. 

Self-government from the student, honest, voluntary and prompt, 
in conformity to published provisions, founded in Truth and Right, 
has always been the rule of this Institution. Its privileges are offer- 
ed only on these conditions. It makes this self-government a chief 
consideration in receiving the student, as the accomplishment of the 
objects of his attendance and the welfare of the community depend 
upon it. A student wilfully neglecting to govern himself in con- 
formity with stipulated provisions, being guilty of a breach of con- 
ti'act, forfeits his privileges. As the student voluntarily and 
freely accepts the conditions, his honor and his best interests call 
upon him to stand by his agreement. In this he is aided by kind 
and experienced Professors. Each of these seeks to gain and hold 
the personal friendship of each student; and, in the light of a broader 
life-experience, to counsel, encourage and lead in all right ways. 
The disciplinary provisions, few and simple, appeal to the Student's 
honor, self-respect, sense of right, and of personal responsibility. 
This plan of self-government removes the traditional antagonism 
between professors and students ; cultivates honor, freedom, frank- 
ness, teachableness and self-control ; begets a filial regard for the 
Institution, a love for integral culture, and a genuine trust in the 
Leader of us all. 

<Jhi*istian but uot ^ectariuu or Partisan : Jiourees 
of Patronage and Control. 

The patrons and friends of Mount Union College regard it as its chief 
glory that it was founded in faith and prayer, and that God has as sig- 
nally owned the earnest efiForts impartially made here to promote refined 
and healthful habits, honorable conduct and pure religion, as to advance 
sound learning. The Institution is designed to be both patriotic and 
Christian, but in no sense sectarian or partisan. The Chapel exercises, 
which immediately precede a short literary lecture and mutual business 
meeting of faculty and students followed by the daily recitations, consist 
simply in brief reading the Scriptures, singing and prayer, and are 
cheerfully attended and conducted by the professors and students, with- 
out a chaplain, and without conforming to any particular creed or form 
of worship. 

Equal advantages are earnestlj' proffered to all persona, parties or re- 
ligious denominations, with preference to none; and all protestant de- 
nominations and other liberal classes of people, are voluntarily and gen- 
erously patronizing the College, with both influence and students. No 
particular resolutions or action have been formally taken with respect to 



patronizing the Institution bj^ any religious body, except the Pittsburgh 
.and West Virginia Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. The patronage extended to the College by these Conferences, is 
cordial and generous. Any candid person, religious denomination, or 
benevolent organization, is cordially and impartially otFeved the oppor- 
tunity of being a patron, in either a limited or the fullest sense. Students 
are not asked or diiferently treated, concerning their religious, political 
or other proper personal relations or opinions. 

Any patron, donating funds for the growth of the College, may vote for 
the election of trustees, and through the trustees as their representatives, 
have a just voice in the election of professors and in the control and 
management of the Institution, to be exercised in harmony with the 
charter and state and national law, and in proportion to the funds re- 
ceived by the College from a patron, one vote for the election of each 
trustee being by the charter granted to a patron for every twenty-five 
dollars thus contributed. 

The almuni and former student s of the College are also becoming, un- 
der this general and liberal provision, generous tinancial patrons, and 
accordingly are exercising an equitable voice in the election of trustees, 
with judicious results. 

They who have voluntarily made the most liberal sacrifices of funds 
for its substantial growth, have proved themselves also the most generous 
in their sacrifices of time, labor and preferences, by co-operating heartily 
and efficiently with all who truly have at heart the good of the Institu- 
tion, and are discreetly exercising their infiueuce to advance its perma- 
nent growth and widest usefulness. It was designed to found for the 
united or integral culture of the masses a progressive College, on the 
philanthropic princi])le of voluntary patriotic Christian unity; and this 
idea has ever since been faithfully carried out in the spirit of the origi- 
nal intention, no particular person, denomination or association having 
at any time claimed or attempted to control the election of trustees or 
faculty, or management of the Institution. 

Plan of Ediiealion and Admission or students. 

The Plan of education, on which this Institution is distinctively 
based, may be understood from its " fundamental objects" and other 
foregoing facts. 

The practical workings of the Plan — as carried out in the General, 
Elective and Special Courses of Study, including the branches, text, 
books, and distinctive methods of teaching and management of the 
Departments, with the attendance and classifications of students, 
the true results and actual work of the Faculty, and the acquisi- 
tion of apparatus and representative specimens for thorough inte- 
gral instruction, — may also be understood from the following facts. 

Any persons of good moral character may be admitted to the priv- 
ileges of a student, by voluntarily and honestly agreeing and con- 



forming to the provisions of the College. None are received under 
fourteen j'ears of age, unless committed to the special care of some 
member of the Faculty or approved citizen. 

Students may enter at any time, and pursue any studies for 
which they are qualified; and, whenever the course in any depart- 
ment is thoroughly completed, may graduate and receive the cor- 
responding Degrees and Diplomas. The disciplinary provisions, 
few and simple, appeal to the student's self-respect, sense of right 
and personal responsibility. Ladies are admitted to any depart- 
ment, course of study and other privilege, upon precisely the same 
conditions as gentlemen. 

Students who have not studied latin or greek, are admitted 
to regular and proper standing in the college classes, when equiva- 
lent acquirements in mathematics, literature and natural sciences 
can be shown ; also, in other respects, the Institution is designed 
to be adapted to the public school system of the country, and to 
the true spirit of the age. 

The regular college year is divided into three Terms — Fall, 
Spring and Summer. Students who teach in the Winter, desire 
three Sessions (instead of tiro), between the closing of their schools 
about the last of February, and the beginning of their next schools 
in November. 

This arrangement of Spring, Summer and Fall Terms, beginning 
on the laM Tuesday of February, middle of May, and laat Tuesday 
of August, enables students both to attend these regular Terms, 
and to defray their college expenses during the entire college year, 
by teaching public school during the winter, without losing time 
or falling behind their classes. A special Winter Term, beginning 
the last Tuesday in November, accommodates students not teaching 
in the winter. 

If a student need be absent during the summer season, the Fall, 
Winter and Spring Terms will still give him opportunitj to do a 
college year's work ; or, if he attend all four terms, he can complete 
a four years' course, in three calendar years. 

The annual Commencement Exercises — including the public ex- 
aminations of all the classes, the reunion of former students, the 
baccalaureate sermon and annual address, the anniversary of the 
Almuoi Association, the annual meeting of the Trustees and Fac- 
ulty, the Seniors' graduating addresses, the President's baccalau- 
reate address, the conferring of Degrees and Diplomas, and the an- 
nual Contest Performances of the Republican and Linnean Literary 
Societies — take place during the third or fourth week in July. 



Methods ot Recitation, Lectures aiid Examinations. 

A characteristic feature of the College is its integral or logical 
Methods of Recitation, which awaken intei-est, develop energy, self- 
reliance, moral courage, comprehensive thought, power to observe, 
analyze, classify, reason and communicate ; and, at the same time, so 
exercise and discipline all the faculties, as to round out the charac- 
ter, and fit the student for the varied duties of life. 

A distinctive feature of the daily recitations is to illustrate and 
apply the principles of Science, Literature and the Arts, by means 
of Apparatus, Specimens, etc., — thus bringing in Nature to teach 
for us by things really existing, in addition to the text-books, ready 
use of chalk and black-board, and the magnetic power of voice, 
look, manner and sympathy of competent Instructors. 

Illustrative Integral Instruction fully and harmoniously develops 
and disciplines all the faculties of the student, awakens an intense 
love of classified knowledge, utilizes principles, and permanently pre- 
serves them in the memory, not in the " rote " or " memoriter " 
way, nor by mere " object-lessons " or other partial methods, but by 
properly exercising and cultivating each group and class of faculties, 
and by associating the phenomena and facts, (rendered visible by ex- 
periments, specimens, etc.) with their respective causes and effects. 

Courses of Lectures and Experiments, each term, on science, 
literary subjects and physical culture, receive due attention. Scien- 
tific excursions, as miueralogical, botanical, zoological, geological, 
surveying and engineering expeditions, etc., are frequent, and com- 
bine physical with social, moral and intellectual culture. 

In addition to the daily class instruction and scientific experi- 
ments and lectures by resident Professors who, being charged with 
the internal management, devote their whole time to teaching ; the 
College employs also a number of distinguished scholars and edu- 
cators, as non-resident members of the Faculty, who give (without 
additional charge to students) courses of useful instruction, in 
the form of popular scientific and practical lectures, on important 
branches in both the General and Special Courses. 

At the middle and close of each Term, there are written and oral 
examinations. In computing the final grades of a student, with a 
view to Graduation, his former average term-grades of scholarship 
and deportment, are combined with those resulting from final ex- 
aminations. No marking system, but actual and thorough recita- 
tions and examinations in each study form the basis for class-stand- 
ing and graduation. 

The examination-papers in each study are carefully inspected, 
rated, and permanently filed, for the future inspection of all, as are 
copies of the Junior and Senior Addresses. 



(iieneral Coursers of l^iii«ly Described. 

The ancient and modern Classical, the Liberal Literature and 
Arts, the Philosophical and the Scientific Courses, each arranged tor 
four years' work, constitute the General Courses. These are ar- 
ranged with a special view to integral culture, and are as extensive 
and thorough in every essential, as the corresponding Courses in 
the Colleges and Universities of this or European countries. 

While the course of study duly arranged in Liberal Literature 
and Arts, is equal to the corresponding course in any other Institu- 
tion, it has some features not usually found in this course, as 
Music and Fine Arts. Ladies may study and graduate in this, or in 
any other Course or Department of the College. 

Literary Exercises — ^^Composition, Declamation, Debate, Oration, 
Criticism — are required throughout the four General Courses; also 
in the EUctive, Preparatory, Normal and Teachers'. Latin and 
Greek, also German and French pvose-coHiposition, and thorough 
literary training, are required throughout their respective Courses. 

Equivalents, really such in both quality and amount, are ac- 
cepted for many of the branches named in the General Courses. 

A student, having pursued studies in any course before entering 
this College, will, (either by passing examination here, or by pre- 
senting a satisfactory certificate of his proficiency in such Studies 
from other qualified Teachers,) be permitted to take that position in 
the college classes, to which he is justly entitled. A student, with 
the consent of the Faculty, may change from one course to another, 
or from one study to another. 

Students, by proper industry, can complete either General Course, 
in four college years of three terms, and at the same time can earn 
(as many do) during the winter season by teaching, their col- 
lege expenses for the entire academic year. Others, by the ar- 
rangement of a Special Winter Term during the long vacation, can, if 
if they prefer, complete either general Course in three calendar years. 

The Special Courses are Normal, Music, Fine Arts, and Com- 
mercial or Industrial. 

Students in Elective Courses select their studies from the various 
Departments, with the understanding that they take only those 
studies for which they are prepared, and such as are arranged for the 
current term in some one of the General Courses. When the elected 
course is the full equivalent of a General Course, the College grants 
that Degree to which the Course pursued most nearly entitles the 
applicant. 

The Synchronistic View of the Studies in each of the General 
(jourses, is submitted on the next two pages, and is self-explant^tory, 



SYNCHRONISTIC VIEW of the COURSES AND 



Classical Course. 



Liberal 
Literature aud Arts. 





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iNat. Sci.— Meteorology, Brocklesby. 

Ijatin. — Caesar. 

(jreek^^Hadley^gJfrram, & Boice' s Lessons 
I Nat! Sci.— Zoology, Donaldson. 

Math.— Trigonometry, Ulney. 

Latin or ( Caesar's Commentaries, or 

German. (Comfort's German Grammar. 

Gree k.— H adley's Gram. & Boice's Lessons 

Nat. Sci.— Botany, Gray. 

Math.— Surveying &: Field Practice, Olney. 

Latin or I Cicero's Orations, or 

(ierman. I German Grammar, Comfort. 

Greek.— Xenophen's Anabasis. 



Nat. Sci. — Meteorology. 
Nat. Hist.— Physiology, Cutter. 
El ectives. — M usic or Fine Arts^ 
Nat. Sci. — Zoology, Donaldson. 
Physics. — Natural Philosophy. 
Electives-— Music or Fine Arts. 
Classics. — French or German. 





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Nat. Sci.— Astronomy, Brocklesby. 
Math.— Analytical Geometry, Olney. 
Latin or ; Horace, or 
German. I Comfort's German Reader. 
Greek or ( Xenophen's Anabasis, or 

Frepch . 1 Magill's F'rench^ Gramm ar. 

Nat. Sci.— Inorganic Chemistry, Wells. 

AX tu J Differential Calculus and its 

^^^'^ 1 Applications, Olney. 

Latin or ) Virgil, or 

German. \Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. 

Greek or f Xenophon's Anabasis, or 

Frenc h. 1 French (ttji miliar, etc. 

Nat. 
Math 



Sci.— Orgaiiir Chemistry, Wells. 

J Integral Calculus and General Ge 

1 ometry, Olney. 
Latin or * Virgil, or 
German. (German Composition. 
Greek or (Herodotus, or 
French. Il'reneh Header, Fasquelle. 





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Philos,— Logic, Schuyler. 

Int. Phil.— Mental Philosophy, Haven. 

Latin or ^Salhist, or 

German. (Goethe's Iphigenie. 

Greek or \ Homer's Iliad, or 

French. (Dumas' Napoleon^ 



Nat. Sci.- Mineralogy, Dana, 

Philos.— Rhetoric, Whately. 

Latin or f Tacitus, or 

German. I. Goethe's Herman, & Dorothea. 

Greek or ( Homer, or 

French. (French C omposition, Gasc. 

Nat. Sci.— Geology, Dana. 

Nat. Sci., Math.— Physics, Silliman. 

Latin or f Livy, or 

(TBiman. ( Weber's Literatur Geschichte. 

Greek or ( Plato's Apology, or 

French. 1 Racine's Esther and Athalie. 





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Nat. Sci., Math.— Physie;^, Silliman. 
Literature. — English Literature, Hart. 

\ Cicero de Senectute, or Hebrew. 

/Medea, or La Lit er. Franc aise. 
Way land, 



Classics. 



Philos.— Moral Philosophy. 

Polit. Sci.— International Law, Woolsey. 

Philos. — Evidences of Christianity, Paley. 

f Cicero de Officiis, or Hebrew. 
Classics. -) Demosthenes de Corna, or Cor- 

(, son's Soirees Litterajre. 

Philos. — Elements of Criticism. 
Math. — Mathematical Astronomy, Norton. 
Social Sci. — Political Economy, Wayland. 
Greek Testament, or Hebrew. 



Nat. Sci.— Botany, Gray. 
Electives.— Music or Fine Arts. 
Classics. — French or German, 



Nat. Sci.— Physical Astronomy. 
Electives.— Music or Fine Arts. 
Polit. Sei.-U. S. Constitution. 
Classics. --French or German. 



Nat. Sci.— Inorganic Chemis'y. 
Math. -Algebra, 3d Term, Ray. 
Electives. --Music or Fine Arts. 
PI.. ..; . I French, German 



Nat. Sci. --Organic Chemistry. 
Philos. -Rhetoric, Hart. 
Electives. --Music or Fine Arts. 
Classics \ ^•■ench, German or 
iiassics. 1 Latin. 



Philos. — Logic, Schuyler. 

Philos.— Ment. Philos., Haven. 

Math. --Geometry, completed, 

ri..v:cip, I French, German, 
(.lassies. -| L.^^jjj ^j. jjj.eek. 

Nat. Sci. --Mineralogy, Dana. 
Philos. --Rhetoric, Whateley. 
Math.— Trigonometry, Olney. 
PlMooips \ French, German, 
Classics, -j Latin, or Greek, 



Nat. Sci.— Geology, Dana. 

Electives.— Music or Fine Arts. 
French, German, 
Latin or Greek. 



Classics. 



Lit.--Eng. Literature, Hart. 
Domestic Sci.— Book-Keeping. 
T?i,.„t;,ro= I Classics, Music, 
^^^"^'^^-"1 or Fine Arts. 



Mor. Sci. --Moral Philosophy. 

Electives] S'K'A^t^!-' 
Philos.— Evid. Christianity. 



Philos, --Elements of Criticism. 
T-., 4- , 1 Classics, Music, 
Electives-i^^pjjjg^rts. 
Social Sci,— Political Economy. 



In the Winter Term, studies are arranged to suit the students in attend- 
and ninth weeks, (written and extemporaneous alternating) ; Juniors, the 
throughout the respective Courses, 



STUDIES in SCIENCE, LITERATURE r ARTS 



Pliilosopliicjil Course. 



Scientific Course. 



Nat. Sci.— Meteorology, Brocklesby. 
Math,— Groometry, completed, Olney. 
Math.— Algebra, M Term, Ray. 



Nat. Sci.— Zoology, Donaldson. 
Physics— Natural Philosophy, Parker. 
Classics — Latin or tJreek, 

Nat. Sci.— Botany, Gray. 
Math.— Algebra, 4th Term, Ray. 
Classics — Latin or Greek. 



Nat. Sci. — Astronomy, Brocklesby. 
Nut. Hist.— Physiology, Cutter. 
Polit. Sci. — Constitution U. S., Alden. 
Classics— Latin or Greek. 



N.it. Sci.— Inorganic Chemistry, Wells. 
Math. — Trigonometry, Olney. 
ri.>=cina J latin, Greek, German or 
tl.issics. {French. 



Nat. Sci. — Organic Chemistry, Wells. 
Kng. Lit.— Rhetoric, Hart. 
Math. — Surveying and Field Practice. 
Classics— German or French. 



Philos.— Logic, Schuyler. 
Int. Phil.— Mental Philosophy, Haven. 
Math.— Analytical Geometry, Olney. 
Classics — German or French. 



Nat. Sci.— Mineralogy, Dana. 
Philos.— Rhetoric, VVhateley. 
Math ' Differential Calculus and it 

' * I. Applications, Olney. 
Classics— German or French. 



Nat. Sci.— Geology, Dana. 
Nat. Sci., Math.— Physics, Silliman. 
Math. (Int. Calculus, Gen. Geometry 
Classics. 1 Olney, or French or German. 



Nat. Sci., Math.— Physics, Silliman. 
Lit.— English Literature, Hart. 
Classics — German or French, 



Philos.— Moral Philosophy, Wayland. 
Polit. Sci.— International Law. 
Philos.— Evidences of Christianity. 



Philos. — Klements of Criticism. 
Math, or j Astronomy, Norton, 
Classics. \ or Latin or German. 
Soc. Sci.— Political Economy, Wayland. 



Nat. Sci. — Meteorology, Brocklesby. 
Math. — Geometry, completed, Olney. 
Math.- Algebra. 3d Term. Ray. 

Nat. Sci. -Zoology, Donaldson. 
Physics— Natural Philosophy, Parker. 
Eng. Lit.— .Analysis ot Sentences. 



Nat. Sci.— Botany, Gray. 

Math — Algebra, 4th Term, Ray. 

Physics— Physical Geography. 



Nat. Sci. — Astronomy, Brocklesby. 
Nat. Hist.— Physiology. Cutter. 
Polit. Sci. — Constitution U. S., Alden. 



Nat. Sci.— Inorganic Chemistry, Wells. 
Math. — Trigonometry, Olney. 
Classics— German or French, 



Nat. Sci.— Organic Chemistry, AVells. 
Kng. Lit. — Rhetoric, Hart. 
Math.— Surveying and Field Practice. 
Classics— German or French. 



Philos. — Logic, Schuyler. 

Int. Phi.— Mental Philosophy, Haven. 

Math.— Analytical Geometry, Olney. 



Nat. Sci.— Mineralogy, Dana, 
Philos— Rhetoric, Whateley. 

\jr ^tu ( Diflerential Calculus and its 

Mam. I Applications, Olney. 

Nat. Sci. — Geology, Dana. 
Nat. Sci., Math.— Physics, Silliman, 
AinfVi (Integral Calculus & General 
xviam. {Geometry, Olney. 



Nat. Sci., Math. — Physics, Silliman. 
Lit. --English Literature, Hart. 
Classics — German or French. 



Philos,— Moral Philosophy, Wayland. 
Polit. Sci. — International Law. 
Philos. f Evidences of Christianity, 
Math. (.or Civil Engineering. 

Philos. — Elements of Criticism. ~ 

Math.— Mathematical Astronomy. 
Social Sci. — Political Economy. 



ance. Addresses to be delivered each Term as follows : Seniors, the fith 
seventh week, Latin and Greek, also German and French Prosercompositon 



CSraduation Degrees and Diplomas. 

The De^rees^ (except in Liberal Literature and Arts of Ladies' 
Department,) are conferred, mc"?<rs?i, alike upon Grentlemen and La- 
dies who complete a College Course of Studies, as follows : Bachelor 
of Arts, (A. B.,) for the Classical Course ; Mistress of Liberal Arts, 
(M. L. A.,) for the Course of Liberal Literature and Arts ; Mis- 
tress of English Literature, (M. E. L.,) for the Course of Liberal 
Literature and Arts, except the classics ; Bachelor of Philos- 
ophy, (Ph. B.,) for the Course in Philosophy; Bachelor of 
Science, (B. S.,) for the Scientific Course ; Bachelor of Commercial 
Science, (B. C. S.,) for the Commercial or Industrial Course. 

Non-resident Students may be admitted to Graduation and the 
designated Degrees, pro merito, in the Department of Science, Litera- 
ture and the Arts, by producing, upon actual examination, un- 
doubted evidence of having thoroughly completed the published 
Course of Study, as required of other students. 

Students standing high in scholarship and deportment, besides 
admission to the proper Graduation, and receiving the corresponding 
Diplomas and Degrees, may be awarded by vote of the Faculty, Com- 
mencement Orations indicative of general or special excellence. 

Diplomas or Certificates of Proficiency may be awarded to students 
who thoroughly and satisfactorily complete a special course in Vocal 
or Instrumental Music, Fine Arts, Mathematics, Natural Science, 
Modern Languages, Literature, or the Normal Course. 

Post-Graduate Studies Tor Master's Degree. 

The Degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Master 
or Doctor of Philosophy, are not honorary Degrees, but are con 
ferred on those who have completed and sustained an actual ex- 
amination in a suitable Post-graduate Course of one year's study. 
Application to be made in writing to the Faculty, for the designa- 
tion of a time for this examination, and the conferring of the De- 
grees and Diplomas. To be admitted to graduate in the Master's 
Degree, the student must have received at some College, the cor- 
responding Baccalaureate Degree, and have completed nine branches 
of study (including Professional studies) properly following the 
Baccalaureate Course. 

The Preparatory Department. 

The design of this Department, which was organized nearly 
simultaneously with the Institution, is to prepare students for college 
classes ; but it is also adapted to meet the wants of any who desire 
a good english education. All the branches usually taught in 



High Schools and Academies, are taught each term in this Depart- 
ment. Preparatory students conform to the College provisions; the 
branches are taught by regular College Professors, as follows : — 

PREPARATORY STUDIES FOR THE GENERAL COURSES. 

I. Classical Course. — Geography with Map Drawing; Intellec- 
tual and Practical Arithmetic ; Elocution ; Systematic Penmanship ; 
English Grammar, Harvey ; Definition and Analysis of words ; 
Higher Arithmetic; Analysis of Sentences; Ancient and Modern 
History ; Harkness' Latin Grammar and Bois' Reader; U. S. His- 
tory; Natural Philosophy, Parker ; Latin Grammar and Reader; 
Physiology, Cutter; Constitution of U. S., Alden ; Algebra, Ray's 
Part II., completed ; Geometry, completed, Olney; Hart's Rhetoric. 

II. Liberal Literature and Arts, Philosophic, and Scientific, 
Courses. — The requisite Preparatory Studies for these Courses are 
the same as for the Classical Course, except the omission of Latin 
and such studies as are arranged for some term in these Courses, 

The Normal Department. 

The Normal Department, having been as previously stated, or- 
ganized in 1850 by 0. N. Hartshorn, A. B., has each year since 
greatly aided to advance the fundamental objects of the Institution. 
The students duly classified and instructed in this department, num- 
ber -4,721 ; of whom 4,175 have graduated in the published Normal 
or Teachers' Course. Of these Alumni, 1,458 are ladies. 

While this distinctive instruction in the Science and Art of 
Teaching, embracing the specific branches and most approved 
methods of teaching, school management, etc., as adapted to the 
common schools, has devolved chiefly on the Faculty of the Normal 
Department, including non-resident Lecturers; the entire Faculty of 
the College have greatly contributed to this Department by practi- 
cally illustrating and applying, in connection with their respective 
clashes and lectures, not only the principles and facts of each study, 
but also the best methods of teaching them. By reference to the actual 
work of the general Faculty, indicating the respective classes of 
studies as taught by each of the resident Professors and non-resident 
Lecturers, it will be seen that the range of the practical Normal In- 
struction in the College, greatly transcends the specific course of 
study laid down for graduating in the Teachers' Course. 

As a result ol this additional normal instruction, a large 
number of the Students in the College have gone greatly be- 
yond the requirements for graduation in the Normal Course ; 
being not only professionally qualified, but have regularly and sue- 



cessfully entered upon the responsible work of superintending 01" 
teaching the more advanced graded Schools. 

Thus, practically, the spirit of this Normal Department has so 
pervaded all the Departments of the Institution, that of the 12,155 
different students, 7,819 of them (about one-fourth of these being 
ladies) have been employed one or more terms in teaching public 
schools in nearly every state in the Union, with an average attend- 
ance in each school of 47 pupils, thus directly and personally in- 
structing each term 367,493 different pupils. 

Very few persons enter College until they have studied many of 
the branches embraced in this Normal or Teachers' Course, so that 
most can complete it in from one to six terms ; and when properly 
completed a Teacher's Diploma may be awarded by the College. 

The illustrative integral system of teaching the various branches 
in each Department, while imparting mental discipline and a knowl- 
edge of the branches, are also designed to instruct students in the 
best methods of teaching them ; and thus greatly abridge the time 
and work in the special Normal Classes. 

A Special Normal or Teachers' Class is formed each Term, 
for the regular daily instruction and drill in the " Science 
and Art of Teaching" — explaining fully and practically the latest 
and best Methods of Teaching, Governing, School Management, 
and the best means of preparing and using simple Apparatus to 
interest and instruct pupils in Common Schools. Objective-teach- 
ing, including the most approved methods of using real objects, 
specimens and simple apparatus, receives great attention. No charge 
is made for these Lectures and Drills in Normal Classes. 

This Teachers' Course is designed to meet the wants of the 
Teachers of Common Schools, in this and other States, and is ar- 
ranged in compliance with the expressed wishes of a large number 
of the Boaids of School Directors and Examiners, who employ or 
examine our Students. 

Upon application of Directors or others interested in Schools, 
the Faculty, (without charge to any party), usually recommend 
to them well qualified and reliable teachers. 

teachers' course. 

The following are the Branches of the Normal or Teachers' 
Course, which are taught, (except the free Lectures and Normal 
Class-instruction,) in their respective Departments : — 

Geography with Map Drawing, Intellectual and Practical 
Arithmetic, Definition and Analysis of words, English Grammar, 
Systematic Penmanship, Higher Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis of 



Sentences, U. S. History, English Composition, Vocal Music, An- 
cient and Modern History, Algebra, (second term), Book-Keeping, 
Natural Philosophy, Physiology, practical Drawing and Sketching 
from real objects. Geometry, Didactics or Theory and Practice of 
Teaching, Lectures and Class Drill. 

Iflusic Department. 

The Music Department being essential to integral culture, was 
organized on a small scale almost simultaniously with the Institu- 
tion. Its growth has been both regular and healthful, contributing 
in a fair degree to symmetrical culture. 

This Music Department received its greatest accessions, as 
results of the resolution, adopted by the Trustees at their annual 
meeting held in June, 1865, authorizing the erection of a new Board- 
ing Hall, and the finishing and furnishing in it of suitable Music and 
Fine Art Rooms ; also the purchase' of new Pianos, and the election 
of thoroughly qualified professors of Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

Whereupon, a committee was appointed and authorized to pro- 
ceed, at once, to erect and finish a four story Boarding Hall, 134 
feet long, by -IT feet wide, with suitable apartments or rooms, in 
which have ever since its completion in 1866, been given the Instru- 
mental Music (and the Fine Art) instruction and practice ; also 
another Committee was appointed, who in 1865, purchased ten new 
pianos, and employed Professor H. S. Leland who was followed 
seven years later, by the present incumbent. Professor William 
Armstrong. 

The Students classified and instructed successively in this 
Vocal and Instrumental Music Department, number 3,435 ; some of 
whom have honorably graduated in the Instrumental Course, and 
many others have made highly creditable proficiency in the several 
classes of the Vocal or Instrumental Sections. 

The several studies and classes of the Vocal and Instrumental 
Sections, are arranged as follows : — 

Tocal music Course. 

Elements of Musical Notation. — This class embraces a 
thorough course in the Elements of Musical Notation, enabling 
pupils to read music at sight, together with practice in Psalmody, 
Anthem and Glee singing, and in first principles of Voice Culture. 

Chorus Class. — The exercises in this class are chiefly con- 
fined to practice in Solo. Quartette and Chorus singing, with exer- 
cises in Voice Culture and the higher principles of Notation. 

The leading Chorus Works of our modern composers are used 
also the Oratorio and other classical works of the masters. 



Voice Culture. — In this class is given a full explanation 
of the construction of the Vocal Organs, with class exercises in 
Voice Culture ; pupils are taught to breathe properly, and to control 
the Vocal Organs so as to sing with ease, and not injure the voice, 
each student receiving proper attention. The voice is properly de- 
veloped, and defects are kindly pointed out and remedied. 

Harmony and Composition. — In this class is taught the 
analysis of the Scales, and the various intervals formed therefrom ; 
also Chord Formation, Position, Inversions, Progressions, Tone Re- 
lations, Musical Form and Composition. 

The Art of Teaching. — The course of instruction in this class 
is desigaed to meet the wants of all desiring to qualify themselves 
to teach Music in Public Schools, and conduct singing classes and 
musical conventions ; students are taught How to Teach Music. 

In all vocal classes in the Conservatory, the faulty methods are 
shown, and the correct methods analyzed and practiced. Teaching 
to sing, by being confined to the Piano or Organ, is avoided, in 
vocal classes, each voice being held responsible for its own work. 

lustruiueutal Music Course. 

Piano-Forte. — The course of instruction on Piano, (Freshman 
and Junior years,) includes Sutter's Grand German Method ; Fried- 
erich, op. 28, books I, II, III ; Bertini, op. 29 and 32, books I, II, 
III, IV ; Czerny's School of Velocity, op. 299 ; Fred Burghmueller, 
op. 105 ; Etudes Brilliantes et Melodiques. 

Senior Year. — J. B. Cramer, Etudes en Exercises dans les 
differents Tons, Books I and II. Bavina, op. 14, Etudes de style, 
books I, II, Chopin, op. 10, Dowze, Grandes Etudes, books I 
and II. 

Selections are interspersed from the Grand Piano-Forte Works 
of the best ancient and modern classical composers : Mozart, 
Weber, Mendelssohn, Scuberth, Schuman, Litolflf, Buelow, Jaell, 
Rubinstein, Sutter, Tausig, etc., up to Liszt, Chapin, and Beetho- 
ven. Practical knowledge of thorough-bass, and the principles of 
music may be acquired by drills and attendance upon class-lessons, 
with lectures throughout the course. 

Advanced Pianists and Organists have the advantage of practic- 
ing concerted classical Music, Sonatas, Concertos. Overtures, Sym- 
phonies, etc., of Mozart, Beethoven, Schuman, Liszt, Richard Wag- 
ner and others, arranged for two hands on one Piano, four hands on 
one Piano, four hands on two Pianos, six hands on one Piano; 
eight hands on two Pianos, Piano and Organ ; four, six and eight 
Pianos, with and without Orchestral accompaniments. 



Organ. — The course oa the Organ includes Schneider's Practi- 
cal School, Rink's Grand School — six books ; Bach's Preludes and 
Fugues, with Studies, Concertos, Sonatas, Fugues, etc., from Rink, 
Handel, Lux, Carl Bergh, Hesse, Mendelssohn, Bach and others, 
together with the same knowledge of thorough-bass, etc., which is 
required in the Piano Course. There has just been added a large 
Pedal Organ, on which students have the advantage of lessons and 
practice, without leaving the Conservatory. 

Melodeon and Cabinet Organ. — Course on Melodeon and 
Cabinet Organ same as Piano, excepting the substitution oi In- 
struction Books and Exercises adapted to these Instruments. 

Band and Orchestra Instruments. — Instruction is given 
upon the Violin, Flute, Cornet, Horns, Guitar, Zither, Harp, Vio- 
loncello, and all other Band and Orchestra Instruments, using the 
Schools of Wichtl, Campagnoli, and of Spohr, for Violin, and 
equally classical works for the other Musical Instruments. 

Orchestra. — There has lately been formed in connection with 
the Department an Orchestra of String and Wind Instruments, 
where the Musical Students, when sufficiently advanced, have the 
advantage of practicing concerted music of a high order. Students 
not receiving regular music les'sons may also be admitted, after 
undergoing a musical examination by the Director of the Orchestra. 

Special Voice Culture, with Instrumental Accompaniment, 
receives great attention. This art has now, through the modern 
discoveries of the Laryngoscope, been reduced to such a com- 
plete science, a^ to enable any one with healthy vocal organs to 
become an excellent singer. 

Those taking lessons in this Special Voice Culture, if sufficiently 
advanced, have the advantages of the Choral Society, where the 
high classical works of the great masters are performed. 

Harmony and Musical Composition. — A special feature 
has recently been added, where those wishing a thorough knowledge 
of Composing, and Arranging Music for Piano-Forte, Organ, Band 
and Orchestra Instruments, Solo Voice, Duett, Trio, Quartette, 
Chorus, Grand Orchestra, etc., can obtain it. The following works 
are used : Sechter's Fundamental Harmonies ; Albrechtberger's 
Thorough-Bass, Harmony and Musical Composition ; Cherubini's 
Fugue and Counterpoint ; Berloiz' Modern Instrumentation and 
Oichestration, etc. Diplomas are granted to graduates. 

Fine Art Departmeut. 

The Fine Art Department was organized early in 1857, Mrs. 
Jane Weston Chapman being elected the first Professor. Its pro- 



gresa during the first few years was slow, especially during the war, 
owing to the unusual diversion of the pjiblic mind from symmetrical 
culture. Aesthetics forming a part of integral education, the Pat- 
rons and Trustees have desired to establish a first-class School of 
Design, where students may obtain, in connection with literary and 
other training, thorough {esthetic instruction, at a trifle of the cost 
for similar advantages in large cities ; 1,014 students having been 
successively classified and instructed in this Department. 

Great attention is regularly given to te-dching all the Branches 
of the Fine Art Department, from the simple lines and elements of 
Designing, Sketching and Drawing, through all the higher Divisions 
of Landscape, Flower, Portrait and Figure Painting, Artistic An- 
atomy, and the execution of Original Designs, natural and ideal, as 
well as choice selections from the Masters. 

Thorough Instruction is given in Artistic Anatomy, including 
the names, forms, uses and varieties of expression of the muscles 
and bones of the face, trunk and extremities of the human figure, 
or of the lower animals. Great pains are taken with beginners, as 
well as in the instruction of those who contemplate becoming skill- 
ful Landscape, Portrait, Fruit, Flower or Figure Painters, or regu- 
lar professional Artists. Rare advantages are offered to those de- 
siring to study Designing and Painting, either exclusively or in con- 
nection with other studies. Those wishing to devote their whole 
time can obtain special or extended instruction. Diplomas are 
awarded, whenever the Full Course is properly completed. 

The Curriculum of Studies contains all those Branches 
usually taught in first-class Academies of Art in America and 
Europe, and give, aided by proper instruction with the specimens 
and models in the Art Gallery, a true and systematic basis for 
an elevated and substantial Art Education, an acquisition as 
easily made, and nearly as useful in the various pursuits of life, 
as are the common English Branches. 

The Preparatory Studies embrace Straight, Parallel and 
Curved Lines ; Ovals, Circles and Grace Lines, with their applica- 
tion to Sketching and Object-drawing. 

The Junior Studies are Pencil and Crayon-drawing; India Ink 
and Water-color Painting ; Landscape, Fruit and Flower Painting 
in Oil ; Perspective and General Designing ; Portrait Painting in 
Oil and Artistic Anatomy. 

The Senior Studies are Animal Painting in Oil, and Drawing 
from Life ; Portrait Painting continued, and Figure Drawing from 
life and the casts ; studying and executing from works of the 
Masters and other Paintings in the Gallery. 



Business Department. 

In the Spring of 1869 there was organized, as a Department of 
the College, an Industrial School, in order to supply a felt and 
growing demand for a Business Education, on a broad and sound 
basis, with Facilities and Instruction extensive, accurate and 
natural, and acquirements corresponding to the practical needs and 
severe tests of an honest competitive business life. 

Though this Commercial Department has been in operation only 
six years— less than half of the existence of any other of the De- 
partments — yet such is the growing and urgent demand for a sound 
industrial education, based on broad or cosmic literary culture, 
that the Trustees have expended large amounts in supplying the 
most modern and approved facilities, in order that a thorough busi- 
ness education may, (at a small part of the expense, and exposure 
to the temptations, incident to large cities,) be imparted to young 
men and ladies, seeking proper preparation for life's needful pur- 
suits. 

While all are cordially invited to visit, at any time, the general 
Department of Science, Literature and the Arts, or the Normal, 
Musical, Fine-art and the Preparatory Departments ; persons need 
especially to visit this industrial Department, in order either to 
understand or appreciate its systematic daily workings. 

The students classified and instructed in this business Depart- 
ment, number 2,134, nearly all of whom are now successfully and 
profitably occupying good situations. 

The Full Business Course. --The Full Business Course con- 
sists of Plain Penmanship, Letter-writing, Commercial Calcula- 
tions, Business Paper and Forms, Laws and Philosophy of Busi- 
ness Habits, Commercial Ethics, Common Accounts, Commercial 
Law, Lectures on Business Habits, etc.. Drill in Original Examples 
and Sets, Single and Double Entry Book-keeping applied to Bank- 
ing, Merchandising, Joint Stock Companies, Steamboating, Rail- 
roading, Factories, Farming, Administrators' Accounts, Revenue 
Business, Commission, etc. 

After the thorough Mastery of the Theory of Business Practice 
by manuscript-work, the student with his fellows, forms a Business 
Community, receives and pays currency, buys and sells, transacts 
business at a properly managed Bank, at Freight, Express, Insur- 
ance, Real Estate, Exchange, Broker's and other Offices. 

The Shorter Course for Farmers, Mechanics and Teachers, 
is adapted to any ordinary vocation, and receives reasonable time. 

The Special Writing Course, embraces Plain Penmanship, 
Ornamental Penmanship an(J Pen Drawing. A separate room, 



neatly furnished, is provided for those desiring to devote more 
time in special writing exercises and personal drill. A first-class 
Penman constantly furnishes instruction in every feature of his Art. 

This Industrial or Business Department, being organized 
like the other Departments, under the same Board and general 
Charter of the College, with full collegial powers, is furnished 
with all the latest improvements and appliances for Actual Business, 
with Ofiices, Banks, Currency Samples, Emporiums. &c., &e., for 
transacting (as in real life) every kind of business. It has a compe- 
tent Faculty of Experienced Professors and practical accountants- 

Within the past few months, there have been subscribed by citi- 
zens liberal amounts to purchase for this Department the superb 
Edifice known as the Alliance College Building, under the proposi- 
tion of the Trustees to elevate this Department to the broad basis 
of a comprehensive Industrial College, and the securing of a super- 
ior Technical or Industrial Museum. 

Apparatus and Libraries. 

Mount Union College aims to illustrate and apply, to the easy 
comprehension of students, all the principles of science that may 
be under consideration, and for this purpose has provided the most 
extensive, modern and valuable sets of Apparatus, for constant use 
in connection with the regular recitations and lecture-rooms. 

The Chemical Apparatus is extensive, afi"ording excellent 
facilities for pursuing a complete course in qualitative and quantita- 
tive analysis, of both organic and inorganic Chemistry, as well as for 
performing all experiments described in the text-books. 

The Philosophical Apparatus comprise Air-pumps, Elec- 
trical Machines and Apparatus, Optical Instruments, Machines 
showing the laws of Mechanics, the phenomena of the Atmosphere, 
of Heat, Magnetism, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, etc. 

The Mathematical Instruments, including Surveying, En- 
gineering and Mining Implements, illustrate and apply the princi- 
ples of Mathematics, being well adapted to the wants of students. 

Among the Astronomical and Geographical Apparatus 
are the Heliotellus, Lunatellus, Planetarium, Globes, Maps, etc. 
The Observatory constructed with the main building, has a rotating 
dome, and contains a mounted telescope. 

This Telescope, one of the largest and best of its kind, was im- 
ported from Europe, and is provided with all the glasses and adjust- 
ments for either terrestial or celestial observations, rendering its 
performance accurate and satisfactory. 

The Physiological Apparatus and Specimens, as Plates, 



bkeietons, a superior French Manikin, Preparations, etc., serve to 
illustrate human Anatomy and Physiology. The skeletons and 
specimens in Comparative Anatomy, are also highly valuable. 

All the Libraries of the College are accessible to students, 
and are enlarged as rapidly as practicable. The Libraries of each 
of the Societies are supplied with excellent books, and their num- 
ber is constantly increasing. These are open to their respective So- 
cieties, also to others with but nominal restrictions. Additional to 
the general college library, each Department has commenced an ap- 
propriate library for its own use. 

The Museum and its Cabinets. 

A cosmic Museum of representative Specimens being essential 
to thorough integral instruction, its acquisition, with suitable build- 
ings and appendages, must necessarily form a prominent feature in 
carrying out the original design of the College, Accordingly, ever 
since the origin of the Institution in 1846, great and constant 
efforts and liberal contributions have been made to found a free 
Museum that would be a distinguished blessing to the Institution , 
and a permanent benefit and honor to our Republican Country. 

This Museum received its greatest accessions, as the results, first 
of a resolution introduced by Lewis Miller and advocated by C 
Aultman, Hon. S. P. Chase and others, and adopted by the Trustees, 
July 6, 1867, which "authorized President 0. ^. Hartshorn, LL,D. 
to visit Europe in the interest of the College, especially by investi- 
gating educational improvements, courses of study, the importance 
and methods of procuring apparatus and specimens for fully illus- 
trating and applying the various branches of study;" also, on his 
return from Europe, of their action, June 17,1868, adopting his re- 
port, and resolving " to purchase speedily apparatus and specimens 
for fully illustrating and applying the studies of each course, also to 
fit up rooms and cases for specimens, and to provide suitable studies 
and courses lor I'uUy and harmoniously educating students ;" and 
further, as the result of a resolution offered by C. Aultman, second- 
ed by Jacob Miller and adopted by the Board, June 16, 1871, to 
the effect that all the interest on the endowments, as heretofore, 
" shall be applied to increasing the specimens and other permanent 
improvements." 

The Museum speaks for itself, and all are cordially invited 
freely to visit it at their pleasure, and be personally impressed 
with its varied and truthful testimony. Bayard Taylor, when visit- 
ing the College In the spring of 1875, stated that " the Museum of 
Mount Union College is among the best I have ever visited anywhere, 



and tlie natural Specimens are tte most select and valuable t have 
seen In any country." 

Its history, with a description of its cabinets, galleries and gener- 
ic specimens, will be given to the public upon the completion of the 
necessary museum buildings, the representative specimens being 
extensive and valuable — worth over a quarter million dollars — and 
eminently useful and interesting k) students pursuing any course of 
tudy. Additions are made to it almost daily, both by donation and 
purcbase. Arrangements have been effected with responsible agents 
and naturalists, in nearly every portion of the globe, through whom to 
obtain, as needed, the rarest and most valuable Specimens. 

This Museum, embracing mineralogical, geological, botanical and 
zoological Cabinets, and historical, ethnical, industrial and fine-art 
Galleries, with cosmic Specimens, is at present classified as follows : — 

I. Mineralogy.— The Cabinet of Minerals embrace several 
thousand specimens, procured from nearly all parts of America and 
Europe, illustrative of the various formations, classes and species 
of the Mineral Kingdom. The native ores of the metals, and of 
the forms they assume under the processes of manufacture, are be- 
coming well represented in this Cabinet. This collection has also 
been enriched by deposits from the Smitlisonian Institution. 

II. Geology. — The Geological Cabinets are extensive, and em- 
brace a great variety of Flora and Fauna, from the dawn of vegetable 
and animal life. There are numerous Specimens from the Mesozoic 
formation of Central Europe; also a large number from the Paleozoic 
and Cenozoic formations. The collection of natural fossils, though 
large, is supplemented and rendered complete by the late addition 
of a very valuable series of Casts, prepared by Prof. Henry A. 
Ward, A. M., of Rochester, N. Y., embracing all the extinct species 
of animals. 

Among these, including his entire College Series, the following 
are contained . The Glyptodon, from near Montevideo, South 
America, a fossil edentate allied to the Armadillos, eleven feet in 
length, wi*^h the tessellated trunk armor nine feet across, weighing 
probably, when liviug, more than five thousand pounds ; the Plesio- 
saurus Crampfoni, a reptile found near Whitby, England, twenty- 
three feet in length, and twelve and one-half in breadth ; the Mega- 
therium Ouvieri, a gigantic Sloth found near Buenos Ayres, South 
America, eighteen feet in length and over eight in height, weighing 
when living probably not less than nine thousand pounds ; the 
Binotheriuni Giganteum, and the Mastodon Giganteus, monster 
fossils of Europe and America ; the Colossochelys Atlas, a huge 



tortoise of India, weighing, in life, some four thousand pounds ; 
skull and tusks of the Elephas Ganesa, the largest extinct species 
of elephant, its tusks being over eleven feet long, and over two 
feet in circumference at the base ; Pterodactyl, Megalosaurus 
Iguanodon, Labyrinthodon, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and several 
hundred others of these wonderful fossil animals of Geological times. 
Economic Geology also is represented by a large number of 
specimens illustrating Agriculture, Mining and Metallurgy. 

III. Botany and Agriculture. — The Botanical Cabinet con- 
tains choice and useful specimens, especially from Ohio and adjoin- 
ing States ; also rare specimens from foreign countries. Among 
the collections are truncheons of the varieties of wood growing 
in the United States, Mexico and other countries ; textile fibres 
and various substitutes for cotton ; seeds of native and cultivated 
plants, and seeds of cereals from the field and garden ; also 
herbariums of plants, and specimens for illustrating the improve- 
ments in agriculture. 

IV. Zoology. — The Zoological Collections embrace a great 
variety of very valuable Specimens in all the important divisions of 
the Animal Kingdom. The collection in Conchology and in Ento- 
mology are noticeably fine. For many years students and others 
have sent to the College skins of various animals, which have been 
preserved and mounted, in part, by the labors of Prof. Clarke. 
The last year has witnessed the addition of a very large number 
from all portions of the known world, so that the Zoological Col- 
lections of Mount Union College are among the very best in the 
United States, if not in any country. These animals are well mounted 
and present a fine appearance, admirably serving the ends of Educa- 
tion. 

Among them are the following: The Gorilla, from Gaboon 
Kiver, Africa, very rare and valuable, the only genuine, perfect, 
adult specimen in the United States, measuring over four feet 
around the chest, and more than eight in stretch of arms ; the 
Chimpanzee, Western Africa, not so large, formidable or human- 
like as the Gorilla ; African Ostrich, old, young and eggs ; Leop- 
ards, Bears — Grizzly, Polar, American, E. Indian and Bornean ; 
Monkeys from the highest to the lowest species ; Wild Boar, 
France ; Kangaroos, South Australia ; Lions, South Africa ; Ante- 
lope ; Rhinoceros — Indian, very large ; Tapir ; Sharks ; Hyena ; 
Whale — old and young; Crocodiles from the Nile and Ganges ; Or- 
nithorhynchus, Australia ; Armadillo, S.America; Elephant, Cey- 
lon ; Wild Cats ; Cassowary, Asia ; Sea Elephant, Australia ; 



Giraffe, Africa ; Sengal Tiger : Baboons ; Boa, S. A. ; Sawfish ; 
Toucan, S. America; Lyre-Bird, Australia; Albatross, Pacific 
Ocean; Flying-fish; Porcupine Fish, West Indies ; Sturgeon ; Por- 
poise ; Salamander, Saxony ; Java or Musk Deer ; Flamingo, S. 
Europe; Trogon, Guatemala; Rhinoceros Horn Bill, Tropics; 
Pheasants — Golden, Silver, China; Reeves Pheasant, Asia ; Bird 
of Paradise, New Guinea ; Reindeers, Lapland and America ; Alli- 
gator, Mississippi River ; Monitor, Nile River; Chameleon, Nubia, 
Africa ; Peccary, S. A. ; Jamaica Turtle ; South African Harte- 
Beest ; Indian Golden Leopard; Indian and American Panthers; 
Buffalo ; Glutton, Sweden ; Nilghau (old and young), India; Echid- 
na, Australia ; Llama (old and young), S. A. ; Silky and Giant Ant 
Eater, S. A. ; Zebra, Africa ; Storks, Egyptian and European ; 
Swans; Capybara, S. A.; Elks; Arctic Fox, Spitzbergen Island; 
Black Lynx ; Guereza, Abyssinia : Bearded Saki ; S. American Os- 
trich ; Rocky Mountain Sheep ; Sloth, Brazil ; Ape, E. India ; 
Rhesus, Barbary States ; Squirrels — Australian, Bornean, Ameri- 
can ; Macaw, Guinea ; Parrots, W. Indies and S. A. ; Cock of the 
Rocks, S. A. ; Balloon Fish ; Turbot ; Porcupines, African and 
American; European Hedge-hog; Ruffled Lemur (lowest order of 
Monkeys), Madagascar; Plaice Fish; Eagles; Beaver; Wanderoo 
Monkey, India ; African Scaly Manis ; Flying Monkey (old and 
young) ; Agouti, Guiana ; African Gazelle ; Angora Goat, Asia ; 
Australian Koala (old and young); Abyssinian Secretary Bird; 
Pyrenean and Abyssinian Vultures ; Australian Emu ; German 
Capercalie; South American Currasow ; Italian Great Bustard; 
Cranes — Crowned, European, Sand-Hill, etc. ; Egyptian Tantalus 
Ibis; South American Boat-bill Heron ; Giant Petrel, South Pacif- 
ic; Great Patagonian Penguin and Booby; Wolf Fish; Monster 
Sun Fish ; Angler Fish ; Tobacco Pipe Fish ; Great Basking Shark 
(13 feet long); Wolf; East Indian Axis Deer (male and female); 
Jjgyptian Chamois ; Sea Leopard, Pacific ; Nova Scotia Moose ; South 
African Great Twisted Horned Antelope ; South African Brindled 
Gnu; Great Yak, Thibet; Orang-Outang, Borneo; Flying-monkey, 
young and old ; Aard Vark, from South Africa ; with many others 
of equal importance in teaching Science. 

New and valuable specimens are constantly enriching this Zoo- 
logical Museum, which already contains quite a number of import- 
ant specimens not found in any other American Museum — over 
$100,000 worth of rare and well mounted specimens from the ani- 
mal kingdom having been added to this Collection within the past 
few months. 



V, Ethnology and Antiquities. — This part of the Museum 
is highly valuable in illustrating Classics, History and Geography, 
ancient and modern. A finely preserved Egyptian Mummy from 
the Catacombs of Thebes ; relics of Egyptian customs and civili- 
zation, embracing Mummied Crocodiles, a Mummied Ibis, Hiero- 
glyphs from Egyptian Temples, Rolls of Papyrus, Sacred Scara- 
boeus, Wooden Idols, Painted Head-board of Coffin, etc. ; Speci- 
mens from all parts of Europe ; various articles of domestic and 
warlike use among the North American Indians, and the Islanders 
of the South Pacific ; relics and memorials of peace and war in this 
and foreign countries, of great historical and classic value; coins 
of most European, and rare specimens from A.LL countries; medals, 
ancient and modern ; postage stamps and works of art of most civ- 
ilized nations ; also specimens illustrating the character of the an- 
cient Grreeks and Romans, so necessary to the understanding of 
their languages, customs and authors. 

Many of these specimens, together with various others, were ob- 
tained by President Hartshorn during his late tour over Europe. 

VI. Fine x\rt. — The Fine Art Gallery contains, besides orig- 
inal paintings, various copies of the great master-pieces of the 
modern painters, beginning with those prior to Raphael ; also paint- 
ings of home execution, and a collection of over 2,500 engravings 
and photographic views ef the most distinguished Statuary, Paint- 
ings, Architecture, Natural Scenery, and Portraits of notable Per- 
sonages, from Rome, Athens, Pompeii, and the Fine Art Galleries 
of Europe. 

Among the Collections of Paintings in this Gallery are the fol- 
lowing : Christ and the Woman of Samaira at the Well, by Rubens ; 
Magdalen, Titian ; Classic Athenian Lady, from Reinhart's original 
copy, by L. S. Harrison ; Original Portrait in Oil, by L. S. Harri- 
son ; Painting of Reinhart from marble medallion, by L. S. Harri- 
son ; various Paintings of Ohio Scenery, by L. S. Harrison ; Scen- 
ery in Scotland, by L. S. Harrison ; Madonna, Raphael ; Beatrice 
de Cenci, Guido : Holy Family, Correggio ; xlncient Portrait (artist 
unknown) ; Ancient Paintings on leather, wood and stone (authors 
unknown) ; also a collection of Medallions, Casts, Designs in Ta- 
pestry by Raphael, and other Art-relics, together with a large col- 
lection of Chromos of distinguished paintings in European Gal- 
leries. 

This Gallery also contains various Plaster Statuary, among which 
are religious, antiiue, Roman, medieval and modern objects of 
statuary, including full-length statues, busts, antique torsoes, masks, 



bass-reliefs, medallions, figures of animals, rounds, vases, pedestals, 
arms, hands, legs and feet of all sizes, positions and attitudes for 
designing purposes; also there are for beginners, elementary charts, 
and studies of hands, feet and faces, after drawings by the Old and 
Modern masters, with charts of plain geometrical problems, scales 
of proportions, etc., for students of Perspective, Mechanical and 
Architectural drawing. 

VII. Tecfinology and Industrial Arts. — There are 1,030 
Models from the Patent Office at Washington, illustrating the 
working of machinery in all departments of industry, making a col- 
lection highly interesting and useful in teachiog mechanics and 
the various industrial pursuits of life. 

In addition to these are diagrams, designs, charts and working 
plans, of practical value in teaching Architecture and Mechanics. 

Liiterary Societies— Y. M. C Association. 

Literary Societies-- -There are two Literary Societies of the 
College, Republican and Linnoean, aifording superior opportuni- 
ties for culture in Composition, Debate, Literature, Public Speaking, 
Criticism, and Parliamentary Usage. Each has a well filled library, 
furniture, good piano and choir ; each ha.s also a finely furnished 
Hall, being probably the largest Literary Halls in this or any other 
country. These two Society Halls are easily opened into one Hall 
for large audiences of over two thousand persons. These Societies 
meet regularly each Friday evening during the term, to which meet- 
ings visitors are cordially invited. 

Other literary associations and debating clubs are organized, as 
the wants of students demand. The members of each Literary 
Society pay a small term-fee te defray their own expenses. No 
literary society, club, secret association, or other organization of 
Students, may be formed, called or attended, without the consent of 
the Faculty, 

Y. M. C. Association — There is connected with the Institution 
a voluntary Young Men's Christian Association, composed chiefly of 
students of the various evangelical denominations, who voluntarily 
become members and meet one hour each Tuesday evening, simply 
for Christian worship, without conforming to any particular form or 
creed. This Association welcomes to its meetings all young men 
and ladies who are in simpathy with Christian worship, Christian 
work and a Christian life. 



Classifieafions of ftitudcnts Irom 185S to 1875. 



Science, Literature & the Arts. 


CO 

a 
«-> 

o 


Music. 


< 
21 


al or 
ial. 


03 


.2 

'a 

m 


>-> 

.2 
'p 

S3 


Sopho- 
mores 




Prepara- 
tory. 




1858 


7 


13 


39 


25 


32 


245 


117 




1859 


n 


12 


29 


26 


31 


228 


136 


23 




1860 


8 


17 


31 


35 


29 


131 


84 


30 




1861 


12 


9 


38 


38 


31 


131 


70 


25 




1862 


8 


7 


24 


70 


16 


79 


50 


18 

15 

9 




1868 


5 
5 


8 
12 


25 


95 


15 


68 


65 




1864 


22 


91 


19 


155 


93 




1865 


11 

7 
15 


5 


19 
31 
45 


122 


18 


195 


127 


14 
14 
19 




1866 


15 
11 


78 
109 


19 


280 


153 




1867 


33 


305 


268 




1868 


14 


17 

28 


48 


90 


31 


259 


189 


54 




1869 


37 


63 


172 
222 


33 


232 


212 
255 


23 


266 


1870 


53 


33 


86 


39 


195 


47 


283 


1871 


54 


40 


93 


172 

182 


46 


226 


241 


68 
34 

186 

187 

78 

865 


296 


1872 


37 


35 


66 


50 


140 


281 


301 


1873 


47 


31 


82 


219 


79 


81 


219 


272 


1874 


53 


32 


49 


177 


78 


154 


225 
319 


232 


1875 


70 


36 


52 


184 


56 


173 


248 


Totals 


454 


361 


842 


2107 


655 


3277 


3104 


1888 



Colle|;e Publicatious. 

The College has published, at sundry times, the following pro- 
ductions : — The Family and School Instructor, a monthly maga- 
zine of forty pages for the people, edited by O. N. Hartshorn ; The 
Literary Advance, the Students' Magazine, edited by Professors 
Jas. A. Brush and T. Armstrong; Outlines of Mathematics, by 
Professor I. 0. Chapman ; Outlines of Music, by Professor G. 
W. Clark ; Outlines of Book-Keeping and Actual Business, by 
Professor E. N. Hartshorn ; the Statistics, Polity and Catalogues of 
the College. 

Also, the College has published, in whole or in part, (in addition to 
Lectures by the Professors and non-resident Lecturers, or Alumni), 
fifty-six Addresses delivered by distinguished thinkers; among whom 
are the late Chief Justice Chase ; Bishops Thomson, Kingsley, Clark, 
Simpson, Bowman, Harris and Haven ; Judges Day and Bing- 
ham of Ohio, Agnew and White of Pennsylvania, and Stew- 
art of Baltimore ; Drs. Reed and Vinceut of New-York, Dr. J. 
Tonner of Canton, and Dr. Conrad of Philadelphia ; Paul Du 
Shallou, Lewis Miller, Mrs. E. C. Stauton, J. K. Klippart, Ex- 
Governor Noys, and Bayard Taylor. 

£iIucational Work (lone by the Professors other than 
by direct Teaching. 

Besides direct instruction to students in attendance in the classes, 
the Professors in the College have either puplished or have in pre- 
paration, various «ixtended works, outlines or abridged treatises, on 
subjects of public interest. Among these are the following : — 

German and French Grammars and Readers, by G. A. Scherf ; 
English Grammar, Logic, and Supremmacy of Law, by 0. N. Harts- 
horn ; Geometry, Trigonometry, Surveying, Phj'siology, and Lan- 
guage, by I. O. Chapman ; Music, by G. W. Clark ; Book-Keeping, 
Financial System, and Outlines of Business Education, by E. N. 
Hartshorn ; Text-Book of Instrumental Music, by William Arm- 
strong; three volumes of Vocal Music, by W. C. Webster ; Various 
Periodical Literature and Elditorial Correspondence, by 0. N. 
Hartshorn, J. A. Brush and T. Araastrong. All of the Professors 
have frequently prepared and delivered public Lectures, on various 
subjects, before Institutes and popular assemblies. 

Several highly valuable works have been prepared and published 
by non-resident Lecturers of the Faculty, among whom are William 
Hunter, T. W. Harvey, E. E. White, W. D. Henkle, and R. John- 
son. 



Snminary of $$tndents by States. 



Ohio, 8,43:5 

Pennsylvania l/.t"29 

West Virginia, 1,349 

Indiana 113 

Illinois, 55 

Iowa 33 

New York 27 

Virginia 25 

Michigan 23 

Kansas 22 

Minnesota, IS 

Kentucky 17 

Missouri, 16 

New Jersey, 13 

Maryland, 10 

California, 8 

Rhode Island 8 

Wisconsin, 8 

Total 



England 

Tennessee, 

Connecticut, 

Massachusetts, 

Colorado, 

Nebraska 

Arkansas 

Nova Scotia, 

Delaware 

Ireland 

Scotland, 

Utah 

Canada 

Oregon 

Maine 

Texas 

Indian Territory-,. 



6 
5 

5 
4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 

12,155 



Vocation of Aluiuiii and Former IStudents. 

The Alumni and former Stultnts of the Collej;e, so far as at present 
known, are engaged as follows : — 

Teachers 5,137 

Merchants 2,125 

Agriculturists 2,115 

Clergj'nien 725 

Manufacturers 415 

Physicians 254 

Lawj'ers 237 

Editors 64 

Surveyors and Civil Engineers 58 

Telegraphers 43 

Bankers 21 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 



C. AULTMAN, Canton. 
Hon. D. AONEW. LL. D., Beaver, Pa. 
Hon. J. A. BINGHAM. LL. D. Cadiz. 
RICHARD BROWN. Youngstown. 
Prof. I. 0. CHAPMAN, A.M., Mt. Union 
Prof. G. W. CLARKE. A.M., Mt. Union 
W. P. COOKE. Cleveland. 
T. D. CROCKER, LL. L., Cleveland. 
Hon. LUTHER DAY. LL. D., Ravenna, 
Judge G. W. GEDDES, Mansfield. 
Rev. JAS. L. GRAHAM, PittsburKh. Pa, 
Hon. CHARLES HARE, Summerfield. 



Bp. W. L. HARRIS, D. D., Chicago, lU. 
0. N. HARTSHORN. LL. D., Mt. Union. 
Prof. E. N. HARTSHORN, A. M. 
Bishop G. HAVEN, D. D.. Atlanta, Ga. 
,Hon. .JOHN HUNTER, Alliance. 
Hon. J. H.KLIPPART. A.M. .Columbus. 
HENRY K. LIST, Wheeling, W. Va. 
LEWrS MILLER, Akron. 
JACOB MILLER. Canton. 
Bp. AL SI.MPSON, D. D., LL. D., Phila. 
Hon. J. WALTON. Allegheny City Pa. 
Hon. W. T. WILLEY.Morgantown.W. V. 



OFFICERS A^D EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



LEWIS MILLER, Pres. of Trustees. 
JOHN HUNTER. Vice President. 
C AULTMAN, Treasurer. 
JOSEPH WALTON, Auditor. 
I. 0. CHAPMAN. Secretary. 

Rev. F. W. WOOD, A. M.. Ph. D., Business Secretary 



JACOB MILLE R, Pres. Executive Com 
0. N. HARTSHORN, 
G. W. CLARKE. 
E. N, HARTSHORN. 



The College Faculty. 



0. N. HARTSHORN, LL. D., 
President, and Jacob Miller-Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy. 

IRA 0. CHAPMAN, A. M., 
Vice President, and Aultman-Professor of Mathematics and Civil En- 
gineering. 
GEO. W. CLARKE, A. M., 
Secretary, and Professor of tlie Latin and Greek Languages and Literature, 
Zoology and Botany. 
E. N. HARTSHORN, A. M., 
Professor of Commercial Science, Finance, Banking and Actual Business, 
and Librarian. 



Lewis Miller-Professor of Philosophy and Astronomy. 

JAMES A. BRUSH, A. M., 

Professor of Natural Science, Didactics, Logic and Literature. 

C. F Sl'OKEY, A. M., 

Professor of the German and French Languages and Literature. 

GEO. W. WAUGHOP, Pii. B., 

Professor of th": Lan:^ua:j''s and Natural Science. 

T. ARMSTRONG, B. C. S., A. M., 

Professor of Penuianshii) and Phj'siology. 

WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, 

Professor of Instrumental Music, Special Voice Culture, Harmony and 

Musical Composition. 

AV. C. WEBSTER, 

Professor of Vocal Music, Chorus Singing, Art of Teaching, Harmony and 

Composition. 

L. S. HARRISON, 

Professor of Designing, Landscape, Portrait and Figure Painting and 

Artistic Anatomj'. 

H. D. GOULD, B. C. S., 

Professor of Book-Keeping, Commercial Calculations and Correspondence 

and Phonetics. 

MRS. AGNES JOHNSON, M. D., 

Lecturer on Physiology', 

REV. WILLIAM HUNTER, D. D., 

Lecturer on Sacred Literature. 

HON. E. E. AVHITE, A. M., 

Lecturer on Industrial Education. 

HON. T. W. HARVEY, A. M., 
Lecturer on School Management. 

HON. W. D. HENKLE, A. M., 

Lecturer on School Organization. 

R. JOHNSON, B. C. S., A. M., 

Lecturer on Business and Commercial Ethics. 

HON. J. W. F. AVHITE, LL. D., 

Lecturer on Commercial Law. 

GEN. M. D. LEGGETT, 

Lecturer on Business Habits. 

MRS. PROF. I. 0. CHAPMAN, 

Preceptress of Ladies' Department. 

B. U. JACOB, A. M., 

Curator of Museum. 



NORTHWESTERN OHIO NORMAL SCHOOL. 



LOCATION. 
The Northwestern Ohio Normal School is located in the 
village of Ada, Hardin County, Ohio, on the Pittsburgh, Ft. 
Wayne and Chicago Railway, midway between the intersec- 
tions of the D. and M. R. R., at Lima, and the C. S. & C. R. 
R., at Forest. The village of Ada is situated in a healthy 
country on the watershed dividing. the waters flowing into the 
Gulf from those emptying into the Great Lakes. The coun- 
try in the immediate vicinity and for many miles in every 
direction is very fertile, and under a high state of cultivation. 
The population is composed, almost entirely, of native born 
Americans. The inhabitants are generally moral, opposed 
to saloons and their concomitants. The village, being small, 
numbering about 1,800 inhabitants, is free from many of the 
vices so prevalent in our large cities. The facilities for cheap 
boarding are good, and, all things considered, the advantages 
for obtaining a practical education are excellent. 

ORIGIN. 

In the spring of 1866, H. S. Lehr, the present Principal 
of the Institution, came to the village of Ada, then called 
Johnstown, and made the following proposition to the School 
Board : That he be paid $60 per month for the first year's 
work, and allowed the use of the school building for select 
schools when not in use for public school purposes, and that, 
should he prove successful in procuring foreign scholars, the 
citizens of the town and vicinity should assist him in erect- 
ing buildings suitable for a Normal School. In a short time 
the limits of the old frame school house were outgrown, and 
a commodious brick building was erected ; wages were 
increased commensurate with the prosperity of the school, 



and the school kept on increasing, when, after teaching four 
years, in the fall of 1870, the foreign students amounted to 
120, and the new school house was found too small. The 
propitious time for asking the citizen;^ for the promised help 
seemed to have arrived. A meeting of the citizens was 
called, and the following proposition was made for their con- 
sideration : That H. S. Lehr would furnish $3,500 toward 
the erection of a Normal School building, if they would 
furnish S4,000 and donate three acres of ground, suitable for 
the location of the building. They accepted the proposition, 
but instead of $4,000 they raised about $6,000. They now 
requested him to swell his part of the contract, but not being 
able to comply, he associated with himself two partners, J. 
G. Park and B. F. Niesz. The building was at once com- 
menced, and in the fall of" 1871 was sufficiently far advanced 
in construction to admit of dedication, and the school was 
formally opened August 11, 1871. The enrollment for the 
first term was 147. 

First FaGultij—R. S. Lehr, A, M., President; B. F. 
Niesz, B, S., Vice President; J. G. Park, Secretary; Theo- 
dore Presser. 

PROGRESS AND VICISSITUDES OF THE INSTITUTION. 

The enrollment of the first term was 147, but the second 
or winter term was much smaller. The first year the High 
School scholars of the Union School attended the Normal 
School, which increased the enrollment and helped the 
finances. The school did not grow much the second year, 
for various reasons : 1st. The building and the furnishing 
of the house involved the Faculty to a considerable extent, 
and therefore they were not able to advertise. 2d. The citi- 
zens failed to pay their subscription according to agreement, 
which gave the contractors an excuse for not completing the 
building according to contract. The roof being deficient, 
afforded an opportunity for litigation between the Faculty 
and the Board of Trustees, who represented the citizens' cap- 
ital in the building. At the end of the second year, a settle- 
ment was made between the Faculty and Trustees, and the 



building was fully repaired and completed by the Faculty. 
Ever since, the growth has been constant, and the ratio of 
increase has been 10 to 40 per cent, on each preceding corre- 
sponding term. About this time, another partner, Lewis 
Rutledge, was added to the firm. He purchased the half 
interest of H. S. Lehr. In the spring of 1875, B. F. Niesz 
sold his interest to J. J. Wood. In the fall of 1875 the 
Normal School, known as the Northwestern Normal School 
located at Fostoria, Ohio, under the supervision of J. Fraise 
Richard, was consolidated with this school, and both schools 
are now known by the name of Northwestern Ohio Normal 
School, and under the auspices of H. S. Lehr. About the 
20th of December, 1875, one of the members of the Faculty, 
G. W. Rutledge, successor of Lewis Rutledge, made a prop- 
osition to the citizens of Ada, that if they would donate 
$6,000, he would erect a building suitable for a musical cen- 
servatory, to cost iiot less than $25,000. The amount of 
money was pledged, and the building will be completed 
about January, 1877. 

• METHOD OF ORGANIZATION. 

The Institution is owned by the Faculty, and is under the 
immediate control of the same, both as regards its finances 
and also as regjards its government. 

There are three courses of study: Normal or Teachers'; 
Scientific and Classical. There are special courses for Com- 
mercial Science and Music. 

FACILITIES. 

The school is well supplied with maps, charts, cabinets and 
libraries. There are two Literary Societies in connection with 
the school, each of which has a large and well selected 
library which supplies the students with all necessary miscel- 
laneous reading. There is also a library in connection with 
the school, consisting of text-books, works on Theory and 
Practice of Teaching, Statistics, etc. The text-books are 
rented to students, while all others are free. 



GEADUATES. 

Whole vimiber of Graduates — Males, 14 ; females, 9 ; 
total, 23. Of this number the following are employed as 
teachers: J. W. Zeller, Superintendent, DeGraif, Ohio; 
C. W. Butler, Superintendent, Plymouth, Ohio; O. P. 
Wilson, teacher N. W. O. N. S.;. Mollie Schoonover, teach- 
er N. W, O. N. S.; S. P. Gray, Superintendent — California; 
Lottie Bloom, teacher of High School, Plymouth, Ohio; 
Mettie Ferrall, teacher, Bluifton, Ohio ; G. W. Rutledge, 
teacher N. W. O. N. S.; R. C. Eastman, Superintendent, 
West Newton, Ohio ; A. C. Pierson, teacher, Kenton, Ohio ; 
A. D. Snively, teacher, West Lebanon, Ind.; W. D. Wood- 
ward, teacher of Penmanship N. W. O. N. S.; Sallie Lind- 
sey, teacher, Marseilles, Ohio; U. R. Niesz, teacher, Kent- 
land, Indiana; E. L. Sinclair, teacher, Par,tello, Michigan ; 
Anna Stayner, teacher, Wyandot Coiuity, Ohio; Mollie- 
McNerney, teacher, Auburn, Indiana ; J. M, Reid, Super- 
intendent, North Manchester, Indiana ; Ollie Dobbins, teacher 
Union School, Ada, Ohio ; Sue Fogle, teacher, Franklin 
county, Ohio. Occupation of others not known. 

The average attendance the last year was 176. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. 

The Institution has no financial support excepting the 
tuition received from its students, and voluntary contribu- 
tions from the citizens of Ada for library and apparatus. 
The income for the last fiscal year was about $4,700 tuition; 
donations, $600; total $5,300. 

Trustees — H. S. Lehr, A. M., President and Treasurer; 
J. G. Park, Secretary; G. W. Rutledge and J. J. Wood. 

Present Coi-ps of Instructors — H. S. Lehr, Principal; 
J. G. Park, Secretary; G. W. Rutledge, Mollie Schoonover, 
J. Fraise Richard, Mrs. Emma D. Richard, O. P. Wilson, 
W. D. Woodward, C. E. Rowley and Mrs. Hattie Rowley. 



OHIO AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 
COLLEGE. 



The history of this institution is embraced within quite 
narrow limits. 

On July 2d, 1862, the Congress of the United States passed 
an act donating lands to the several States and Territories 
which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
and the mechanic arts. The act is as follows : 

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several 
States, for the pui'poses hereinafter mentioned, an amount of puhlic laud, 
to be apportioned to each State, a quantity equal to thirty thousand acres 
for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which the States are 
respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen 
hundred and sixty : Provided, that no mineral lands shall be selected or 
purchased under the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being 
surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections, or subdi- 
visions of sections not less than one quarter of a section ; and whenever 
there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one 
dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State 
shall be entitled shall be selected from such land within the limits of such 
State ; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each 
of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to 
sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which 
said State may be entitled, under the provisions of this act, land scrip to 
the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share, said scrip 
to be sold by said State, and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and 
Ijurposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or purpose whatso- 
ever : Provided, that in no case shall any State to which land scrip may 
be thus issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any 
other State or of any Territory of the United States ; but their assignees 
may thus locate said laud scrip ujjou any of the unappropriated lands of 
the United States subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twen- 



GEADUATES. 

Whole nnmher of Graduates — Males, 14 ; females, 9 ; 
total, 23. Of this number the following are employed as 
teachers: J, W. Zeller, Superintendent, DeGraif, Ohio; 
C. W. Butler, Superintendent, Plymouth, Ohio ; O. P. 
Wilson, teacher N. W. O. N. S.;. Mollie Schoonover, teach- 
er N. W. O. N. S.; S. P. Gray, Superintendent — California; 
Lottie Bloom, teacher of High School, Plymouth, Ohio; 
Mettie Ferrall, teacher, Bluifton, Ohio; G. W. Rutledge, 
teacher N. W. O. N. S.; R. C. Eastman, Superintendent, 
West Newton, Ohio; A. C. Pierson, teacher, Kenton, Ohio; 
A. D. Snively, teacher. West Lebanon, Ind.; W. D. Wood- 
ward, teacher of Penmanship N. W. O. N. S.; Sallie Lind- 
sey, teacher, Marseilles, Ohio; U. R. Niesz, teacher, Kent- 
land, Indiana; E. L. Sinclair, teacher, Par.tello, Michigan; 
Anna Stayner, teacher, Wyandot Coanty, Ohio; Mollie- 
McNerney, teacher. Auburn, Indiana ; J. M, Reid, Super- 
intendent, North Manchester, Indiana ; Ollie Dobbins, teacher 
Union School, Ada, Ohio; Sue Fogle, teacher, Franklin 
county, Ohio. Occupation of others not known. 

The average attendance the last year was 176. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. 

The Institution has no financial support excepting the 
tuition received from its students, and voluntary contribu- 
tions from the citizens of Ada for library and apparatus. 
The income for the last fiscal year was about |4,700 tuition ; 
donations, $600; total $5,300. 

Trustees — H. S. Lehr, A. M., President and Treasurer; 
J. G. Park, Secretary; G. W. Rutledge and J. J. Wood. 

Present Corps of Instructors — H. S. Lehr, Principal ; 
J. G. Park, Secretary; G. W. Rutledge, Mollie Schoonover, 
J. Fraise Richard, Mrs. Emma D. Richard, O. P. Wilson, 
W. D. Woodward, C. E, Rowley and Mrs. Hattie Rowley. 



OHIO AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 
COLLEGE. 



The history of this institution is embraced within quite 
narrow limits. 

On July 2d, 1862, the Congress of the United States passed 
an act donating lands to the several States and Territories 
which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
and the mechanic arts. The act is as follows : 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several 
States, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, an amount of public land, 
to be apportioned to each State, a quantity equal to thirty thousand acres 
for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which the States are 
respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen 
hundred and sixty : Provided, that no mineral lands shall be selected or 
purchased under the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being 
surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections, or subdi- 
visions of sections not less than one quarter of a section ; and whenever 
there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one 
dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State 
shall be entitled shall be selected from such land within the limits of such 
State ; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each 
of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to 
sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which 
said State may be entitled, under the provisions of this act, land scrip to 
the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share, said scrip 
to be sold by said State, and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and 
purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or purpose whatso- 
ever : Provided, that in no case shall any State to which land scrip may 
be thus issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any 
other State or of any Territory of the United States ; but their assignees 
may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of 
the United States subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twen- 



ty-live cents per acre ; and provided further, that no more than one mil- 
lion acres shall be located by snch assignees in any one of the States; 
and provided further, that no such location shall be made before one year 
from the passage of this act. 

Sec. 3. And he it further enacted, That all the expenses of management, 
superintendence, and taxes, from date of selection of said lands, previous 
to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disburse- 
ment of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by 
the States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, 
so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be aj)i)lied with- 
out any diminution whatever to the purpose hereinafter mentioned. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived fi-om the sale 
of lands aforesaid by the State to which the lands are apportioned, and 
from the sales of the laud scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invest- 
ed in stocks of the United States, or of some other safe stocks, yielding 
not less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks, and that 
the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of 
which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as may be proAad- 
ed in section tifth of this act), and the interest of which shall be invio- 
lably appropriated by each State which may take and claim the benefit 
of this act to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one 
college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scien- 
tific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such 
branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, 
in such a manner as the Legislatures of the States may respectively pre- 
scribe, in order to j)romote the liberal and practical education of the in- 
dustrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life. 

Sec. 5. And he it further enacted, That the grant of land and land scrip 
hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, 
as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of 
the several States shall be signified by legislative act : 

Ist. If any jiortion of the fuud invested, as provided by the foregoing 
section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or 
contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to 
which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever un- 
diminished, and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without 
diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, 
except that a smn not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount receiv- 
ed by any State under the provisions of this act may be expended for the 
purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms whenever authorized by 
the respective Legislatures of said States. 

2d. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, 



directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, 
erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. 

3d. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions 
of this act shall provide within five years at least not less than one col- 
lege as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such 
State shall cease, and said State shall be bound to pay the United States 
the amount received of any lauds previously sold, and that the title to 
purchase under the State shall be valid. 

4th. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each 
college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their 
costs and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and 
economical statistics as may be supposed useful ; one copy of which shall 
be transmitted by mail, free, by each to all other colleges which may be 
endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secre- 
tary of the Interior. 

5th. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised 
to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they 
shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number 
of acres jiroportionally diminished. 

6th. No State while in condition of rebellion or insurrection against 
the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefits of 
this act. 

7th. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it 
shall express its acceptance thereof by its Legislature within two years 
from the date of its approval by the President. 

Sec. 6. And ie it further enacted, That land scrip issued under the pro- 
visions of this act shall not bp subject to location until after the first day of 
January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three. 

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That the land officers shall receive 
the same fees for locating land scrij) issued under the provisions of this 
act as are now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants 
under existing laws: Provided, their maximum compensation shall not be 
thereby increased. 

Sec. 8. And he it further enacted, That the governors of the several 
States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to 
report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip, until the whole 
shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appro- 
priation has been made of the proceeds. 

On February 9th, 1864, the General Assembly of the State 
of Ohio passed an act to accept the grant conveyed in the 



act above given, the essential portions of which are contained 
in the following words : 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assemhly of the State of Ohio, 
That the assent of the State is hereby signified to the aforesaid act of 
Congress, and to all the conditions and provisions therein contained ; and 
the faith of the State of Ohio is hereby pledged to the performance of all 
such conditions and provisions. 

Governor John Brough, in his annual message, delivered 
in January, 1865, announced that certificates of scrip for 
630,000 acres of land had been received and placed in the 
State Treasury. 

On the 13th of April, 1865, the General Assembly of the 
State passed an act providing : 1st, for the sale of the land 
scrip by a board of commissioners, consisting of the Auditor, 
Treasurer, and Secretary of State; and 2d, for the appoint- 
ment of five commissioners who should report to the Gov- 
ernor, by the 1st of December, 1865, their opinion as to the 
proper location of the college or colleges to be established 
upon the land grant, together with a detailed plan for the 
organization of said college or colleges. The action taken 
under this legislation in reference to the sale of the land 
scrip will be treated first. 

By the terms of the act, the land-scrip commissioners were 
authorized and directed to invite proposals for the purchase 
of said scrip, and effect sales of the same, with the restric- 
tions that no proposal should be received for less than one 
hundred and sixty acres, nor for a rate less than eighty cents 
per acre. In a report to the Governor, dated December 20th, 
1865, the commissioners announce the sale of scrip for 11,360 
acres, and declare their opinion that, unless greater powers 
should be conferred upon them, the scrip of Ohio would not 
all be sold in less than ten years, as other States were selling 
similar scrip below the minimum price to which they were 
confined. 

In accordance with this suggestion and these facts, the 



5 

Legislature passed an act on April 5th, LSGG, to amend the 
act aforesaid, so as to remove the restriction of a minimum 
price of eighty cents per acre ; and on December 10th of the 
same year the commissioners reported to the Legislature the 
sale of all the scrip, the great bulk of it being sold at fifty" 
three cents per acre. The total proceeds of the sales were 
$342,450.80. This sum was paid into the State Treasury 
during 1866 and 1867, and interest on it was computed from 
the date of payment at six per cent. 

The commissioners appointed to report upon the location 
and organization of the college or colleges to be established 
were Darwin Gardiner, David Taylor, Peter Thatcher, C. L. 
Poorman, and Miles Greenwood. In June, 1865, they re- 
ceived propositions, in regard to the location of the College, 
from Miami University, Oxford, and Farmers' College, near 
Cincinnati, and in October similar proposals from Mt. Union 
College, from the village of Kent, and the town of Worth- 
ington. 

On the first of December, 1865, in accordance with the '•e- 
quirements of the act under which they were appointed, they 
made their report to Governor Anderson. Two reports, in 
fact, were presented. The majority report, signed by four of 
the commissioners, recommended that the land scrip, or the 
funds arising from its sale, should bfe equally divided, and 
that half should be devoted to the reorganization of Miami 
University, so that its courses of study should be brought 
into harmony with the terms of the congressional grant, and 
that the other half should be devoted to the endowment of a 
college in the northern part of the State in the interests of 
agriculture and the mechanic arts. The minority report, 
presented by Miles Greenwood, recommended the acceptance 
of the proposition of Farmers' College. Neither report was 
adopted by tlie Legislature. 

From the time when the State accepted the land grant, 
the use to be made of the funds resulting from it was the 



6 

subject of earnest and prolonged discussion in the Legisla- 
ture, by the press, and throughout the State at large. A 
division of the fund among colleges already established in 
the State was strenuously urged by man}^ and as strenuously 
opposed by more. The State Board of Agriculture, especially, 
labored actively and persistently to prevent any such division. 

The efforts to secure a division were gradually abandoned, 
as it came to be seen that public sentiment demanded the 
establishment of an institution unfettered by tradition, and 
different in character from any at the time existing in the 
State. By the end of the year 1867, at least, it was gen- 
erally conceded that a separate and independent college must 
be established upon this fund. 

This fund is the financial basis of the present College. It 
has been augmented by about forty-seven per cent, of itself 
through the additions of interest, simjDle and compound, 
until at the opening of the institution in 1873 it amounted 
to $500,000. Its security is established by its being made a 
part of the irreducible debt of the State. The rate of inter- 
est which it bears is six per cent. 

After the selling of the land scrip, the lf)cation and plan 
of organization of the future College received the prolonged 
attention of successive Legislatures. 

On March 7, 1868, a joint resolution was introduced into 
the House of Representatives, which was subsequently passed, 
appointing a joint committee from the Senate and the House 
of Representatives, with authority to receive propositions 
for the location of the College, and to report the same to the 
Legislature. The committee, at the ensuing session, reported 
propositions for location from Worthington, Wooster, Oxford, 
Urbana, London, and Newark, with liberal offers of donations 
of land and money from each of the competing towns. Ma- 
jority and minority reports were brought in, the former 
recommending the acceptance of the proposition of Urbana, 
and the latter of Wooster. 



Neithcv rejoort secured t"avoral)le action in the Legislature. 
Various attempts to settle the questions involved were after- 
wards made without success, until, in March 22, 1870, the 
following bill was jmssed by the Legislature, the date of 
which may be taken as the initial date of the present insti- 
tution : 

An Act to establish and maintain an Agricultural and Mechanical CoUege in Ohio. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, 
That a College, to be styled tlie Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege, is hereby established in this State, in accordance with the provisions 
of an act of Congress of the United ytatcs, passed July 2, 1862, entitled 
"An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which 
may provide colleges for the benefit of agricultural and mechanic arts," 
and said college to be located and controlled as hereinafter provided. 
The leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and class- 
ical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
learning as are related to agricultiual and mechanic arts. 

Sec. 2. The government of said College shall be vested in a Board of 
Trustees, to consist of one from each Congressional Distrist of this State, 
who shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. The President of the State Board of Agriculture 
will be ex-officio member of said Board. 

Sec. 3. The members of the Board of Trustees, and their successors, 
shall hold their office for the term of six years each : Provided, that at 
the first regular meeting of said Board the said members shall determine, 
by lot, so that as nearly as may be one-third shall hold their office for 
two years, one-third for four years, and one-third for six years, from the 
date of the first meeting of the Board, or until their successors are ap- 
pointed and qualified. In case a vacancy occur by death, resignation, or 
otherwise, the appointment shall be for the unexpired term. The Trus- 
tees shall receive no comiiensation for their services, but shall be entitled 
to reasonable and necessary expenses while in the discharge of their offi- 
cial duties. 

Sec. 4. The Trustees and their successors in office shall be styled the 
"Board of Trustees of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College," 
with the right, as such, of suing and being sued, of contracting and being 
contracted with, of making and using a common seal, and altering the 
same at pleasure. 

Sec. 5. The Board of Trustees shall have power to adopt by-laws 



8 

rules and regulations for the government of said College, to elect a presi- 
dent, to determine the number of professors and tutors, elect the same, 
and fix their salaries. They shall also have power to remove the presi- 
dent, or any professor or tutor, whenever the interests of the College, iu 
their judgment, shall require ; to fix and regulate the course of instruc- 
tion, and to prescribe the extent and character of experiments to be made. 

Sec. 6. The Board of Trustees shall annually appoint an Executive 
Committee of not less than three of their own members, who, when said 
Board is not in session, shall have the management and control of the 
affairs of said College, under the direction of the Board, and shall furnish 
a full report of their proceedings at every regular meeting of the Board, 
and at such other times as the Board may direct. 

Sec. 7. The College shall be open to all persons over fourteen yeais 
of age, subject to such rules and regulations, and limitations as to num- 
bers from the several counties of the State, as may be prescribed by the 
Board of Trustees : Provided, that each county shall be entitled to its just 
proportion, according to its population. The Board may provide for 
courses of lectures, either at the seat of the College or elsewhere in the 
State, which shall be free to all. 

Sec. 8. The Board of Trustees shall have the general supervision of 
all lands, buildings, and other property belonging to said College, and 
the control of all expenses therefor : Provided, always, that said Board 
shall not contract any debt not previously authorized by the General As- 
sembly of the State of Ohio. 

Sec. 9. The Board of Trustees shall annually elect one of their num- 
ber chairman, apd in the absence of the chairman shall elect one of their 
number temporary chairman, and shall have power to appoint a secretary, 
treasurer, and librarian, and such other officers as the interests of the 
College may require, who may or may not be members of the Board, and 
shall hold their offices for such term as said Board shall fix, subject to re- 
moval by said Board, and shall receive such compensation as the Board 
shall prescribe. The treasurer shall, before entering upon the duties of 
his office, give bond to the State of Ohio iu such sum as the Board may 
determine, which bond shall not be for a less sum than the probable 
amount that will be under Ms control iu any one year, conditioned for 
the faithful discharge of his duties and the payment of all moneys coming 
into his hands, said bond to be approved by the Attorney-General of the 
State. , 

Sec. 10. The Board of Trustees shall have power to secure a collection of 
specimens in mineralogy, geology, zoology, botany, and other specimens 
pertaining to natural history and the sciences ; and it shall be the duty of 
the Chief Geologist of the State to collect aud dejiosit iu such place as 



the Trustees may direct a full and complete set of specimens, as collected 
l>y him or his assistants, for the benefit of said College. The Board shall 
make provision for a library, apparatus, and arms and accoutrements, 
and for increasing and preserviug the same. 

Sec. 11. The Board of Trustees shall have power to receive and hold 
in trust, for the use and benefit of the College, any grant or devise of 
land, and any donation or bequest of money or other personal property, 
to be applied to the general or special use of the College. All donations 
or bequests of money shall be ijaid to the State Treasurer, and invested 
in the same manner as the endowment fund of the College, unless other- 
wise directed in the donation or bequest. 

Sec. 12. The first meeting of the members of the Board shall be called 
by the Governor as soon after the appointment of said Board as he may 
deem advisable, to be held at Columbus, Ohio. Ail succeeding meetings 
shall be called in such manner as said Board may prescribe ; said Board 
shall meet at least once annually at the College building. A majority of 
the Board of Trustees shall constitute a quorum to do business : Pro\'ided, 
it shall require a majority of all the Board to elect or remove a president 
or professor. 

Sec. 13. The title for all lands for the use of said College shall be 
made in fee simple to the State of Ohio, with covenants of seizin and 
warranty ; and no title shall be taken to the State for purposes aforesaid 
until the Attorney-General shall be satisfied that the same is free from all 
defects and incumbrances. 

Sec. 14. The Board of Trustees shall cause a report to be made annu- 
ally to the Governor of the condition of said College, the amount of re- 
ceipts and disbursements, and for what the disbursements were made ; 
the number of professors, teachers, and other officers, and the position 
and compensation of each ; the number of students in the several depart- 
ments and classes, and the course of instruction pursued in each ; also, an 
estimate of the exjienses of the ensuing year; a full transcript of the 
journal of the proceedings of the Board for the i)ast year ; the progress of 
said College, recording any improvements and experiments made, with 
their cost, and the results, and such other matters as may be supposed 
useful. One copy, when printed and bound, shall l»e transmitted by mail, 
free, to all other colleges which may be eudowed under the provisions of 
said act of Congress, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior. 

Sec. 15. The Attorney-General of the State shall be the legal adviser 
of said Board of Trustees, and he shall institute aud prosecute all suits 
in behalf of the same, and shall receive the same compensation therefor 
as he is entitled to by law for suits brought in behalf of the asylums of 
the State. 



10 

Sec. 16. All fiiuds, togetuer wLtli the interest now accumulated tliere- 
ou. derived from the sale of laud scrip issued to the State of Ohio by the 
United States in iiursuance of the act of Congress aforesaid, shall be 
invested in registered bonds of the State of Ohio, or of the United States, 
by the authority now having control of the same ; which bonds shall be 
and remain in the custody of the State Treasurer intact, unless one-tenth 
shall be appropriated by the General Assbmbly for the purchase of land, 
as provided in the act of Congress, who shall pay over the income thereof 
as it may accrue to the treasurer of said College, upon the order of the 
Auditor of State, made upon the requisition of the Board of Trustees, to 
be by the Board of Trustees aiipropriated to the endowmeiit, support, 
and maintenance of the College, as jjroTided in the act of Congress as 
aforesaid. 

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the Board of Trustees to permanently 
locate said Agricultural and Mechanical College upon lands (not less than 
one hundred acres) which in their judgment is best suited to the wants 
and i)urposes of said institution, the same being reasonably central in 
tlie State, and accessible by railroad from difi'erent i)arts thereof, liaving 
regard to the healthiness of location, and also regarding the best interests 
of the College in the receipt of moneys, lands, or other property donated 
to said College by any county, town, or individual, in consideration of 
the location of said College at a given place : Provided, it shall require a 
three-fifths vote of the Trustees to make said location ; and provided 
further, that said location shall be made on or before the 15tli day of Oc- 
tober, 1870 ; provided further, that any jierson acting as a trustee, who 
shall accept or receive, directly or indirectly, any sum or amount from 
any person or persons, to use their influence in favor of the location of 
said College at any particular point or place, shall be held to be guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof by any court of competent 
jurisdiction, shall be lined in any sum not less than one thousand nor 
more than ten thousand dollars ; x>i"ovided further, that in the location 
of said College the said Trustees shall not in any event incur any debt or 
obligation exceeding forty thousand dollars; and if, in their opiuion, the 
interests of the College can not be best promoted without a larger ex- 
penditure for the location than that sum, then they may delay the per- 
manent location of the same until the third Monday of January, 1871, 
and report their proceedings and conclusions to the General Assembly ; 
l)rovided further, that said College shall not be located until there are 
secured thereto, for such location, donations in money or unincumbered 
lands at their cash valuation, whereon the College is to be located, or in 
both money and such lands, a sum equal to at least one hundred thousand 
dollars. 



11 

Sec. 18. This act shall take effect aud be iu foice from and after its 
passage. 

Under this act a board of nineteen Trustees was appointed 
by Governor R. B. Hayes, and his appointments were con- 
firmed by the Senate. The following gentlemen composed 
the Board, arranged in the order of their Congressional Dis- 
tricts : 

Aaron F. Perry Fii-st District. 

Joseph F. Weight Secoud " 

EiCHARD C. Anderson Third " 

William B. McClung Fourth " 

William Sawyer Fifth " 

James M. Trimble Sixth " 

Joseph Sullivant Seventh " 

Thomas C. Jones Eighth " 

Warren P. Noble Ninth " 

James W. Ross Tentli " 

Ralph Leete Eleventh " 

Daniel Keller Twelfth '• 

Marvin M. Munson Thirteenth " 

Norton S. Townshend Fourteenth ' ' 

Valentine B. Horton Fifteenth ' ' 

John C. Jamison Sixteenth ' ' 

Cornelius Aultman Seventeenth " 

John E. Buchtel Eighteenth " 

Henry B. Perkins Nineteenth " 

The Board held its first meeting in Columbus on May 11, 
1870, and eflected a permanent organization by "the election 
of Valentine B. Horton, President, R. C. Anderson, Secretary? 
and Joseph Sullivant, Treasurer. 

By a legislative act, passed April 1<S, 1870, the several 
counties of the State were authorized to raise money to se- 
cure the location of the College. On June 4 of the same year 
the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees issued an 
address to the people of the State, prepared by Hon. V. B. Hor- 
ton, President of the Board, and chairman of said committee, 
setting forth the aims, purposes, and wants of the Ohio Agri- 



12 

fultural and Mechanical College, and inviting the citizens 
of the State, througli their counties, to raise the necessary 
funds for providing land, buildings, and outfit for the College. 

The following named counties competed for the location 
under the above act: Champaign, Clarke, Franklin, Mont- 
gomery. 

Chamjxaign county offered $200,000, in 8 per cent, county 
bonds ; Clarke offered the same amount ; Franklin offered 
$300,000, in 7 per cent, bonds, and Montgomery offered, by 
pledges of several of her prominent citizens, $400,000, in 
8 per cent, bonds. After prolonged and thorough discussion, 
the proposition of Franklin county was accepted, and on 
October 13, 1870, the College was located within the limits 
of the city of Columbus, on a farm of about 317 acres of 
excellent land. The donation from Franklin county was 
increased by contributions from citizens of Columbus, and 
by two of the railroads entering here, to the amount of about 
$28,000. The railrcxid companies contributing were the 
Cleveland, Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad and the 
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad. 

A site for a College building was selected, and architects 
were invited to furnish plans for such building. The plan 
prepared and offered by Mr. .Jacob Snyder, of Akron, was 
finally adopted, and the building was put under contract, to 
be completed in 1872, at a cost of $112,450. A boarding-hall 
and dormitory was also ordered, at an estimated cost of 
$20,000, at a somewhat later date. A second dormitory, i:)ro- 
viding accommodations for twenty students who may desire 
to board themselves, has been since erected. 

The character of the College building can be learned from 
the following description by the architect : 

The Agricultural and iVlecliauical College of Ohio is designed, when 
completed, to be a three-story building, besides the basement and attic, 
and is to be of brick with stone dressings, above the basement story. 
The latter is to be entirely of stone, elevated seven feet nine inches from 
the grade line, thus admitting ample light to accommodate the lower 



13 

apartments. The attic story extends partly into the roof space, and is 
well lighted by means of gable windows. The plan of the building is 
made up of a central building having two connecting and two terminal 
wings. The central building is sixty-seven feet front by one hundred 
and nine feet deep, including the projection of the main tower on the 
front, which is eight feet from the face of the front wall. The main 
tower has a base of twenty-one feet six inches square besides the projec- 
tions of buttresses, and a height of one hviudi-ed and four feet to the top 
of crown. The central building is flanked by the two connecting wings, 
which are forty-one feet front by fifty-eight feet deep. The height of 
the connecting and terminal wings, except their roofs, is equal, and from 
grade line to top of crown is fifty-four feet and nine inches. The height 
of the central building from corresponding points is fifty -eight feet three 
inches. The front portion of central wing, on its first main floor, con- 
tains the office and reception room, the College library room, and their 
complemental aparttiaents. The upper stories of this portion of the cen- 
tral building are to be occupied by recitation and professors' rooms. 

The rear of the central buikling contains two large amphitheatres of 
fifty-one by sixty-seven feet, occupying the entire height of the three 
principal stories. The elevated roof of this portion of the building 
aftbrds sufficient height to admit of two society halls in the attic, so 
arranged as to be used conjointly for the purposes of one large hall if 
desired. The connecting wings, besides their complemental apartments, 
contain professors' rooms in all their principal stories. The terminal 
wings have no divisions above the basement, the rooms being the entire 
size of the wings within theu- walls. They are designed to be used as 
recitation and work-rooms. The apartments of the basement not required 
for heating are designed to be used for purposes similar to those of the 
terminal wings. 

The building, including the projections of the buttresses, has a front- 
age of two hundred and thirty-five feet, and will accommodate from 
four to five hundred students. 

The dormitory and boarding-hall provides accommodations 
for seventy-five students. 

The plan of study to be pursued in the College was made 
the subject of very earnest discussion in the Board of Trus- 
tees from the date of its organization. Quite divergent views 
were at first held by its different members, but on January 
6, 1871, they united in adopting the general plan presented 
and advocated by Joseph SuUivant, Esq., of Columbus. This 



14 

plan had for its aim the establishment of a scientific school 
of a liberal character. The following departments were in- 
cluded in it : 

1. Agriculture. 

2. Mechanic Arts. 

3. Matliematics and Physics. 

4. Chemistry. 

5. Geology, Mining, and Metallurgy. 

6. Zoology and Veterinary Science. 

7. Botany and Horticulture. 

8. English Language and Literature. 

9. Modern and Ancieut Languages. 
10. Political Economy and Civil Polity. 

It was not designed in the action taken that these subjects 
should necessarily stand in the same connections in which 
they are here placed, but only that the general range of in- 
struction thus indicated should be offered by the College. 
In point of fact, but few of the departments have been per- 
manently established within the limits named above, but all 
of these subjects, and more, are now taught in the College, as 
will presently appear. To Mr. Sullivant was also assigned 
the equipment of laboratories and cabinets, a fund of $25,000 
being set aside for this general purpose, including the neces- 
sary furniture of the building. It is but justice to add that 
to his intelligent and unselfish interest the College owes a 
large debt, both for the breadth of its plan of organization 
and the equipment with which its departments have been 
supplied. 

FACULTY. 

The selection of a faculty commanded the early attention 
of the Board. On March 10, 1871, a virtual offer of the presi- 
dency of the institution was made to General Jacob I). Cox, 
of Cincinnati, but the offer was declined. The committee 
on Faculty next reported the name of Hon. James W. Pat- 
terson, formerly professor in Dartmouth College, and, at the 
time, representing New Hampshire in the Senate of the 



15 

United States, for this position. Mr. Patterson was elected 
to the office on October 10, 1872, but after holding the mat- 
ter for some time under advisement, he also declined the 
appointment. 

The following named gentlemen were elected professors at 
a meeting of the Trustees held on January 2, 1873: 

Thomas C. Mendenhall, of Columbus, Professor of Physics aud 
Mechanics. 

Sidney S. Norton, of Ciuciunati, Professor of General and Applied 
Chemistry. 

Edward Orton, of Yellow Springs, Professor of Geology, Mining, and 
Metallurgy. 

Joseph Millikin, of Hamilton, Professor of English and Modern Lan- 
guages. 

W. G. Williams, of Delaware, Professor of Latin and Greek Lan- 
guages. 

At the same meeting of the Trustees, but at a somewhat 
later date, Norton S. Townshend, of Avon, was elected pro- 
fessor of Agriculture, he having previously resigned his 
position on the Board of Trustees to accept it. 

Professors Mendenhall, Norton, Millikin, and Townshend 
accepted their appointments. Prof. Williams also signified 
his acceptance, but was subsequently released at the request 
of the Trustees of the Ohio Wesleyan University, with which 
he was at the time connected. Prof. Orton declined the i)ro- 
fessorship of Geology, but in April succeeding the presidency 
of the institution was offered to him, which he accepted in 
May. 

During the summer of 1873, Prof. R. W. McFarland, of 
Oxford, was called to the professorship of Mathematics, and 
the subject of Civil Engineering was also assigned to his 
department. 

Mr. John H. Wright, a recent graduate of Dartmouth Col- 
lege, was appointed assistant professor in the department of 
Languages, and to him were assigned all of the classes in 
Latin and Greek. 



16 

In January, 1874, Albert H. Tuttle was appointed by the 
Executive Committee to the chair of Zoology, and in June 
the appointment was confirmed by the Board. At the same 
time, . Thomas Mathew, of Columbus, was appointed in- 
structor in Drawing, freehand and mechanical, and also in 
Photography and Lithography. In June, 1875, William 
Colvin, of Cincinnati, was appointed professor of Political 
Economy and Civil Polity, and the Science of Accounts was 
also assigned to his department. Miss Alice Williams was, 
at the same time, made an assistant in the department of 
English and Modern Languages. 

These appointments show the present constitution of the 
faculty. To recapitulate the facts already given, it consists 
at the present date of the following persons : 

Edward Okton, Pb. D., President aud Professor, of Geology. 

Thomas C. Mendenhai^l, B.Sc., Professor of Physics aud Mechanics. 

Sidney A. Norton, A.M., M.D., Professor of Cheuiistry, General and 
Ai)plied. 

Joseph Millikin, A.M., Professor of the English, French, and German 
Langnages. 

Norton S. Townshend, M.D., Professor of Agriculture and Botany. 

R. W. McFarland, A.M., Professor of Mathematics ana Civil Engi- 
neering. 

Albert H. Tuttle, M.Sc, Professor of Zoology and Compartive 
Anatomy. 

William Colvin, Professor of Political Economy and Civil Polity and 
of the Science of Accounts. 

John H. Wright, A.B., Assistant Professor of Ancient Languages. 

Thomas Mathew, Instructor in Dravping. 

Alice K. Williams, Assistant in Moderu Languages. 

The College was opened for the reception of students on 
September 17th, 1873. During its first year it numbered 
fifty students, during the second, seventy-five, and during the 
third year, one hundred and five. 

SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION. 

As has been already stated, the Trustees determined the 
general character of the education to be offered b}' the College 



17 

by their action of January 6th, 1871. It was settled that the 
college should not be an agricultural College in the narrower 
sense in which this title is frequently used; but a liberal, 
scientific school, in which broad and generous culture could 
be secured, as well as the technical training that many of 
the callings of life demand. It was clearly recognized from 
the first that the education furnished in the departments of 
natural science especially should be more thorough and com- 
plete than was elsewhere to be obtained within the limits of 
the State. To this end the laboratory method of instruction 
would haye to be largely introduced. 

One other point of essential importance was also seen from 
the first, viz., that a high standard of entrance to the College 
could not be established without breaking faith with those 
interests in the State to which the College was largely in- 
debted for its present form. The earnest and persistent 
opposition of the State Board of Agriculture, representing 
the agricultural interest of Ohio, to any division of the funds 
arising from the land grant, has been already recorded, and 
it was, beyond doubt, one of the prominent factors in pre- 
venting such division. This great interest claimed, and 
with justice, in the opinion of Trustees and Faculty, that the 
doors of the new College should be opened to the young people 
of country as well as of town. It was not, therefore, possible 
to insist that candidates for entrance should have attained 
the training and knowledge which the excellent high schools 
of the cities and larger towns furnish; for however desirable 
such a class of jHipils might be, it makes but a small fraction 
of the 3'oung people of the State, and leaves out almost en- 
tirel}^ all that belong to the agricultural class. Good faith 
required that the standard of qualifications should be adjusted 
to the common schools of the country rather than the high 
schools of the town, and this was done. No more was asked 
than the better grades of our country schools could furnish, 
viz., an adequate knowledge of the common branches, read- 
2 



18 

ing, writing, arithmetic, geography, and English grammar, 
with the addition of the elements of algebra, a branch now 
generally within reach in most of our common schools. 

No preparator}' department, so called, was established, but 
a two 3'ears' course of recitation and class-room training was 
prefixed to the laboratory work in the several departments. 

By the time the student has completed this, he has secured 
the elements of a general education. He has had, for in- 
stance, a year's drill in the English language, and by the 
method of study pursued has been brought to see something 
of the nature and claims of linguistic science generally. He 
has advanced in mathematics through algebra, plane geom- 
etry, and plane trigonometry. He has acquired the leading 
principles of physics by a year's study, and the same amount 
of time devoted to chemistry has given him a fair hold upon 
the elements of this science. On the natural history side, 
he has pursued the subjects of human physiology, of zoology 
and botan}^, and the subject of physical geography has also 
received a measure of attention. 

At the end of this two years' course, it is judged that he 
can choose intelligently as to the special lines in which his 
subsequent work shall be done. The doors of all the de- 
partments are now open to him. He can advance in the 
study of language if he so chooses. He can take up the 
study of the physical forces or of mechanics in a practical 
way, aided by the costly apparatus accumulated in the de- 
partment of phj^sics. He can study chemistry in its rela- 
tions to agriculture, to pharmacy, to manufactures, in courses 
that shall extend through, one, two, or three years, with all 
necessary apparatus for doing analytical work at his hand. 
He can pursue agriculture as a science in a two years' course 
that will familiarize him with the best results of modern 
knowledge in this all-important field. He can turn to civil 
engineering, to higher mathematics, to geology, to botany, to 
veterinary anatomy, to natural history, to comparative physi- 



19 

ology and anatomy, to the study of political and social 
science. The requirements of the courses insist, however, on 
a certain balance or proportion in the courses pursued, as a 
more detailed examination of the scheme here touched upon 
will show. To secure the degrees of the institution, six 
years of study from the grade of entrance are required, on 
the basis of three daily recitations or their equivalents. 
Three degrees are now offered by the College, viz.. Bachelor 
of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc), and Civil Engi- 
neer (C.E.). 

Students are admitted to advanced standing, or to special 
courses, as their necessities require. Distinctions as to sex 
or color have not been recognized in the College. Tuition is 
free. Incidental expenses are charged at the rate of fifteen 
dollars per year. The value of materials consumed in the 
laboratories is assessed upon the students using them. Man- 
ual labor is not required of students, but the necessary work 
on the farm and grounds is done by them to a considerable 
extent. 

By act of the General Assembly, passed April 16th, 1874, 
a reorganization of the Board of Trustees was effected, and 
the number was reduced from nineteen to five. The following 
named gentlemen were appointed by Governor William 
Allen and confirmed by the Senate — they compose the 
present Board : 

Ralph Leete La wionce coiiuty. 

Alexander Waddle Clarke county. 

Warren P. Noble Seneca county. 

William Larwill Crawford county. 

Joseph Sulli vant Franklin county. 

In enumerating the resources of the College, mention has 
not been made of the grant made to it by the State of Ohio 
of unsurveyed and unentered lands in the Virginia Militarj'' 
District of the State. This grant was made by the Legisla- 
ture in the early part of the year 1872. It has not yet become 
a source of income to the institution, but it is expected that 



20 

a small addition to the College funds will ultimately result 
from it. 

Several efforts have been made to obtain, for the better 
equipment of the College, the proceeds that should arise 
from the sale of swamp and canal lands within the limits of 
Ohio. Favorable action has twice been taken in the State 
Senate, and a bill for this purpose is now pending in the 
Legislature. 

With the following recapitulation, this history will be 
concluded : 

The productive funds of the institution, derived from the 
sale of the land scrip and from interest accruing thereon, 
now amount to $500,000, and constitute a part of the irredu- 
cible debt of the State, on which interest is computed and 
paid at 6 per cent., giving an annual income of $30,000. 

The money furnished by Franklin county and citizens of 
Columbus, amounting to about $328,000, has been used in 
the purchase of a farm of 317 acres within the corporate 
limits of the city of Columbus, and in the erection of the 
necessary college and farm buildings, and in the equipment 
of the several departments of instruction. Since the pur- 
chase of the farm, ihe price of land in this portion of the 
city has been largely increased. It is within limits to say 
that the value of the farm has been doubled within the last 
five years. When to this is added the value of the lands given 
to the College by the State in the Virginia Military District, 
the property belonging to the College, exclusive of its endow- 
ment, will scarcely fall below $500,000. 

Upon this noble foundation there has been established and 
put into operation a College, with ten departments of instruc- 
tion and a faculty of eleven professors and instructors. More 
than one hundred students are now availing themselves of 
the opportunities it offers in acquiring the " liberal and 
practical education " which shall qualify them for " the sev- 
eral pursuits and professions of life." 



OBERLIN COLLEGE. 



PLAN. 

The original plan ol Obcrlin College was conceived by 
Rev. John J. Shipherd ; but in the development of this plan 
he was assisted by Mr. P. P. Stewart. The plan involved a 
school open to both sexes, with various departments, Prepara- 
tory, Teachers, Colle<^iate and Theological, furnishing a sub- 
stantial education at the lowest possilile rates, and with such 
facilities tor self-support as the " manual labor system " was 
supposed to present. The school was to be surrounded by a 
Christian community, united in the faith of the gospel, and 
in self-denying efforts to establish, build up, and sustain the 
school. 

NAME. 

The name of the school and colony was taken from Oberlin, 
the Swiss pastor, as representing the self-denying and fruit- 
ful life the founders desired to cherish. The school was named 
»the "Oberlin Collegiate Institute,"' which remained its legal 
designation until the name was changed upon application to 
the Legislature, in 1S50, to C)l)erlin College. 

LOCATION. 

The location selected was in a dense, unbroken forest, eight 
miles from Elyria, and thirty-three from Cleveland. A por- 



tion of this land, three miles square — nearly six thousand 
acres — was purchased at the low rate of one dollar and fifty 
cents an acre, and re-sold at an advance of one dollar an acre, 
thus providing a fund with which to lay the foundation of the 
school. The original proprietors donated to the enterprise 
about five hundred acres in the center of the tract for the uses 
of the school. On this site the College builJings now stand, 
and the entire southwestern quarter of the village. 

THE BEGINNING. 

The original colony embraced families from several of the 
New England States, and from New York and Ohio — all of 
New England origin. The school, during the Winter term, 
numbered forty-four pupils ; but was not permanently organ- 
ized under regular teachers until the next year, 1S34. The 
number of pupils the first year reached one hundred. 

In the Winter of 1834-5, the Trustees first took their posi- 
tion upon the admission of colored students, and in the Spring 
the Theological Department was organized, and the board of 
instruction enlarged by the accession of President Mahan, and 
Professors Finney. Morgan and Henry Cowles. Theological 
students came in considerable numbers from Lane Seminary, 
and the college department received large accessions from 
Western Reserve and other colleges. 

CHARTER AND TRUSTEES. 

Oberlin College received its charter by an act of the Ghio 
Legislature, February aSth, 1834. The names of the first 
trustees were as follows : Henry Brown, John Keys, Eliphalet\ 
Redington, Joel Talcott, Addison Tracv, Jabez L. Burrell, 
Philo P. Stewart, Peter P. Pease, John J. Shipherd. The , 
number of the trustees, at first nine, was increased in 1834 to 
twelve, and in 1874 to eighteen. It is a self-perpetuating body; 
additional members, as occasion may require, being elected by 
themselves. There are no particular requirements, such as 
residence, religious creed, etc.; and their term of service is for 
life. The trustees were authorized bv the charter to confer 



such honors and degrees as are usually conferred in similar 
institutions. 

GROUNDS AXD OTHER LANDS. 

The grounds occupied by the buildings and lying contigu- 
ous, including a Ladies' Park of two acres, comprise about 
twenty-two and a half acres. The other lands are held by 
the Institution as an investment in Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, 
Indiana and West Virginia, comprising in all more than 7'5^^ 
acres, and valued at $30,000. Of these the lands in West Vir- 
ginia comprise about 6,000 acres, and are valued at $25,000. 

BUILDINGS. 

Several of the buildings of Oberlin College, which were 
used for a time, have been superseded by better ones. Ober- 
lin Hall was the first frame building erected on the Oberlin 
tract, and furnished a home for the school in the wilderness. 
For a year and a half, from December, 1S33, to July, 1S35, this 
Iniilding provided for all the operations of the College and all 
the public gatherings of the colony. 

The Ladies' Hall of the early times was next in order, a 
three-stury, wooden building, thirty-eight feet by eighty, with 
two wings projecting backward, of two stories each, begun 
in the summer of 1834, and completed in the Summer of 
1S35. This building afforded rooms for about sixty young 
ladies, and table room for 175 boarders. It served its pur- 
pose for thirty years. 

Cincinnati Hall was extemporized in the Spring of 1835, 
to receive the sudden accession from Lane Seminary. It was 
a one-story building, 144 feet long and 24 wide. It served its 
purpose until the completion of Tappan Hall. 

Colonial Hall took its name from the fact that the " colonists " 
contributed something more than $3,000, about half the cost, 
to its erection, with the provision that the lower story should 
be occupied jointly as a college chapel and a meeting house. 
It accommodated 800. The two upper stories furnished dor- 
mitories for forty-four students and a single recitation room. 
The building was commenced in 1835 and completed in 1836. 



Oberlin Hall, the Ladies' Hall and Colonial Hall have all been 
removed, and are used either as dwelling houses or stores. 

Tappan Hall, named from Arthur Tappan who gave .$10,- 
000 for its erection, was built in 1835-6, and afforded single 
rooms for eighty-seven students, beside four recitation rooms. 

In 1835, a church in Walton. N. Y., sent several of their 
young men, and put up a building for them called Walton 
Hall. This came into possession of the College about i8:;j, 
was at length sold, and was destroyed by fire in 1864. It is a 
somewhat remarkable fact that no one of the College build- 
ings has ever been destroyed, or even seriously damaged by 
fire. 

The Laboratory is a small brick building, erected in 1838. 
and occupied bv the Professor of Chemistr\' as a laboratory 
and for lectures. 

The Music Hall is a small frame building, used for a time 
for the rehearsals of the choir and for the large choral classes 
of the school, and occupied till recently bv the Cabinet. 

The Cabinet Hall furnishes several desirable recitation 
rooms, as well as a commodious room in the upper story for 
the Cabinet. 

The Chapel was erected in 1S54-:;, at a cost of $10,5^00. 
The lower floor is used chieflv for offices ; in the large room 
above the students meet for prayers. Duiing the past Winter 
this has been re-modeled in the amphitheatre form, is now 
(]uite commodious, and capable of seating about 900. 

The Ladies' Hall was begun in 1861 and completed in 1865. 
Tlie cost of the building and its furnishing was about $40,000. 
It is of brick, three stories high, with fronts on two streets 
120 feet each. It contains an assembly room, a society room, 
a reading room, with offices tor the Ladies' Department, a 
dining room which will seat 216 boarders, and rooms for 
one hundred ladies and the steward's family. 

F'rench and Society Halls were built in 1S67-8, at a 
cost of .$9,500 each. The tirst took its name from the late 
Charles French, of Cleveland, who left a bequest of 
$5,000, which was devoted to this use. They are two-story, 
brick buildings. French Hall contiiins four recitation rooms, 



and rooms for philosophical apparatus, and for drawing and 
painting ; Society Hall contains three recitation rooms, a fine 
hall for the College Societies, and a room for the Societies' 
Library and for the College Library. 

The corner-stone of Council Hall, the last and best of the 
college buildings, was laid in the fall of 1S71, during the 
session of the Congregational Council organized at Oberlin. 
and its name was suggested by vote of the Council. It was 
dedicated at the Commencement in August, 1874. It provides 
abundantly for the Theological Seminary as it now is, nnd for 
a considerable expansion. Its length is lOi feet, its width 70 




COUNCIL HALL. 

feet. The first storv contains a chapel, lecture rooms, a 
library room and an adjoining reading room ; the second, third 
and fourth stories are appropriated to student's private rooms. 
These rooms will accommodate about sixty students. The 
cost of the building and furnishing, was about $68,000. 

ENDOWMENT AM) PROPERTY. 

Previous to 1850 Oberlin had no endowment, but was sup- 



ported by the contributions of its friends in this country and 
England. Arthur Tappan gave $10,000 to build Tappan 
Hall ; another gentleman loaned $10,000 ; and these and others 
united in a "Professorship Association," pledging themselves 
to pay regularly the salaries of eight professors. But the 
great fire in New York and the great monetary convulsions 
of 1836-7 soon following, broke up this arrangement. The 
professors could not find it in their hearts to leave, and con- 
sented to live on meagre pay, and this coming in no detinite 
form or channel. A load of debt accumulated ; but agents 
sent to England raised, in eighteen months, $30,000, sufficient 
to cancel the debt. It was chiefly the fidelity of Oberlin to 
anti slavery principles that brought forth such a response from 
British Christians. In 1850 a movement was made to secure 
an endowment of $100,000 by the sale of scholarships, guar- 
anteeing free tuition to their holders. The work of securing 
})ledges was accomplished in a little more than a year. These 
scholarships were of three classes : one entitling the holder 
to tuition for six years, another for eighteen years, and the 
(jther perpetually. The prices of these scholarships were $35, 
$50 and $100. This measure which has been unprofitable to 
some colleges, was eminently wise and successful here. The 
money thus secured has been safely and profitably invested, 
and the income from it is much more than the College ever 
received trom tuition. 

The Institution has now property in lands, buildings and 
money, amounting to about $500,000 ; of which, however, 
only $145,000 are productive, $115,000 for the Collegiate De- 
partment and $30,000 for the Theological Department. 

THE MANUAL LABOR SYSTEM. 

Any peculiarity in the system of education is due to the 
dominant idea embodied in its original plan, which was, to 
make a substantial education accessible to all. This involved, 
it was supposed, the Manual Labor System, the Co-Education 
of the Sexes, and soon it was seen, also, the education of 
colored persons on equal terms with whites. The first year 
of the school all the students were required to labor four 



hours per day; the next year three ; but, since 1838, the Insti- 
tution has given no pledge to furnish labor to all the students, 
and has only recommended and not required it. 

The high idea of a Manual Labor School, which was in- 
dulged at the beginning, had not been realized. The spirit of 
labor has been cherished, and work has always been held in 
honor. "Learning and Labor" is the motto of the College 
seal, and a considerable proportion of our students rely upon 
their own exertions for support ; realizing more, however, 
from Winter teaching than from Summer work. 

CO-EDUCATIOX OF THE SEXES. 

A Female Department was in the original plan of Oberlin, 
and young ladies have been connected with the school from 
the beginning, constituting at the outset more than one-third of 
the entire number. Ladies have also always been permitted 
to take the classical course, and many have done so. For 
purposes of government, all young ladies attending the Insti- 
ution are under the direction of a Lady Principal and a 
Ladies' Board. Freedom of social intercourse is allowed, and 
under the strong influences favorable to good order, the plan 
of Co-education has here proved an unquestionable success. 

COLORED STUDENTS. 

The introduction of colored students soon atter the found- 
ing of the school, made it practically an anti-slavery institu- 
tion of the most pronounced type, and it became one of the 
most efficient promoters of the anti-slavery sentiment. Col- 
ored students have, however, always formed but a small 
minority of the whole number of students. 

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE ARTS. 

In the Department of Philosophy and the Arts there are 
two courses : (i.) The Classical and Scientific, or " College" 
course ; and (2.) The Literary. The former embraces the 
studies usually pursued in American colleges, so arranged 
that after the Freshman year, the student can give a classical 
or scientific character to his course by a system of elections. 



The Literar}'^ course, formerly called the Ladies' course, 
differs from the Classical principally in the omission of all the 
Greek and part of the Latin and Mathematics. It has been the 
aim of the authorities of the College to make the entire course 
subservient to a broad and Christian culture, placing the Bible 
in the center and making allstudies contribute to it. 

DEPARTMENT OF PREPARATORY INSTRUCTION. 

The Department of Preparatory Instruction embraces : ( i.) 
A Classical School, with a three years' course prepaiator> to 
College, and (3.) an English School, similar in grade to an 
academy, and pi^eparatory to the Literary course. Each of 
these is in charge oi a Principal ; and both are under the same 
general supervision as the other departments. 

DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY. 

The only post-graduate school connected with the College 
is the Theological Seminary. This is considered as a part of 
the College, having the same President and Board of Trus- 
tees, and being under the same general management. It has 
a corps of five professors, and three regular lecturers on 
special topics. Other courses of lectures by distinguished 
men are also from time to time provided. (For the full course 
of study in each of the above departments of instruction, see 
the last Annual Catalogue.) 

ATTENDANCE. 

The following items respecting attendance are taken from 
the table appended to this sketch, in which full statistics of 
attendance are given. From 1S34 to 1S53, the average yearly 
attendance, in all departments, was 462 ; the maximum being 
514 in 1843. Of these 64 per cent, during this period were 
young men, and 36 per cent, young ladies. From 181^3 to 
1S76, the average yearly attendance was 1150 ; the maximum 
being 1371 in 1S74, and the minimum being S59 in 1S63. Of 
these, during this i^eriod, s;6 per cent, were young men and 
44 per cent, young ladies. During the latter period — from 
1853 to 1S76 — 32 per cent., on the average, were in depart- 



ments above the preparatory. The average yearly attendance 
in the Theological Seminary, from the beginning, in 1834, to 
1S76, as 31. The whole number of graduates from College 
is 757, of v^rhom 100 are ladies. The number of graduates in 
Theology is 307 ; and from the Ladies' or Literary Course, 588. 

CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC. 

The Oberlin Conservatory of Music was organized in 1865, 
with Mr. John P. Morgan, a graduate of the Leipsic Conser- 
vatory, as president, and became a Department of Oberlin 
College in 1867. Its first catalogue, issued in 1869, contains 
the names of 147 students and four teachers. About one- 
fourth of these students gave their whole time to the study of 
music, the remainder taking one or more studies in the college. 
At this time, with the exception of a few organ students, who 
were instructed on the First Church organ, the entire teaching 
was done in two rooms. The branches taught were. Piano 
Forte, Organ, Singing and Harmony. The last catalogue, 
published in 1875, contains the names of 286 students and 
seven teachers. Of these students about two-thirds devote 
their whole time to the study of music. They occupy eight 
rooms ; and the branches taught are Piano Forte, Organ, Sing- 
mg, Harmony and Violin. (For course of study see College 
Catalogue.) Diplomas are given to those completing the 
course, and possessing a good English education. The aver- 
age attendance during seven years was 266. (For attendance 
each year, see appended table.) Of the present corps of 
teachers four have studied abroad. It is the aim of the teach- 
ers to cultivate in the students a taste for the best fortns oi 
musical composition. This Department is under the same 
general management as the other departments, and under the 
special supervision of the Director. The length of time 
necessary to complete the course, is from two to four years. 
The classes in choral singing are free to all members of the 
college. 

LITERARY SOCIETIES. 

There are six organized Literary Societies, composed of 



members belonging to the various College Departments ; one 
comprising members of the Theological Department ; three, 
members of the Classical ; and two, members of the Literary 
Course. Of the three comprising members of the Classical 
Course, the Phi Delta and Phi Kappa Pi were founded in 
1839 ; the present membership of each is thirt}' ; the total 
membership of the former is 503, and of the latter 475. 

The Alpha Zeta was founded in 1869. Its present member- 
ship is thirty, and its total membership ninet}'. Of the two 
societies comprising members of the Literary Course, the 
Ladies' Literary was founded in 1835, its present membership 
is twenty-six, and its total membership 900 ; the yElioian was 
founded in 1852, its present membership is thirty-two, and its 
total membership 600. The initiation fee of each of the socie- 
ties is $5.00, and the annual dues the same. 

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. 

There is an Alumni Association, the name of which is "The 
Association of Alumni of Oberlin College." This Association 
was organized in 1S39, and is composed of all the college 
graduates. Within a few years it has come into a certain 
relation to the Trustees. It appoints three of its members 
corresponding members of the Board of Trustees, who have 
all the privileges of regular members, except that of voting. 
During Commencement week an annual address is given be- 
fore the Association by one of its members, chosen the previ- 
ous year ; and at a joint meeting of the Trustees and Alumni 
such statements are made of the condition and prospects of 
the college as are of interest. 

The Society of Alumni of the Theological Department, 
has similar annual addressee, and appoints two corresponding 
members of the Board of Trustees. 

THE GYMNASIUM ASSOCIATION, 

There is an Association of the students owning and control- 
ing the Gymnasium, called ''The Oberlin Gymnasium Asso- 
ciation." Its object is physical culture ; it was founded in the 
summer of 1873 ' ^"'^ ^^^ present membership is 150. Classes 



practice gymnastic exercises under competent teachers. Its 
funds are replenished in part by occasional lectures. The 
value of apparatus, buildings, &c.. is about $i,ooo. 



SECRET SOCIETIES. 



All secret societies are prohibited by the rules of the college ; 
and in the whole history of the college none has ever existed. 



LIBRARIES. 



There are two Libraries connected with the Institution, the 
College Library and the Library ot the College societies ; both 
together comprising about i |,6oo volumes. The College Libra- 
ry, consisting of about ii,ooo volumes, has been made up largely 
from the contributions of books by the friends of the Insti- 
tution, both in this country and England. No large amount 
of money has ever been given for the Library. Till within a 
few years there has been no library fund ; but there is now 
such a fund accruing from a term fee of thirty-five cents, 
required of all the students, and from examination fees, and 
amounting to about $8uo per annum. About hall of this is 
available for the purchase of books ; and the Library is grow- 
ing slowly by the addition of new books. During term time 
it is open every week-day afternoon for reading and consul- 
tation, and two afternoons of the week for drawing. It is 
well patronized by the students, and is becoming an im- 
portant auxiliary to the instruction given in the classes. 

The Library of the Societies, consisting of about 3,600 
volumes, is under the control of an Association composed of 
the College Societies, of the Ladies' Societies, and of the 
Theological Society, called the " Union Library Association." 
The funds for increasing the Library are obtained from a 
term fee of fifty cents for each member, from the appropria- 
tion of $4.00 of each initiation fee, and from money obtained 
by lectures. This is a well selected Library, and is largely 
used by the College students. A Reference Library, for the 
use of the Theological Students, to be located in Council Hall, 
is contemplated. 



A Reading Room was established in connection with a 
society called ''The Society of Inquiry," in the early history 
of the college, and the Reading Room has been continued to 
the present time. It is sustained by the fees of members, and 
furnishes many of the leading periodicals of the country. 
A Reading Room is also maintained for the theological 
students at Council Hall. 

THE CABINET. 

The college possesses a valuable cabinet in the depart- 
ments of Geology and Natural History, principally collected 
through the untiring efforts of Professor George N. Allen, 
who occupied the professorship in this department for twenty- 
four years. There are about 3,000 specimens of minerals ; 
2,000 rocks and fossils : 350 stuffed birds and mammals ; 20 
cases of insects ; i,t;oo trays of modern shells, representing 
nearly every family ; 2 large cases of corals ; several hundred 
miscellaneous zoological specimens and curiosities, with a 
considerable amount of duplicate material. Students pursu- 
ing these branches have free access to these specimens for 
study. Students in mineralogy have a special cabinet of 
minerals for their use, and 350 wood models of crystallogra- 
phic forms. 

PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS. 

The apparatus for electrical experiments is good ; a fine 
plate machine of large size, with the usual adjunct's, batteries, 
bells, image plates, etc.; a Ruhmkorff Coil of Ritchie's make, 
containing fifteen miles of wire ; electro magnets, arranged 
for exhibiting very varied effects ; a large galvanometer ; a 
Clark's magneto-electric machine, and a large size Geissler's 
tube ; an electric lamp ; large flat coils of copper wire, and 
automatic inductive coils of small size ; and apparatus for 
illustrating telegraphy. There is a tolerably good pneumatic 
apparatus ; a large air pump and receivers, condensers, weight- 
lifters, balloon jai", etc., etc. 

For accoustics, the apparatus is meagre — only a few cheap 
diapasoms, organ tubes, glass bell, monochord, wire coils, etc. 



For optics, a good solar microscope, a polarizing instrument, 
a pair of bisulphide prisms, an assortment of lenses, a very- 
fine dissolving view apparatus, a hundred or more view^s in 
Astronomy, Botany, etc.; a pair of large iron cylinders for 
oxy-hydrogen, and also gas bags, with press, whirling table 
with colored circles, and a fine compound microscope. 

For Mechanics we have Atwood's machine, a system of 
pulleys, a Gyroscope, (mounted, also, for illustrating preces- 
sion,) elastic and inelastic balls, and many other pieces. We 
have a pair of fine i8 inch globes, well mounted ; a wire 
globe, orreries, a fine refracting telescope, four inch aperture, of 
Clark & Sons' make ; also a seven inch refracting telescope of 
eight feet focal length, of excellent defining power — a recent 
gift. We have a good surveyor's compass and chain, a 
Troughton & Simms' level, a theodolite, and an excellent sex- 
tant. The work from adjoining the apparatus, contrnns a 
beautiful $300 engine lathe, with foot-power attachment. 

CHEMICAL APPARATUS. 

The chemical apparatus is such as to illustrate amply the 
lectures in general chemistry. 

DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS. 

The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity is conferred upon the 
graduates of the regular course in the Department of Theol- 
ogy ; that of Bachelor of Arts upon the graduates of the 
Classical and Scientific Course in the Department of Philoso- 
phy and the Arts. The degree of Master of Arts is confer- 
red upon any Bachelor jf three or more years' standing, who 
has been engaged in literary or scientific pursuits, and has 
sustained a good moral character. A Diploma, certifying the 
successful completion of the prescribed course of study, is 
given to each graduate of the Literary Course in the Depart- 
ment of Philosophy and the Arts, and to each graduate of the 
Conservatory of Music. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE. 

Rev. Asa Mahan was President from 1835 '° ^^5° '■> Rev. 



C. G. Finney from 1851 to 1866 ; and Rev. James H.Fairchild 
from 1866 to the present time. 

PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 

Of the periodicals issued at Oberlin, and embodying Ober- 
lin views, " The Oberlin Evangelist,^'' begun in 1839 and con- 
tinued till 1861, was a religious bi-weekly. Its matter was in 
everv sense original and strictly religious. For many years the 
sermons ol Mr. Finney formed one of its chief features ; and 
these, as well as the productions of its editor, Prof. Henry 
Cowles, and the productions of others, gave fit and full ex- 
pression to Oberlin thought. 

" The Oberlin Quarterly Review" begun in 1845 and dis- 
continued in 1S49, containing more elaborate articles from 
Oberlin men, fulfilled a similar end. 

" The Oberlin .Student's Monthly,^' begun in the latter part 
of 1858, and discontinued in the Spring of 1S51, was con- 
ducted by editors chosen from the literary societies, and was 
composed chiefly of the productions of students. 

" The Oberlin Revieiv^' begun in 1874 and still continued, 
is under the control of the Union Library Association, and 
is conducted by a corps of editors chosen from the literary 
societies. 

BOOKS. 

Oberlin has not yet produced a long list of books ; it may 
suffice here to mention the principal ones. President Finney's 
Systematic Theology, published first at Oberlin in 1847, in two 
volumes, and afterward revised and published in one volume 
in England, embodies his original and profound discussion of 
the "Benevolence" theory in Moral Philosophy in its relation 
to other theories, as well as a like discussion of the principal 
doctrines of Christianity, and is used as a text-book in the 
Theological Seminary. President Fairchild's Moral Philoso- 
phy, published a few years since, is a concise, clear, and sys- 
tematic presentation of the " Benevolence " theory, specula- 
tively and practically, as held and taught at Oberlin, and is 
used as a text-book in other colleges. Prof Cowles is the 



author of Commentaries on nearly all of the books of the 
Old Testament and on John's writings in the New, and is still 
writing. These Commentaries have been everywhere com- 
mended as presenting the results of sound learning in a con- 
cise and clear style. 

DISCIPLINE OF THE COLLEGE. 

The discipline of the school has had, from the beginning, 
some peculiarities. Circumstances were favorable for the 
initiation of changes in the usual system of college discipline. 
The first students gathered here were not 5c«/ to school — they 
came. They were serious-minded, earnest young people, with 
no thought but to make the most of their time and opportu- 
nities. They needed suggestions and instruction — not much 
restraint. The early students will remember that for years 
we had no roll called for recitation, no marking for perform- 
ance, no monitor to note absences from public exercises, and 
no account rendered in any way. There were published 
regulations — not printed — to which all were expected to con- 
form. A high degree of familiarity was maintained between 
faculty and students. The respect and confidence were so 
hearty, that stately formalities would have seemed as much 
out of place as between parents and children. Such a field 
afforded a good opportunity for dispensing with the strict sur- 
veillance of the monitorial and marking systems, and making- 
large account of the principles of confidence, self-respect and 
honor. The self-reporting system has been in operation for 
many years, each student giving account of his performance 
of his prescribed duties. The appeal is made to his honor 
and self-respect ; and while these doubtless fail at times, the 
tendency of the system is rot to break them down. 

A record has, for many years, been kept by each teacher of 
the performance in recitation, on a scale ranging from zero to 
six ; and this has a decisive influence in promoting diligence 
in study and thoroughness in recitation. 

The cases of individual discipline have always been sur- 
prisingly few, and are mostly confined to the Preparatory 
Department, which almost all new-comers enter. 



There are many influences which conduce to good order ; 
among which may be mentioned, first, the sense of responsi- 
bihty which attaches to each pupil to maintain his good name. 
Our college community is not so secluded that a student can 
have a college reputation as distinct from his reputation in 
general society. The presence of both sexes in the school 
does much to secure this result. Then again, the interest 
which has always prevailed in the school on questions of 
moment in the outer world, such as slavery and politics, has 
been favorable. 

Still another feature in our college system is the employ- 
ment of a considerable number of the more advanced and 
influential students as teachers of the classes in the Prepara- 
tory Department. These teachers have, indeed, no authority 
out of the recitation room, but they are a powerful influence 
on the side of good order. 

While the general outcome of our system of discipline is 
thus satisfactory, it must not be supposed that it is in all cases 
successful, and that there are not instances in which the aims 
of teachers are frustrated, and the hopes of parents and friends 
disappointed. There is no complete immunity from tempta- 
tion in Oberlin, and has never been. Those who are prepense 
to evil have always been able to find it ; and those to whom 
a direct, vigilant oversight is essential, are not likely to pros- 
per here. But many who would resist such supervision, and 
deteriorate under it, are found susceptible to generous 
motives, and make rapid progress. 

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES. 

The religious influences in connection with Oberlin College 
have, from the first, been supreme and controlling. It was 
founded in prayer, and in earnest religious consecration. 
Revivals have been frequent and powerful ; there is always 
more or less religious interest among the students, and 
conversions are continually occurring. Among the teachers 
and citizens there is an earnest desire for the spiritual welfare 
of the students. All the students are required to assemble at 



the close of every day tor public prayers, and to attend family 
prayers in the morning at their hoarding places. 

Every recitation is opened with a short prayer or singing. 
All students are required t(j attend church twice on the Sab- 
bath. Every class has a weekly exercise in the English Bible, 
which all are required to attend ; and in these exercises, 
throughout the entire course of study, systematic and thorough 
instruction is given in the history, doctrines and precepts of 
the Bible. 

There is a weekly prayerineeting. on Monday evening, for 
all young people, conducted l^y the Principal of the Prepara- 
tory Department, and a weekly prayer-meeting ior each class, 
conducted l)y one of the teacheis. The young people's meet- 
ing, on Monda\ evening, is largely attended by tlie students, 
and contributes much toward awakening and maintaining a 
religious interest. 

There is also a young men's meeting on Sunday evening, 
and a young ladies' meeting at the same hour at the Ladies' 
Hall. 

The religion inculcated is of a t) pe strictly evangelical, but 
liberal and not sectarian. The members of the Faculty are 
Congregationalists ; but the college has no organic connection 
with any religious body, and the broad, general princijiles of 
Christianit\ are inculcated, ritther than mere denominational 
characteristics. 

The graduates of the Theological Seminar\ generally be- 
come pastors of Congregational churches ; these churches are 
therefore interested in it ; and the Ohio Congregational Con- 
ference appoint a committee of visitation to attend the annual 
examinations and report. But even in this case there is no 
controlling supervision. 

This religious spirit has lieen pervading, persistent and 
controlling, and has given a character of seriousness, earnest- 
ness and sobriety both to the Institution and to the place. 
To this many have contributed ; but perhaps no one man 
has contributed more than the late President Finney. At the 
time of his death he had been connected with the college, as 
Professor of Theology, forty years ; for fifteen years he was 



President of the College ; and till within two or three years 
of his death, he was pastor of the First Church, in which 
position he exerted a controlling influence over the students 
as w^ell as over the inhabitants. By his fervid and untiring 
zeal, and his deep and earnest love for souls, united with a 
mind of extraordinary strength and energy, he made here, as 
everywhere, upon the multitudes whom he drew under his 
influence, impressions salutary and lasting. Beyond question 
Oberlin has received its practical and earnest religious charac- 
ter largely from him. 

SOURCES OF INFOilMATION. 

In the preceding sketch free use has been made of a little 
book by President Fairchlld, entitled, "Oberlin, its Origin, 
Progress and Results," delivered first as an address to the 
alumni in iS6o, and re-published in 1871. This is the best 
history and characterization of Oberlin that has yet been 
written. "A Historical Sketch of Oberlin College " has also 
been published in pamphlet form, by E. H. Fairchild, for 
many years Principal of the Preparatory Department, and 
now President of Berea College.. 

President Fairchild's Inaugural Address, delivered in 1866, 
and published in pamphlet form, discusses " Educational 
Arrangements and College Life at Oberlin ;" and in July, 
1867. he also delivered, before a meeting of College Presi- 
dents at Springfield, III, an address on '' The Co-education of 
the Sexes," v/hich was published in pamphlet form. To these, 
together with the annual and triennial catalogues, those who 
desire further information are referred. 



TABULAR STATEMENT OF ATTENDANCE AT 
OBERLIN COLLEGE. 





TlieolDK'al 1 


Col 


eat' 


Li'( 


rnrv 1 


Conserv 


i'repaiMtory 




Total 






l>ep' 


■ 1 


Coiirs(j.| 


Tourse | 


Htory 


Sc.liiols. 


Attendance. 






»=J 


^ , 


i. 




i, 
















fi 

-< 


c 




i c 


•0 


S 

•3 


-a 

3 


3 


c 
it 


■5 


1 

g 


a 



"5 


a> 

s 


"5 



>i 


X 


^1 


si 

5" 





a 

5 


t/5 

6 

'A 


■A 

C5 


d 




ii 





79 


1) 
44 


C-l 


1834 












123 


1835 


35 






38 




73 












263 


93 


356 


1836 


58 


14 


3 


95 




92 












273 


117 


390 


1837 










1 






1 


131 




13' 








1838 


^^ 


14 


12 


113 


20 


98 


1 


i 


130 


27 


157 


265 


126 


391 


1839 




9 


14 




17 




6 




97 


21 


118 








1840 


r8 


8 


1 


70 


15 


103 


4 




135 


23 


1-18 


■271 


133 


404 


1841 


64 


18 


5 


68 


12 


91 


10 




181 


56 


2^27 


218 


166 


484 


1812 


54- 


16 


4 


115 


8 


90 


6 




213 


84 


2H7 


3d7 


193 


560 


18(3 


43 


17 


6 


140 




95 


4 




•326 


68 


294 


382 


192 


574 


1844 


35 


12 


3 


127 


H 


102 


8 




207 


73 


280 


343 


202 


54S 


1845 


32 


8 


2 


141 


24 


110 


11 




148 


50 


198 


242 


188 


480 


184ri 


37 


16 


1 


113 


16 


129 


8 


1 


209 


35 


241 


345 


182 


527 


1847 


25 


5 


8i 


106 


25 


14Q 


12 


j 


173 


28 


lOll 


314 


178 


492 


1818 


27 


5 


6 


93 


17 


121 


8 




150 


26 


1761 


282 


159 


441 


1849 


■27 


7 


5 


76 


12 


117 


6 




152 


34 


186 


266 


162 


428 


1850 


20 


5 


2 


66 


13 


24il 


8 




240 


88 


■328 


342 


201 


543 


1851 


23 






69 


15 


158 


10 




20^ 


54 


259 


317 


217 


534 


1852 


•22 


3 


4 


65 


6 


144 


9 




231 


93 


321 


330 


241 


571 


1853 


2.1 


10 


7| 


64 


8 


248 


to 




459 


211 


670| 


561 


459 


1020 


1854 


22 


4 


41 


94 


17 


270 


12 




603 


3119 


912] 


726 


565 


1305 


1855 


26 


8 


2' 


92 


11 


229 


12j 




557 


284 


841 


675 


513 


U88 


1856 


24 


4 


3] 


110 


10 


ISl 


19 




457 


29U 


747 


578 


484 


1062 


1857 


27 


9 


5! 


li7 


15 


229 


19i 




538 


290 


82S 


677 


539 


1216 


1858 


16 


3 


61 


137 


23 


237 


I7i 




540 


292 


832 


669 


553 


1222 


1859 


21 


5 


3| 


119 


26 


234 


25I 




590 


255 


84", 


736 


513 


1249 


1860 


3(i 


9 


^1 


181 


16 


191 


29; 




570 


258 


828 


755 


488 


1243 


1861 


3'. 


8 




199 


30 


222 


31 




601 


254 


855 


835 


476 


1313 


18»i2 


26 


13 


2 


199 


29 


213 


28 


j 


407 


226 


633 


599 


472 


1071 


186:^ 


25 


6 


5! 


147 


18 


159 


201 


1 


310 


218 


5-28, 


457 


402 


859 


18H4 


21 


6 


2 


122 


16 


154 


14 




271 


293 


56l' 


450 


167 


917 


1865 


13 


7 


4 


112 


3d; 


17,-. 


28, 




273 


300 


57 '; 


4lJ9 


192 


9iJl 


1866 


13 






99 


16 


155 


23 




410 


31S 


728; 


536 


184 


1020 


1867 


14 


3 


5 


112 


22 


179 


20' 




511 


301 


812, 


655 


490 


1145 


1868 


11 


4 


1 


119 


25 


190 


19 




481 


294 


773^ 


610 


491 


1134 


1869 


16 


2 


4I 


121 


u' 


179 


11! 




467 


283 


750! 


628 


472 


1100 


l»7l> 


25 


5 


4 


144 


34' 


170 


311 


147 


442 


255 


697' 


634 


477 


im 


1871 


36 


10 


6 


129 


23 


187 


19 


263 


494 


•221 


715' 


700 


529 


1229 


1872 


38 


6 


4 


166 


40 


162 


17| 


2K4 


46'l 


218 


678, 


710 


500 


1210 


187.i 


43 


8 


1 


142 


22 


159 


31 


244 


407 


227 


634' 


648 


523 


1171 


1874 


46 


8 




139 


26, 


166 


16 


308 


485 


298 


783, 


723 


648 


1371 


1875 


39 


12 




159 


35 


171) 


161 


316 


420 


271 


691 1 


697 


633 


1330 


1876 


51 






147 


1 


145 




286 


431 


198 


629' 


648 


568 


1216 



for Summary see previous pau'ea. 



FACULTY OF OBERLIN COLLEGE, 
1876. 

Rev. James H. Faikchild, President, 

Prof, of Theology, and Avery Professor of Moral Philosophy. 

Rev. John Morgan, 

Prof, of New Testament Literature and Biblical Theology. 

James Dascomb, M. D., 

Professor of Chemistry, Botany and Physiology. 

Rev. John M. Eli.is, 

Professor of Mental Philosophy and Rhetoric. 

Rev. Charles H. Churchill, 

Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. 

Rev. Judson Smith, 

Prof, of Church History, and Lecturer on Modern History. 

Giles W. Shurtleff, A. M., 

Professor of the Latin Language and Literature. 

Rev. Hiram Mead, 

Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology. 

Rev. Wm. H. Ryder, 

Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. 

Fenelon B. Rice, 

Professor of Music. 

Rev. Elijah P. Barrows, 

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature. • 

Rev. James H. Laird, 

Principal of the English Preparatory School. 

Albert A. Wright, A. M., Ph. B., 

Professor of Geology and Natural History. 

James K. Newton, A. M., 

Prof, of the German and French Languages and Literatures. 

James R. Severance, A. M., 

Instructor in Elocution. 

Henry F. Clark, A. M., 

Associate Professor of Latin and Greek. 

Mrs. a. a. F. Johnston, 

Principal of the Ladies' Department. 



THE 



Ohio Central Normal School, 




In common with others in various parts of the State, had 
its origin in the wide-spread belief that Ohio needed some- 
thing more than the mere academy, college or high school', 
in which to prepare her teachers for the arduous and re- 
si)onsible task of training her one million and seventeen 
thousand children. 

This conviction found frequent expression in written 
articles, and in able discussions in her educational councils, 
as early as 1850; and in 1856, an effort was made by the 
teachers themselves, to establish such a school in the eastern 
part of the State, under the auspices of the Ohio State 
Teachers' Association. But the burden proving too great 
for them, it was abandoned, after a few years' trial, and the 
school continued as a private enterprise. 

Other States had already expended large sums of money 
in establishing Normal Schools. These schools soon became 
so deservedly popular, and their necessity seemed so ap- 



parent in onr own State, that the matter Avas frequently 
brought before the Legislature by the leading teachers, and 
more recently in the shape of recommendations in the School 
Commissioners' Reports. But for reasons best known to her- 
self, the State of Ohio has thus far refused to listen to these 
appeals, and has delayed the recognition of this want, in 
any direct aid, other than the provisions made for County 
Teachers' Institutes. 

This public neglect of one of the most manifest wants, 
whether unavoidable or not, has naturally led to the organi- 
zation of a number of private Normal Schools, and Normal 
Departments in Academies and Colleges, which, at the best, 
are inadequate, both as to number and efficiency, for the 
great work of training an army of teachers every year. This 
inefficiency does not necessarily arise from any defect in 
colleges, as such, but from the incompatibility of the work 
they have undertaken to do. This work is largely profes- 
sional, and can only be provided for at heavy expense, and 
the necessary diversion of much that belongs exclusively 
to college work. The State could, however, well afford to 
organize and endow Normal Departments in her Universi- 
ties, and in her Agricultural and Mechanical College, and 
thus add largely to their popularity and usefulness. 

The wisdom of the larger cities, in providing for this pro- 
fessional training of their teachers, is in striking contrast 
with that of the State at large ; and the results are telling 
-^yith marked effect upon the character of the schools, when 
compared with those of similar grade, where no such pro- 
visions have yet been made. But it is to be hoped that when 
Ohio does move in this matter, it will be with a liberality 
^nd a dignity becoming her acknowledged greatness. 

The organization and equipment of a school exhibit- 
ino- all the grades of teaching and management, from the 
primary to the most advanced, has long been a cherished 
scheme of the writer; that such a school, under wise and 



beneficent management, and with a liberal patronage, would 
be of vast service to the teachers of the State, in their pro- 
fessional capacity, can scarcely be questioned. That many 
such are needed in the State, is equally apparent. Every 
county has teachers and candidates enough to constitute a 
good Normal School, if they could be brought together under 
some wise provisions. But, what the State fails to do in a 
matter of such manifest necessity, will, under an enlightened 
public sentiment, be attempted at least, by private enter- 
prise ; though it must be apparent to any one, that, to put 
into operation such a school, or such schools, requires a 
larger fortune than usually falls to the lot of teachers, even 
in an incorporate capacity. 

The design of the ^'Ohio Central Normal School, ^^ will, there- 
fore, be inferred from the foregoing, and from its subsequent 
history. How fully it shall answer the expectations of its 
founders and friends, remains to be seen. It has had all the 
struggles and hardships incident to an enterprise requiring 
the greatest watchfulness, and the most unremitting labor 
to guard it, at once, from mere pedantry, and at the same 
time, to make it thorough in its academic work, and truly 
professional in its character. In this latter respect, it has 
had to contend against the prevailing indifference, and 
ignorance, as to the true nature and design of a Normal 
School, as well as against the example and prejudice of 
other institutions, merely bearing that name. But, that its 
beginnings have been fair, as to success, and, that its pros- 
pects are auspicious, may be gathered from the following 

BRIEF HISTORY. 

In the summer of 1871, the property, formerly known as 
the " Worthington Female Seminary," situated in the town 
of Worthington, Franklin County, Ohio, including three 
acres of land, beautifully ornamented with trees and shrub- 
bery, a large four story brick building, ample for the accom- 



modation of J50 or 200 students, was purchased, and a seliool 
opened the following September, under the joint principal- 
ship of Mitchell and Odgen, with the title of " Ohio Central 
Normal School ^ 

THE LOCATION 

is one of great natural beauty and excellence^ easy of access 
from all parts of the State, being within five miles of the 
corporate limits of Columbus, and directly on one of the 
many railroads leading into that city, and within a mile 
and a half of another. These, together with the health- 
fulness, and quiet of place, and the general intelligence of 
the inhabitants, seem to point out this place, as one most 
central and desirable for the establishment of a Normal 
School, suited to the professional wants of the teachers of 
the State. The first care, therefore, in its establishment 
was to render these advantages as serviceable as possible. 
Accordingly 

A COURSE OF STUDY 

Avas adopted, embracing a careful review of the common 
branches, and the study of the usual number and kind of 
the higher academic branches, including the languages. 
Superadded, was a professional course, to which the merely 
academic was subordinated, embracing the whole doctrine 
of educational growth and progress, together with the study 
of the best authors on teaching, the school laws of the State, 
and a careful comparison and test of 2J'>~inciple8 and methods, 
in a course of lectures, one or two each day, extending 
through the entire school course, varied each term and year, 
to suit the grade and other circumstances of the class. Care- 
ful abstracts of these lectures and lessons were made by the 
pupil teachers. This, together with the teaching exercises, 
discussions and Avriting of " theses " on the various topics 
relating to teaching, constituted the leading features of the 
school, about which all mere stud}^ of branches, as such, was 
made to cluster, as illustrative of principles and methods. 



THE ATTENDANCE 

the first year, in the Normal School proper, was 111; 52 gen- 
tlemen, and 59 ladies. The second year it was 178 ; 94 gen- 
tlemen, and 84 ladies. The number graduated the second 
year, was 8, 4 gentlemen and 4 ladies, all of whom, with but 
one exception, entered at once upon the duties of teaching, 
some of them in the best schools in the State. 

The following year, the school was under the joint princi- 
jDalship of Ogden and Lewis, Mr. Mitchell having entered 
upon another profession. The attendance this j'ear was 
215; 105 gentlemen and 110 ladies, with a graduating class 
of 17, 8 gentlemen and 9 ladies, 16 of whom have entered 
upon their duties as teachers. The course of study remained 
substantially the same, with some slight alterations in the 
arrangement of terms. 

In .January, 1875, Mr. Lewis withdrew, leaving the entire 
management of the school to the present principal, assisted 
temporarily, by Rev. Chas. H. Young, A. M., Rector of the 
Episcopal Church in the place. Miss Carrie M. Semple — a 
teacher of rare abilities — and six tutors, members of the 
Senior Class. This plan of entrusting a few classes to the 
more advanced students, we have found beneficial, where it 
is properly guarded, both to teacher and pupil. It is carry- 
ing out, though not always in the most satisfactory way, one 
of the leading ideas of a Normal School, viz. : to learn how to 
teach, by practice under the direction, of the principal. 

The attendance this year was 214; 111 gentlemen, and 
103 ladies, with a class of 20 graduates, 10 gentlemen and 10 
ladies. A large majority of these have already found remu- 
nerative positions in the schools in various parts of the 
State. The school continues, the present year, under the 
same principalship, with about the usual number in attend- 
ance, and with a marked and steady progress to a higher 
standard of excellence. The vicissitudes it has thus far 
exp3riericed, have only served to point out needed improve- 



6 

ments, and to demonstrate how necessary a purely profes- 
sional school is. 

THE PRESENT PLAN. 

It will be seen by the " synopsis of a course of study," at 
the end of this sketch, that what few changes have been 
made in the curriculum, all look to the same object, to-wit, 
its more perfect adaptation to the wants of teachers. It will 
be seen further, that this school proceeds upon the suppo- 
sition : 

1. That Normal Schools ought to be largely or entirely profes- 
sional, if their circumstances will permit, their academic 
character being merely incidental, arising chiefly from the 
present necessary recognition of the fact that students are 
not usually thoroughly enough prepared in the academic 
studies, to enter the professional department, and must 
needs complete these studies in the Normal School, much 
to its detriment, as a purely professional school. 

2. That the ivhole subject of Didactics, general and special, 
admits of as rigid a classification into scientific formula as usu- 
ally falls to the lot of any merely empirical science ; a classifica- 
tion, whose nomenclature is at least as significant as that 
oi Mental Science, upon which it is mainly founded, and not 
less certain than the laws of growth, as we find them devel- 
oped in Human Physiology and Hygiene. Indeed it is these 
two sciences, relating as they do to the mind and the body, 
that give rise to, and make necessary, the science of didac- 
tics. 

3. That teachers, after their academic instruction, can be most 
efficiently prepared fcr their work, by studying this science before 
attempting to practice it. It may, for convenience, be formu- 
lated thus : 

1. The study of man as an educahle being, in all his possible 
relations in life, from infancy to maturity, both as a physical and 
a psychical being. 



This gives comprehensive views as to his intended sphere, 
and suggests means, at the same time, of restoring and set- 
ting him right, wherein his departure from the true path is 
apparent — no small part, it will be se(!n, of man's true edu- 
cation, in a world where surroundings have such a potent 
influence. The lack of this knowledge, on the part of those 
who have his management, is a source of no inconsiderable 
share of the mistakes and blunders commited in man's 
education. To teach man we must hnoxv him, not only 
historically, but psychologically. To know him, we must study 
him; and the child is the man, the society, the state, epitom- 
ized, and is best studied in connection with the means of 
education and growth. 

2. The study of knowledge as an educational instruinentality ; 
knowledge not as an end, but as a means by ivhich an end is to be 
attained, a means by which man is- to be educated. 

It embraces what might be denominated tlie psychology 
of knowledge; or a diagnosis of science,, art and employment, 
for the purpose of determining their educatiomil worth, or 
value, so that they may be disposed, both as to kind and 
quantity, to the very best possible advantage, in the child's 
education. 

With this branch of the professional work,, every teacher 
should have some acquaintance — should even be familiar ; 
for no teacher is fitted for his oflBice, in that highest sense, to 
which we all should aspire, who^ cannot plan and execute an 
entire philosophical course of study, for any grade of school, 
for which he may be preparing himself. 'The abilit}^ to 
foresee, and to provide for the logical and chronological 
development of the faculties of body and mind, by a corre- 
sponding adjustment of contemporaneous branches and em- 
ployments, is an accomplishment devoutly to be sought in 
the Normal School. 

3. The study and practice of methods, general and special, as 
deduced from the study of man and knowledge, in all their 
legitimate relations, as indicated in the foregoing propositions. 



8 

This constitutes the major part of the hist year's profes- 
sional work, in this Normal School. We do not mean 
" methods," as mere caprice, hut methods founded upon 
facts and principles, deduced by logical analysis from the 
nature of man as an educable subject. This knowledge then 
becomes a means, and education, symmetrical and complete, 
an end to be attained. 

The real value of methods depends entirely upon their 
conformity to sound theory, or the ends they are intended to 
subserve. In addition to this, however, their use may lead 
to the discovery of truth ; but much after the same manner, 
in which the amputation of a limb, may lead the "quack" 
to the discovery of an artery, but not, usually, in time to 
save the artery, or the life of the patient. 

True theory logically precedes methods or practice, as 
science precedes art, or the applications of science to busi- 
ness pursuits. The consistent blending of the two, consti- 
tutes the true conditions of all healthy ^^rogress, and all 
right practice in the art of teaching. True methods are the 
product of careful study and experiment, based upon the 
knowledge of man, and the means by which he attains his 
greatest perfection. They are self-evolved, and individual- 
ized in their application; and, to be successful, they must 
be vitalized bj^ that warm glow of native intelligence, which 
comes alone from discovery, or invention. They are the 
legitimate out-growths of self-knowledge and culture, and 
hence subject to such modifications in the hands of different 
teachers, as circumstances and individual pupils may demand. 
They are the exponents of principles. These jDrinciples are 
eternal, inflexible, unchanged, and unchanging. Their 
right application, which is method, is as varied and multi- 
form as the natures are, Avhich they are intended to accom- 
modate. The whole doctrine of methods, therefore, is 
expressed in these three words, " Unity in Diversity j^^ 
unity in principle, and diversity in practice or methods. 



These propositions presuppose, or demand an intimate 
knowledge of physiology and mental science. Such too, as 
is seldom derived from books alone ; but a knowledge of the 
incentives of human thought and action, determined from 
carefully noting the changes in intellectual, moral and 
physical growth, and their mutual bearings, one upon the 
other. This reveals an important fact in respect to these 
studies, viz. : that they are most successfully jDrosecuted, 
when studied as one branch, the mind in connection fwith 
the organism through which it acts ; or what might be 
termed, if the coining of a word were allowable, psycho- 
physiology, or mental physiology. These two branches, thus 
correlated, and thus studied, are made the basis of all right 
professional study and practice in this Normal School. By 
these and similar agencies, it is proposed to reach the true 
doctrine of man's education, and to promulgate it among 
teachers, a reform, it would seem, most devoutly to be wished 
for, at this particular juncture of human affairs. In short, 
it proposes, first, to understand man as an educable subject; 
second, to know the force and value of hnoidcdge as a means 
of his education ; and lastly, to make philosophical appli- 
cations of knowledge and human activities to actual 
teaching. The first two embody the " Principles of Educa- 
tion,^^ and are known as such in this school, the last as 
^'■Methods;''' and together they constitute the crowning 
excellence of all "Theory and Practice." 

But in order to render these principles more available, 
and to exhibit in a more tangible form, the workings of a 
philosophical S3"stem of education, 

TWO NEW DEPARTMENTS 

have been recently added to this school, viz. : 

1. A Model School, composed of three grades. Primary, 
Intermediate and High School, this latter assuming the 
work of the merely academic preparation, and at the same 



10 

time, the whole serving as a model for ohsei vation and prac- 
tice ; and 

2. A genuine Kindergarten, both for the } urpose of exhib- 
iting the true methods of culture, for littie children from 
the age of three to seven years, according to "Froebel's 
Method," and for training Kindergarten teachers for this 
comparatively new education, so deservedly popular where 
best known. 

THE PRESENT FACULTY OF INSTRi:CTI0N 

consists of the following persons: 

John Ogden Principal of Normal School. 

Mrs. John Ogden Principal of Kindergarten. 

Miss Mary S. Case... First Assistant Teacher. 
Sebastian Thomas... Teacher of German Language. 

These are assisted from time to time by such members of 
the Senior class as are fitted for giving instruction in the 
several branches. 

the normal institute, 
or short term of five or six weeks, in July and August, of 
each year, constitutes an important feature in this Normal 
School. 

This term is for the accommodation of city teachers, and 
others throughout the State, who are confined in their 
schools during the greater part of the year, and yet who feel 
willing to devote their vacations to the review of branches, 
and to the attendance upon courses of lectures on popular 
sciences, and principles and methods of teaching. 

The very best representatives of these popular subjects 
are chosen from year to year, and the exposition of their 
several topics, may be regarded as the safest and most com- 
plete that can any where be found. 

As an example, we append the lists for the years of 1875 
and 1876 : 



11 



ASSISTANT INSTRUCTORS AT NORMAL INSTITUTE. 

PnoF. T. C. Mendenhall, - - - - Ohio Ag. and Mech. College. 
Experimental FJiysics. 

Mrs. F. W. Case, Columbus, Ohio. 

Primary Instruction and Drawing. 

Hon. T. W. Harvey, ------ Painesville, Ohio. 

English Grammar, and Theory and Practice. 

Prof. E. B. Marsh, Mt. Vernon. Ohio. 

Reading and Vocal Culture. 



LECTURERS. 

Pres't F. Merrick, Delaware, Ohio. 

Two Lectures, '^God in Nature.^' 

Pres't Edward Orton, - - - - Ohio Ag. and Mech. College. 
Two Lectures, " Geology of Ohio" 

Hon. E. E. White, Educational Monthly. 

One Lecture, "Six Elements of Government.'^ 

Dr. D. a. Randall, Columbus, Ohio. 

Two Lectures, "Suez Canal," and *^ Pompeii and Herculaneum." 

Hon. C. S. Smart, ------- Commissioner Common Schools. 

One Lecture, " Official Duties of Teachers." 



EVENING ENTERTAINMENTS. 

TJie Physics of Harmony. 
Prof. T. C. Mendenhall. 

Select Readings, Etc. 
Prof. R. B. jNIarsh. 

The list for 1876 is as follows : 

Prof. T. C. Mendenhall, - Experimental Phj'sios. 

Hon. T. W. Harvey, - - - - Language and Theory and Practice. 

Hon. W. D. Henkle, - - - Mathematical Instruction. 

Miss Delia A. Lathrop, - - Principles and Methods of Education. 

Mrs. F. W. Case, Primary Instruction. 

Mrs. John Ogden, - - - - Kindergarten Practice. 



12 

These persons are too well known in Ohio and elsewhere 
to need any words of commendation. Their names are a 
sufficient guaranty to teachers, for the excellence of their 
instruction. The list for popular lectures for this year has 
not yet been selected. 

We may be pardoned for introducing here, the following 
resolutions, passed at the close of the last session of the 
Normal Institute. They may be regarded as a fair exponent 
of public opinion respecting this feature of the school, and 
of its general management. 

FROM THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLIC. 

The State of Ohio, as a State, makes no provision for the professional 
training of lier teacliers; hence this must be done, if done at all, either 
in neighboring States, or in institutions in our own State which are kept 
up by private enterprise. 

Among the many schools established for this purpose, none more 
richly deserves the patronage of the teachers of the State than the 
Ohio Central Normal School at Worthington, Ohio. 

This school is looked upon by the prominent educators of Ohio, as 
one of the very best in the State ; one that is established upon the right 
basis; one whose influence for good is being felt wherever its teachers 
are found. 

It was my privilege to be present at the annual Institute at Worth- 
ington, commencing July 7th and continuing five weeks, and I can say 
unhesitatingly that it was the most successful Institute ever held there. 
One hundred teachers were in attendance, and the instruction was of 
the best and most practical character. Prof. Mendenhall's lectures and 
experiments in physics, Mrs. Case's primary work, Prof. Orton's lec- 
tures on the geology of Ohio, Mr. Harvey's instruction in language, 
and the drill in elocution by Prof. Marsh, wore all prominent features 
of the Institute. Daily discussions were held by the teachers in which 
matters of vital importance, relating to the theory and practice of 
teaching, were talked over and an interchange of views thus effected 
which must be profitable to all who participated therein. At the close 
of the Institute the following j^reamble and resolutions were unani- 
mously adopted : 

AViiEREAs, We, teachers, having attended the Normal Institute at 
Worthington, Ohio, 1875, have been greatly benefitted by the practical 
instruction of tlie able educators to whom we have listened ; and, 
whereas, we believe that Prof. Ogden, on account of his ability in, and 



13 

zeal and devotion to the cause of education, deserves the co-operation 
and support of the teachers of the State : 

Resolved, That we do tender him our sincere thanks for this oppor- 
tunity of availing ourselves of so much practical knowledge; and that 
we wish him the largest success in his noble work. 

Resolved, That we heartily indorse the management of this institution, 
and recommend it to any who wish to prepare themselves for teaching, 
as one giving thorough and practical training. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the several 
county papers for publication. 

This school is now under the management of Prof. John Ogden 
assisted by an able corps of instructors. The fall term commences 
early in September, and to teachers, who wish to better fit themselves 
for the work in which they are engaged, allow me to say, that they will 
find no place where the work can be done more thoroughly and satis- 
factorily than at Woithington. 

The following circular, and " Synopsis of a Course of Study 
— both Academic and Professional — for Normal Schools " 
will convey a tolerably clear idea of the present and pros- 
pective purposes of the school : 



Ohio Central Normal School. 



Thorough in its irovk, and Professional in it.^ character. 
Modern in its methods, and modest in its claims. 



I, 

ITS PURPOSES ARE, 



To devote special attention to "Common and Higher 
Branches," making thorough scholars by systematic 
study and hard work, as an indispensable prerequisite 
to good teaching. 



14 

2. To impart sound and comprehensive views of the nature, 

design and scope of education and culture, by careful 
study of accredited authors on teaching ; a/id by a 
course of Lectures, covering the entire ground of 
Didactics, general and special. 

3. To study and practice such methods of School Organiza- 

tion, Teaching and Management, as shall conform, 
strictly to the nature of Man, as a subject, knowledge as 
a means, and education as an end. To facilitate these 
and kindred objects. 

II. 

THREE EEGULAR COURSES OF STUDY 

are adopted, suited to the corresponding grades of schools. 

1. Elementary Normal Course, intended to prepare teachers 

for the common district school, and for lower grades of 
city schools. 

2. The English Normal Course, for the larger districts and 

intermediate grades of city scliools. 

3. The Classical Normal Course, for higher grades and Super- 

intendencies of city schools. 

On the completion of any one of the above courses a cor- 
responding Diploma will be awarded, which, it is hoped, 
will prove a passport to our best schools, both city and 
country. 

This school will strive to be a model in all its depart- 
ments, and a true exponent of the most advanced ideas of 
education and teaching. 

III. 

TERMS AND TUITION. 

1. Normal and Model Schools. — 

Fall Term, 12 weeks, prepaid at one time.... $11. 00 
Winter " 16 " " " " .... 15.00 

Spring " 12 " '' '' " .... 11.00 



IS 

2. Kindergarten.— 

Childrens' ' ourse, 40 weeks, $60. 

Ladies' Course, 6 montlis, $iOO. 
fi@" No additi, lal charge to those taking full "Ladies' 
Course" in Kii ergartening, who wish to pursue other 
studies in the ' )rmal School. 



SYNOPSL OF NORMAL SCHOOL COURSE. 



CADEMIC OR PREPARATORY. 

1. PHYSICAL CIENCE— 

Geogra] ly, Physical and Civil. 
Physiol' ^y and Natural History. 
Botany nd Geology. 
Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. 

2. LANGUAGE - 

Readinu and Orthography. 

EnglisL Grammar and Analysis. 
Rhetori> and Composition. 
Latin, Greek, German and Music. 

3. MATHEMATICS— 

Arithm tic and its applications to Busine ss 
Algebra. Geometry and Trigonometry. 
Surveying and Civil Engineering. 
Mathematical Geography and Astronomy. 

4. HISTORY— 

State and United States. , 

General and Sacred. 
Constitution and School Laws. 



16 

5. PHILOSOPHY— 

Mental and Moral Science. 
Political Economy and Logic. 
General Literature and Ethics. 

II. 

NORMAL OR PROFESSIONAL. 

L ANTHROPOLOGY, OR MAN— 

Mental Physiology, or the Relation of Mind to its 

Material Organism. 
Laws and Order of the Development of Faculties. 
Sociology, or Growth of National and Social Order. 

2. KNOWLEDGE, OR SCIENCE— 

Educational Force or Value of the Various Kinds 

of KnoAvledge. 
Its Classification according to Nature and Use. 
Arrangement into Courses of Study for Various 

Grades of Schools. 

3. METHODS, OR APPLICATIONS— 

General — Organization and Management of Schools. 

Study and Recitation, as applied to all 

Grades. 
Theses, Discussions and Criticisms. 
Special — Primar}^ Instruction and Language Lessons. 
Application of Methods to Common Branches. 
Free-hand Drawing. 
Object Lessons and Practice. 



OHIO university; 



The history of the Ohio University dates from the first 
years of the Republic. The ordinance providing for its 
existence and support was passed by tlie Continental Con- 
gress in July, 1787, while the Constitutional Convention 
was still in session at Philadelphia. The provision thus 
made preceded the first encroachment of civilization upon 
the vast wilderness west of the Alleghenies, and was an 
integral part of the foundation laid for the political and 
social fabric which has since been reared in the North-west. 
It was secured through the agency of the Ohio Compan}'. 
This association had been organized in Boston the previous 
year to purchase "lands in the Western Territory belong- 
ing to the United States, for the benefit of the Company, and 
to promote a settlement in that country." Its origin and 
success were mainly due to General Rufus Putnam and Rev. 
Manasseh Cutler, LL. I)., — the former having suggested and 
organized the Company and having led the first band of 
emigrants to the banks of the Ohio; the latter having con- 
ducted the necessary negotiations with the general Govern- 
ment. 



-While the Writer 01 this sketch has availed himself <ii .ill the origin.al sources of infor- 
mation that were accessible to him, he desires to .icknowlodge his ol>ligations to Walker's 
r-xcellent History of Athens County, Ohio. 



RUFUS PUTNAM. 

Rufus Putman was a native of Sutton, Mass., and was 
born April 9, 1738. Having learned to read, and having 
by industry and self-denial obtained money enough to 
buy a spelling-book and an arithmetic, he succeeded in 
laying the foundation of very respectable acquirements. 
At fifteen he became the apprentice of a millwright at 
Brook field. Here he continued his studies as well as he was 
able, and by the time his apprenticeship expired had made 
himself a fair English scholar. 

In 1757 he enlisted as a private soldier and fought for the 
British king during the French and Indian War. At the 
beginning of the Revolution he entered the American army 
with the commission of a lieutenant colonel. The next year 
be was promoted to the rank of colonel, and appointed 
engineer ; and before the close of the war he was commis- 
sioned as a brigadier-general. 

About this time he joined a number of military officers in 
a petition to Congress for a grant of land in the West ; 
and was recognized as the most prominent and influential 
among them in the effort to secure their object. "The 
signers expect," he wrote to General Washington, "that I 
will pursue measures to have it laid before Congress." In 
his correspondence with General Washington upon this 
subject, appears, for the first time, the suggestion that the Govern- 
ment should provide endowments of land for education: — " The 
whole tract is supposed to contain about seventeen million, 
four hundred and eighteen thousand, two hundred and forty 
acres, and will admit of seven hundred and fifty-six town- 
ships of six miles square, allowing to each toivnship three thous- 
and and forty acres for the ministry, schools, waste land, rivers, 
ponds and higways." [Letter to Washington, June 16, 1783.] 
The effort, however, failed. 

For some years after this. General Putnam filled the posi- 
tion of State surveyor and land agent ; and when Congress 



passed, May 20, 1785, an ordinance providing for the survey 
of the public Lands, he was offered the appointment of sur- 
veyor. This he declined, as he could not enter upon the 
duties of the office without some delay. His friend General 
Tapper was therefore appointed " with authority to perform 
the duties of the office, until Mr. Putnam shall actually join 
the geographer and take the duties upon himself." [Jour- 
nals of Congress, July 18, 1785.] 

During the next winter Putnam and Tupper agreed to 
take steps toward the purchase of a large tract of Western 
land and the planting of a colony of emigrants on it. In 
pursuance of this agreement they published, January 25, 
1786, an announcement of their purpose, and invited all 
persons AVho wished to join them in it to send delegates to 
meet at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern in Boston, Wednesday 
March 1, 1786, " then and there to consider and determine 
on a general plan of association." 

At the meeting held in consequence of tliis notice. Gener- 
al Putnam was chosen to preside. He was also made chair- 
man of the committee to draft a plan of organization. His 
name stands among those of the first directors ; and ^yhen 
arrangements for emigration had been decided on, it was 
ordered " that General Rufus Putnam be the superin- 
tendent of all the business aforesaid, and he is to be obeyed 
and respected accordingly." By this action he was placed 
in the position of chief responsibility and power. He exer- 
cised the supreme authority on the westward journey, and 
in the affairs of the infant community, till the arrival of 
Governor St. Clair. He was the first judge of the court of 
common pleas appointed in the territory, and also the first 
judge of the courts of general quarter sessions. To him Dr. 
Cutler sent his draft for a charter of the University, and 
he was a trustee of the institution from the date of its 
origin to the close of his life. He died at Marietta, O., 
in 1824. 



MANASSEH CUTLER. 

Manasseli Cutler was born at Killingly, Conn., May o, 
1742. At the age of tAventy-tbree years be graduated at 
Yale, and at twenty-nine was settled over tbe cburcb in 
Ipswicb, Mass. He was soon recognized as a minister of 
ability and learning; but became even more widely known 
as a man of science. As a botanist, especially, he attained 
considerable distinction. He was elected a member of the 
American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781 ; a mem- 
ber of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia in 1783; an 
honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical Societ}^ in 
1784; received the degree of LL. D. from Yale college in 
1789 ; was elected a member of the Massachusetts Historical 
Society in 1792, and was a representative in Congress in 
1800-1802. 

He appeared in Boston March 1, 1786, as a delegate to the 
meeting for the formation of the Ohio Company ; was ap- 
pointed one of the committee to draft a plan of organiza- 
tion ; was chosen one of the first directors ; and was selected 
by the directors to contract with Congress for the purchase 
of land. He actually conducted the whole business to its 
conclusion; though, toward the last, it assumed such propor- 
tions that he desired Major Sargent secretary of the Com- 
pany, who was at that time in New York, to share the 
responsibility. Accordingly the contract was signed by 
txoth of them. 

In 1788, after the first emigrants had made some progress 
in their settlement at Marietta, he spent a few weeks among 
them, and to the end of his life he never ceased to be their 
valued and influential counselor. He died in Massachusetts 
iii 1820. 

ORDINANCES OF CONGRESS. 

The contract of the Ohio Company for the purchase of 
land from Congress, comprehended as a basis, the congres- 
sional provisions for the government of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory. When the ordinance for this purpose had been pre- 



pared, a copy of it was sent by the Committee to Dr. Cutler 
" with leave to make remarks and propose amendments." 
[Dr. Cutler's Journal, July 10, 1787.] He suggested several 
amendments, all of wdiich were adopted, except one, and 
even in respect to that the ordinance was so modified as to 
conform more nearly to his wishes. He desired that emi- 
grants to the Territory should not be subject to taxation by 
the national government, unless they enjoyed a full repre- 
sentation in Congress. The provision actually adopted was 
the result of a compromise. 

A careful investigation of circumstances and a compari- 
son of dates, renders it highly probable, if not certain, that 
the articles of compact with which the ordinance of 1787 
concludes, were suggested, perhaps even written, by Dr. 
Cutler. They fell in with his designs, whereas it Avas 
plainly opposed to the immediate interest of the older States. 
" It was, of all things, the very means of rendering certain 
avast emigration from her [New England's] own population 
to the West." [Webster's first speech on Foot's Resolution.] 
The evidence is especially strong that Dr. Cutler originated 
the third article, which declares that "religion, morality, 
and knowledge being necessary to good government and to 
the happiness of mankind, schools and the "means of education 
shall forever be encouragedy This ordinance, of which Mr. 
Webster said in 1830, "I doubt Avhether one single law of 
any lawgiver, ancient or modern, has produced efi'ects of 
more distinct, marked, and lasting character," was passed 
July 13, 1787. On the 17th, Dr. Cutler returned from Phila- 
delphia, where he had spent a few days, and the next day 
entered upon the special business to which the Company had 
appointed him. On the 23d, just ten days after the passage 
of the ordinance providing for the government of the Terri- 
tory, another ordinance was passed fixing terms of sale for 
the tract afterwards purchased by the Ohio Company, and 
empowering the Board of Treasury to contract. This ordin- 



6 

ance not being entirely acceptable to Dr. Cutler, he and 
Major Sargent addressed a letter to the Board of Treasury, 
refusing to enter into contract, unless certain modifications 
Avere made in the terms. Finally, on the 27th, Congress 
passed a new ordinance, meeting the demands presented and 
insisted on with so much energy by Dr. Cutler. 

In these ordinances it was provided that section sixteen 
in each township should be set apart for the support of 
schools ; that section twenty-nine should be set apart for the 
support of religion ; and that " not more than tivo complete 
townships should be given perpetually for the purposes of an 
University, to be laid oft" by the purchaser or purchasers as 
near the center as may be (so that the same shall be of good 
land), to be applied to the intended object by the Legislature 
of the State." 

Such, in its remote beginnings, was the origin of the Ohio 
University. It was the first example in the history of our 
country, of the establishment and endowment of an institu- 
tion of learning by the direct agency of the general govern- 
ment. The honor of it belongs almost exclusively to 
Manasseh Cutler, and when we consider the influence which 
he has exerted, through the ordinances of July, 1787, upon 
the civilization of the Northwest, it is, perhaps, not too much 
to say, that to him, more than to any other individual, we 
are indebted for the prosperity, the freedom, and the intelli-' 
gence of that extensive and populous region. 

THE CONTRACT. 

The contract was concluded Octol>er 27, 1787. By it the 
Ohia Company obtained optional possession of a body of 
land having for its southern boundary the Ohio river, for its 
eastern ^xjundary the seventh range of townships, for its 
western boundary the eighteenth range of townships, and 
extending northward so far that a straight line running east 
and west would include a million and a half of acres, besides 



the several townships and sections reserved or appropriated 
to specific purposes. Only half this amount, however, was 
ever paid for and controlled by them. 

No time was lost in making an actual settlement. On the 
seventh of April, 1788, a colony, under the leadership of 
General Putnam, landed at the confluence of the Ohio and 
Muskingum rivers. A month before this event, at a meeting 
of the Company held in Boston, the directors were requested 
"to pay as early attention as possible to the education of 
youth and the promotion of public worship among the first 
settlers." Dr. Cutler was accordingh^ authorized to employ 
a suitable person as instructor. He soon afterwards secured 
the services of Rev. Daniel Story, and a school was organized 
at Marietta the ensuing winter. 

UNIVERSITY LANDS SELECTED. 

In 1795 the lands to be devoted to the support of the 
University were located. The townships selected w^ere 
numbers eight and nine in the fourteenth range, now called 
Athens and Alexander. Gen. Putnam, who felt a deep 
interest in the proposed institution, used his influence to 
secure settlers for the college lands. The first families 
removed to them in 1797, and fixed their residence on and 
near the present site of the town of Athens, the seat of the 
University. Two years later, Dec. 18, 1799, the Territorial 
Legislature appointed Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Ives Oilman, 
and Jonathan Stone, "to lay off in the most suitable place 
within the townships, a town plat which should contain a 
square for the college ; also, lots suitable for house lots and 
gardens for a president, professors, tutors, etc., bordering on 
or encircled by spacious commons, and such a number of town 
lots adjoining the said commons and outlots as they shall 
think will be for the advantage of the University." This 
work having been done, a resolution was adopted by the Leg- 
islature, Dec. 6, 1800, approving and accepting it. In that 



year, also, Dr. Cutler sent to Gen. Putnam his draft of an in- 
corporating act for the University. The first section gave to 
the institution the name of the American University, and in 
a letter which accoinpanied tlie draft, he said : "As the 
American Congress made the grant which is the foundation 
of the University, no name appeared to me more natural 
than American University. The sound is natural, easy and 
agreeahle, and no name can be more respectable. There is a 
Columbian college and a Washington college, etc., already in 
the country, but no American college. I hope the name will 
not be altered." 

It is evident from this passage that the founders of the 
University entertained large expectations of its future. The 
same fact is no less manifest from Dr. Cutler's comments on 
the eighth section of his draft. Speaking of a limitation of 
the income by the Legislature, he said: "Forty and fifty 
thousand dollars can not be too high, as it must be applied 
to one of the most useful and important purposes to society 
and to government. The sums sound large, but no one can 
say to what amount the income of the endowments of this 
University may arrive in time. The income of Oxford and 
Cambridge in England is much greater." 

TERRITORIAL ACT OF 1802, ESTABLISHING THE UNIVERSITY. 

In January, 1802, an act based on the draft of Dr. Cutler, 
was passed, entitled "an act establishing an University in 
the town of Athens." (1 sess., 2 G. A. T. 161.) Section 1 
established and located the University under the name of 
the American Western University. Section 2 provided for 
the perpetual existence of "a body politic and corporate, by 
the name and style of ' The President and Trustees of the 
American Western University.' " Section 3 appointed the 
trustees, to-wit : Hon. Rufus Putnam, Joseph Gilman, 
Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Paul Fearing, Rev. Daniel 
Story, Griffin Greene, Robert Oliver, Ebenozer Sproat, 



9 

Dudley Woodbridge, and Isaac Pierce. Section 11 vested in 
the board of trustees ** townships eight and nine in the 
fourteenth range for the sole use, benefit and support of the 
University, with full powers and authorit}^ to divide, sub- 
divide, settle and manage the same, by leasing. *=!<:};;!; 
Provided, that no lease shall be made for a longer term of 
time than twenty-one years." Section 14 exempted the 
college lands with the buildings that might be erected 
thereon from Territorial and State taxation. 

ACT OF STATE LEGISLATURE ESTABLISHING THE UNIVERSITY. 

Nothing was done to carry into 'effect the provisions of 
this act, and in 1804, February 18th, after the admission of 
Ohio into the Union, another act was passed, like the former 
in its main features, yet containing some important modifi- 
cations (2 0. L. 205). Section 1 gave to the institution its 
present name, the Ohio University, and defined its object to 
be " the instruction of youth in all the various branches of 
liberal arts and sciences, the promotion of good education, 
virtue, religion and morality, and conferring all the degrees 
and literary honors granted in similar institutions." Section 
2 provided for the corporate existence of the board of trustees, 
and made the Governor of the State a member of the board 
ex officio. Section 3 appointed as trustees Elijah Backus, 
Rufus Putnam, Dudley Woodbridge, Benjamin Tappan, 
Bazaliel Wells, Nathaniel Massie, Daniel Symmes, Daniel 
Story, Samuel Carpenter, James Kilbourne, Griflin Greene, 
Sen., and Joseph Darlington. The number of trustees was 
to be not less than ten nor more than fifteen. At present 
the legal number is twenty-one, of whom the Governor ol 
the State and the President of the Universit}^ are mem- 
bers ex officio ; the others are nominated by the board 
and confirmed by the General Assembly. No political 
or religious tests are applied. Vacancies occur only 
by death, resignation, removal or expulsion. Section 11 



10 

provided for the subdivision of the college lands into tracts 
of not less eighty nor more than two hundred and forty 
acres; the valuation of them b}' three disinterested and 
judicious freeholders as in their orginal and unimproved 
state ; and the leasing of the same ''for the term of ninety 
years, renewable forever, on a yearly rent of six per centum 
on the amount of the valuation so made by the said free- 
holders ; and the land so leased shall be subject to a revalua- 
tion at the expiration of thirty-five years, and to another re- 
valuation at the expiration of sixty years, from the com- 
mencement of the term of each lease ; which revaluation 
shall be conducted and made on the principles of the first, 
and the lessee shall pay a yearly rent of six per centum on 
the amount of the valuation so to be made ; and forever 
thereafter on a yearly rent equal to and not exceeding six 
13er centum of the amount of a valuation, to be made as 
aforesaid, at the expiration of the term of ninety years 
aforesaid. * * * * Provided always, that the corporation 
shall have power to demand a further yearly rent on the 
said lands and tenements, not exceeding the amount of the 
tax imposed on property of like description by the State." 
Section 17 exempted the lands in the two townships, with 
the buildings on them, from all State taxes forever. 

This act is the charter under which the institution was 
organized, and has ever since continued to operate. 

The following year an act was passed (3 0. L. 79), modify- 
ing, in some respects, the law of 1804. In particular, it 
provided that the trustees should lease the lands for ninety- 
nine years, renewable forever, with a fixed annual rent of 
six per centum on the appraised valuation. 

About 2,000 acres of this land have been sold in fee sim- 
ple; the rest, amounting to more than 44,000 acres, is still 
vested in the University, l)ut, being under perpetual lease 
it can never vield more than a scantv revenue. 



11 



ATHENS. 

The town of Athens, in which the University is located, 
contains nearly three thousand inhabitants. It is about 
twenty-five miles from the Ohio river, on the line of the 
Marietta and Cincinnati railroad, and at the southeastern 
terminus of the Columbus and Hocking Valley railroad. 
By these roads it is easily accessible from the eastern, 
western and central portions of the State. 

UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS. 

The buildings are of brick, and are eligibly situated in 
the southeastern part of the town. The grounds contain 
ten acres, about one-third of which, lying in front, is cover- 
ed with a handsome growth of trees, and an equal portion 
in the rear is reserved for recreation. 

The number of buildings is three. The middle building 
was erected in 1817. It is eighty-two feet long by fifty wide, 
and is three stories high. It contains the library, the chem- 
ical and philosophical apparatus, the museum, three recita- 
tion rooms, two society halls, and fifteen domitories. The 
wings are each sixty feet long by forty feet wide, and are 
three stories high. The east Aving was completed in 1837, 
and contains one recitation room, the rest of it being devoted 
to dormitories. The west wing was completed in 1839, and 
contains the chapel and two recitation rooms, the remain- 
ing rooms being dormitories. The basement and attic of 
the middle building are both in use. Recent repairs have 
placed the buildings in a much improved condition. 

The original building, called the Academy, was erected in 
1808-9. It stood east of the present buildings and extended 
beyond the present enclosure. It was a two-story brick 
building, about twentj^-four feet by thirty, containing one 
room on each floor. For ten years this was the only build- 
ing belonging to the institution. After the college classes 
were oganized, the lower room was occupied by the prcpara- 



12 

tory department, while the upper one accommodated the 
apparatus. The building was removed many years ago. 

FIRST INSTRUCTION. 

In this building the first instruction of the institution 
was given. It was opened for the reception of students, 
June 1st, 1809. The course of instruction laid down bj^ the 
board, June 9, 1808, consisted of "the English, Latin, and 
Greek languages, mathematics, rhetoric, logic, geography, 
natural and moral philosophy." 

Rev. Jacob Lindley was the only teacher, and on the first 
day but three pupils were present, John Perkins, Brewster 
Higlcy, and Joel Abbott. Mr. Perkins is still living, a 
respected citizen of Athens. 

JACOB LINDLEY. 

Mr. Lindley, the preceptor, was born in Pennsylvania, 
June 13, 1774, graduated at Princeton in 1798, and was 
installed as pastor of the Presbyterian church in Water- 
^ord, 0., in 1803. In 1805 he was appointed a trustee of 
the Ohio University. From 1808 to 1822 he was president 
of the board, and preceptor of the Academy ; from 1822 to 
1824, professor of rhetoric and moral philosophy ; from 1824 
to 1826, professor of mathematics. His connection witli the 
board of trustees continued till 1838, when it was dissolved 
by reason of his removal to the State of Mississippi. He 
died in his native State, January 29th, 1857. In 1812 
Artemas Sawyer, a graduate of Harvard, was employed as 
Mr. Lindley's assistant. In 1818 Joseph Dana Avas employed 
as professor of Latin and Greek. 

The first degrees were conferred in 1815. Thomas Ewing 
and John Hunter, having completed the course of stud}', 
received, in that year, the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 



13 

THOMAS EWIXG. 

Mr. Ewing's name stands first on the roll of alumni, not 
only for this institution, but for the whole of Western 
America. He was born in Ohio Co.,Va., Dec. 28, 1789. In 
1792 his father removed to Ohio, residing first on the Mus- 
kingum river, near Waterford, and afterward in what is 
now Ames Tp., Athens Co. Having learned to read, he 
eugeny devoured the contents of the collection of books 
then recently purchased by the contributions of the neigh- 
bors who had organized among themselves the " Western 
Ijibrary Association," and which formed the pioneer public 
library of Ohio. In 1808 he went to the Kanawha salt 
works, where he earned money enough to support himself 
for a few terms at the Ohio University. Whenever his 
means were exhausted, he returned to Virginia and earned 
more. In this way he succeeded in completing his course. 

In the summer of 1815 he removed to Lancaster, 0., wliere 
he studied law, and in 1816 was admitted to the bar. His 
abilities were at once recognized, and his progress to profes- 
sional success and distinction was uninterrupted. From 
1831 to 1837 he was U. S. Senator from Ohio, and look a dis- 
tinguished part in the discussions of that stormy period. 
In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. In 
1849 he was made Secretary of the Interior. On the death 
of President Taylor, he retired from the cabinet ; but, Mr. 
Corwin being appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. 
Ewing re-enterd the senate to complete Mr. Corwin's unex- 
pired term. In 1851 he resumed the practice of law at 
Lancaster. He died Oct., 26, 1871. 

FACULTY ORGANIZED, 

A full faculty was organized in 1822. Rev. James Irvine, 
A. M., was chosen president, and professor of mathematics ; 
Rev. Jacob Lindley, professor of rhetoric and moral phil- 
osophy ; Joseph Dana, of languages ; and Henry D. Ward, 



14 

preceptor. The next year Rev. Samuel D. Hoge was ap- 
pointed professor of natural sciences. The other presidents 
have been— Rev. Robert G. Wilson, D. D., 1824-39; Rev. 
William H. McGuffey, D. D. LL. D., 1839-43; Rev. Alfred 
Ryors, D. D., 1848-52; Rev. Solomon Howard, D. D. LL. D., 
1852-72; William H. Scott, A. M., 1873 to the present time. 



REV. JAMES IRVINE, A. M. 

the first president of the Ohio Lhiiversit}', was born in 
Washington County, N'ew York. Immediately after his 
graduation at Union College, he was elected professor of 
mathematics in the university in 1831; and in the follow- 
ing year became the president. Owing ill-health, he was 
the next spring allowed leave of absence, and never re- 
turned to his post. He lived for a time in New York City, 
and was afterward settled as pastor over a Presbyterian con- 
gregation in West Hebron, New York. 



REV. ROBERT G. WILSON, D. D., 

was a native of North Carolina, and was born Dec. 30, 1768. 
He graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and after 
studying theology, was ordained to preach May 22, 1794. 
He spent the first ten or eleven years of his ministry in 
Abbeville district, S. C. ; removed thence, in 1805, to Chilli- 
cothe, 0., where he was for nineteen years pastor of the 
Presbyterian Church. In 1824, he was elected president of 
the Ohio University, and during the next fourteen years 
administered its affairs with ability and success. In 1838, 
at the age of seventy, he resigned his position. He con- 
tinued to preach for about nine years. The last four 3'ears of 
his life were spent in the family of his daughter, Mrs. Mary 
W. Irwin, at South Salem 0., where he died April 17, 1851. 



15 

WILLIAM HOLMES McGUFFfn', D. D., LL. D., 

was born in Washington Count}^, Penn., Soptembcr 2od 
1800. When he was but a child, his parents removed to 
Trumbull County, Ohio. He prepared himself for college, 
and entered Washington College, Penn., of which Dr. Wiley 
was at the time President. In March 1826, he was elected 
professor of ancient languages in Miami University, Ohio : 
and in 1832, he was transferred to the chair of Mental 
Philosophy. 

He was licened as a minister of the Presbyterian Church 
in 1829. In 1836, he w'"as chosen President of Cincinnati 
College. This position he held until chosen President of 
the Ohio University in 1839. 

In 1843, he returned to Cincinnati, and taught in the 
Woodward High School. In 1845, he was chosen Professor 
of Moral Philosophy in the University of Virginia, where 
he continued until his death, May 4th, 1873. 

He was author of McGuffey's Electic Readers and Spelling 
Book, perhaps the most popular and useful books of the kind 
ever puVdished. At the time of his death he was engaged 
in preparing for the press a work on Mental Science, but 
it wasnot left in shape for publication. 

REV. ALFRED RYORS, D. D. 

Rev. Alfred Ryors, D.D., was born in Philadeli^hia, June 
28, 1812. Being left an orphan at a very early age, he was 
received into the family and select school of Rev. Robert 
Steel, D. D., at Abington, Pa. He graduated at Jeflferson 
College, Pa., in 1835. The next year he Avas tutor in Lafay- 
ette College, and in May, 1836, he was elected professor of 
mathematics in the Ohio University. He entered upon the 
duties of his professorship the next autumn, and remained 
till 1844. In that year he was called to the same chair in 
Indiana State University. In 1848 he was elected president 
of the Ohio University, and filled the office for four years. 



16 

In 1852 he resigned, and the following year became presi- 
/lent of Indiana University. At the end of a year he ac- 
cepted the chair of mathematics in Center College, Ky., 
where he remained till the time of his death, May 8th, 1858. 

REV. SOLOMON HOWARD, D. D., LL. D., 

was born in Cincinnati, November 11, 1811. At 22 he grad- 
uated at Augusta College, Kentucky. He was elected to a 
professorship in St. Charles College, Mo. He entered the 
Ohio Conference of the M. E. Church in 1835; was elected 
principal of the preparatory department of the Ohio AVes- 
leyan University in 1843, and principal of Springfield High 
School in 1845. On leaving this position he became presi- 
dent of Springfield Female College ; and in 1852 was elected 
president of the Ohio University. He retained this office 
till 1872, when, on account of ill-health, he resigned. He 
died at San Jose, Cal., June 9, 1873. 

THE PROFESSORSHIPS 

Have been filled as follows : The Chair of Mental and Moral 
Science by Rev. Jacob Lindley, A. M., 1822-4, and since that 
time by the successive Presidents. 

The Chair of Ancient Languages by Joseph Dana, A. M., 
1818-19 and 1822-35 ; Rev. John B. Whittlesey, A. M., 1819-21; 
Daniel Read, A. M., 1836-38, (Latin and Political Economy), 
1838-43; Rev. Elisha Ballentine, A.M., (Greek), 1838-40; 
Rev. John M. Stephenson, A.M., (Greek), 1840-42; James L 
Kuhn, A. M., (Greek), 1842-44; Rev. Aaron Williams, D. D., 
1844-53; Rev. Addison Ballard, A.M., (Latin), 1848-52; 
Rev. E. E. E. Bragdon, A.M., 1853-54; Rev. Clinton W. Sears, 
A. M., 1854-55; Rev. John M. Leavitt, A. M., 1855-57; Rev. 
Robert AUyn, A.M., 1857-59; Wm. H. Young, A.M., 1859-69; 
Rev. Wm. H. Scott, A. M., (Greek), 1869-72; Rev. A. C. Hirst, 
A. M., (Latin), 1869-70; Rev. John L. Hatfield, A. M,, 
(Latin), 1870-72 ; (Latin and Greek), 1872 to the present. 



The Chair of Mathematics by Rev. Jamos Irvine, A. M., 
1821-24; Rev. Jacob Lindley, A. M., 1824-26; Wm. Wall, 
A. M., 1827-36 ; Rev. Alfred Ryors, A. M., 1836-44 ; Rev. L. 
D. McCabe, A. M., 1844-45; Rev. Wm. J. Hoge, A. M., 
(Mathematics and Rhetoric), 1848-51 : Rev. Addison Bal- 
lard, 1852-54; Rev. John M. Leavitt, A. M., 1851-55; Wm. H. 
Young, A. M., 1855-59; Eli T. Tappan, A. M., 1859-60; Rev, 
R. A. Arthur, A. M., 1861-64 ; Eli T. Tappan, A. M., 1864-68 ; 
W. H. G. Adney, A. M., 1869-72; Rev. Daniel M. Blair, A. 
M., (pro tern.) 1872-73; Russell S. Devol, A. M., 1873 to the 
present. 

The Chair of Natural Sciences by Rev. Samuel D. Hoge, 
A. M., 1823-26; Thomas M. Drake, M. D., 1827-34; Rev. 
Fredarick M9rrick, A. M., 183^-42; Wm. W. Mather, A. M., 
1842-50; Rev. Joseph S. Toralinson, D. D., 1851-52; Rev. 
James G. Blair, M. D., D D., 1852-64; Rev. Alex. S. Gibbons, 
A. M., 1864-72; W. H. G. Adney, A. M,, 1872-73; J. McC. 
Martin, A. M., 1873 to the present. 

The Chair of History and English Literature by Rev. 
Randolph Stone, A. M., 1838-39, and by Rev. Wells Andrews, 
A. M., 1840-42. 

The present faculty consists of William H. Scott, A. M., 
president, and professor of mental and in moral science ; 
Rev. John L. Hatfield, A. M., professor of Greek and Latin 
languages; J. McC. Martin, A. M., professor of natural 
science ; Russell S. Devol, A. M., professor of mathematics ; 
and Rev. John A. White, A. B., principal of the preparatory 
department. 

COURSES OF* STUDY. 

Two courses of study are laid down — the classical and tlic 
scientific. The requirements for admission to the classical 
course are, — arithmetic, algebra to complete quadratics; phy- 
sical and political geography; history of the United States 
and of England; English grammar; Harkness's Latin 
grammar and reader, Ceasar, Sallust, Virgil's Bucolics, 
Latin prose composition; Hadley's Greek grammar and 
2 



IS 

Boise's First Lessons, Anabasis, liiad and Greek prf^e com- 
position. 

The requirements for admission to the scientific course are 
the same, except that no algebra or Greek is required, and 
but one year of Latin. 



COURSES OF STUDY. 



I. CLASSICAL. 

FRESHMAN. 

First Term.- — Algebra, Virgil's ^-Eneid, Xenophon's Cyro- 
pffidia, Latin and Greek Prose Composition. 

Second Term. — Plane Geometry, Cicero's Orations, Herodo- 
tus, Latin and Greek Prose Composition, History of Greece. 

Third Term. — Solid Geometry and Logarithms, Horace's 
Odes, Xenophon's Menwrabilia, Latin Prose Composition, 
History of Greece. 

SOPHOiMORE. 

First Term. — Plane Trigonometry and Surveying, Livy, 
Plato, History of Rome, Physiology. 

Second, Term. — Spherical Trigo-nometry and Navigation, 
Cicero de Oratore, Plato, History of Rome, Zoology. 

Third Term. — Analytical Geometry, Horace's Epistles, 
Demosthenes de Corona, Botany. 

JUNIOR. 

First Term. — Chemistry, Rhetoric, English Literature. 
Elective : Calculus, Germania and Agricola, German. 

Second Term. — Chemistrj^ Physics, Psychology. Elective : 
Thucvdides, German, 



19 

IVimi Tez-m.— Physics, Mineralogy, Psychology. Elective: 
Tacitus' Histoiy, German. 

SENIOR. 

First Term. — Astronomy, Geology, Moral Science, Logic. 

Second Term. — Astronomy, Political Economy, Interna- 
tional Law, Butler's Analog}-. 

Third Term. — A Greek Tragedy or a Latin Comedy, History 
of Philosophy, History of Civilization, Constitution of the 
United States. 

II. SCIENTIFIC. 
FRESHMAX. 

First Term. — Algebra, CUesar, Physiology. 

Second Term. — Algebra, Sallust, Zoology. 

Third Term. — Algebra, Virgil's Bucolics, Botany. 

SOPHOMORE. 

First Term. — Algebra, Virgil's .^neid, Latin Prose Compo- 
sition, Chemistry, English Literature. 

Second Term. — Plane Geometry, Cicero's Orations, Latin 
Prose Composition, Chemistry. 

Third Term. — Solid Geometry, Horace's Odes, Latin Prose 
Composition, Mineralogy. 

JITNIOR. 

First Term. — Plane Trigonometry and Surveying, Livy, 
Rhetoric. Elective: Germania and Agricola, German. 

Second Term. — Spherical Trigonometry and Navigation, 
Physics, Psychology. Elective: Cicero de Oratore, German. 

Third Term. — Analytical Geometry, Physics, Ps^'chology. 
Elect i c r. : Tacitus' History, German. 



20 

SENIOR. 

First Term. — Astronomy, Geology, Moral Science, Logic. 

Second Term. — Astronomy, Political Economy, Interna- 
tional Law, Butler's Analogy. 

Third Term. — Horace's Epistles, History of Philosophy, 
History of Civilization, Constitution of the United States. 



DEGREES. 

The degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred on those Avho 
finish the entire classical course, and pass satisfactory ex- 
aminations. The degree of Master of Arts is conferred, on 
the payment of the usual fee, upon every Bachelor of Art-j 
of three years' standing, who has sustained a good moral 
character and has pursued professional or scientific studie.-' 
during that period. 

The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred on those 
who complete the scientific course. The degree of Master ol 
Science is conferred on Bachelors of Science under the same 
conditions prescribed for the degree of Master of Arts. 

The whole number of degrees conferred has been — 

1. In Course: 

Bachelors of Science 43 

" Arts 255 

Masters " " 215 

2. Honorary : 

Bachelors of Arts 6 

Masters " " 42 

Doctors of Divinity 15 

" " Laws 4 



67 



ALUM N I. 



The University, her age being considered, does not boast a 
long list of graduates; but of their character she may justly 
be proud. They are to be found among the able, self-ieliant, 
successful men in every department of society. Tlie fol- 
lowing is a complete catalogue : 



1815. 
Thomas Ewing, 
John Hunter. 

1816. 
Giles Samuel Booth Hempstead, 
Solomon Stoddard Miles, 
Jacob Parker. 

1819. 
Henry Perkins. 



1826. 
Hiram K. Howe, 
Levi Keyes, 
Lutellus Lindley, 
Ezra Walker. 



1827. 
Jonathan Cable, 
Edmund W. Sehon, 
William Kice Putnam. 



1820. 
John Hunt. 

1822. 
Archibald Green Brown, 
Joseph Dana, 
Lucius Verus Bierce. 

1823. 
John McDonald, 
Franklin Putnam, 
William P. Skinner. 



3828. 
Richard E. Adams, 
Elisha Ballentine, 
John Marshall Creed, 
James McElhenny, 
George Rebkr, 
Alexander W. McCoy. 
James Richmond Stanberry, 
John Wise Taylor, 
Joseph M. Trimble, 
John Newton Templeton. 



182-i. 
John T. Brazee, 
Samuel McFarland Browning, 
Samuel I). King, 
Daniel Lindley, 
Samuel Westcoat Rose, 
Daniel V. McLean, 
Daniel Read. 

1825. 
Samuel Bigger, 
Calvin Xoyce Rans'im, 
George William Summers, 
George Washington Warner. 



1829. 
AViLLiAM McKendree Bangs, 
Henry B.^llentine, 
Oscar Walker Brown, 
Homer J. Clark, 
Charles C Con vers, 
.Tames Dunlap, 
Charles C. Hildreth, 
George O. Hilhreth, 
Isaac Hoge, 
Nathaniui, Clark Read, 

WlLLL^lM SCOTX. 



1830. 
Charles Pitt Brown, 
George Washington Kelley, 
Amos Miller, 
Charles Matthews, 
Samuel Prince Robbins, 
Charles T. Sherman, 
John Steel, 
Samuel Wilson. 



James C. Maccracken, 
Alexander McPherson, 
e;liphaz Perkins Pratt, 
Nathan B. Purinton, 
Richard Griffith. 

1838. 
Moses Andrew Hoge. 



1S31. 
Thomas Creigh, 
James Culbertson, 
David G. Devore, 
John M. Howe, 
Joseph Taylor Irwin, 
William McCoy, 
Paradise Lynn McAboy, 
John R. Osborne, 
Lawson Wilson, 
John M. Wilson, 
Dudley Woodbridge, 
John W. Wright, 
William Pitt Creed. 

1832. 
Lewis A. Alderson, 
Joseph W. Patten, 
Elias Van Deman, 
Jonathan Perkins Weethee. 

1833. 
Ebenezer Buckingham, 
Kbenezer Granville Currier, 
WILL;A^^ Dana Emerson, 
Leland R. McAboy, 
Andrew Parkes, 
William Reber, 
Chakles Sloane Skinner, 
Carky a. Irimbi.e. 

1834. 
Addison Coffee, 
Andrew H. Caldwell, 
George Washington Moore, 
Amasa Read, 
Lafayette W. Wilson, 
William McElhenny'. 

1836. 
Edgar Thomas Brown, 

I'HILANDER LaTHROP CaBLE, 

Isaac Newton Taylor, 
(.'UAUNCEY Perkins Taylor. 



1839. 
William Wallace Bierce, 
John E. Anderson, 
G. W. a. Clough, 
E. F. Chester. 

1840. 
James H. Couch, 
John James Hoge, 
Ira Marsh, 
James D. Miller, 
Thomas G. Mitchell, 
David H. Putney, 
John Wilson, 
Lumen N. Allen. 

1841. 
Joseph T. Lewis. 

1842. 
James Duckett Johnson, 
John Henry Pratt, 
Henry Willam Taylor, 
Solomon W. Shepherd. 

1843. 
John Milton Bush, 
John Calhoun Culbertson, 
Robert Harvey Gilmore, 
David Convers Goddard, 
William James Hoge, 
John Blair Hoge, 
Lorenzo Dow McCabe, 
Ale.xander L. Oliver, 
David P. Ruckman, 
Jefferson Price Safford. 



1844. 
John M. Christian, 
RoBEKT Wilson Pratt, 
James iMerrill Safford, 
Robert Woodrow, 
James A. istirratt. 



23 



1845. 
Benjamin Doddridge Blackstone, 
Aakon Hull 
A. L. S. Bateman, 
Don Carlos Culley, 
IlOBEKT Stewart Fullekton, 
James H. Uev. 

1850. 
Archibald Douglas Brown, 
De Witt Clinton Loudon. 

1851. 
William Whitney B^llard^ 
Hugh James Campbell. 

1852. 
Hugh W. Guthrie, 
Francis Hebron Williams. 

1853. 
John Anderson, 
Joseph Carter Cohbin, 
Samuel Fred Dunlap, 
Erastus Alexander Guthrie, 
Henry Force Miller, 
Oliver Perry Shiras, 
Charles Manning Walker^ 
William Henry Young. 

1S54. 
Edtvard L. Johnson, 
Edward W. Mullikin, 
Thomas Ogden Osborne. 

I&o5. 
James K. Black, 
Elijah C. Dimmit, 
Turner M. Marquart, (B. S ),. 
Samuel Wurts Kins, (B. S.), 

1856. 

'{"EiKLET BySSHE DavIS, 

Edward Harvey Guthrie, 
Jacob Kreider Mower, 
Thomas Carleton, (B. S.), 

1857. 
Newton Isaac Behan, 
Uly'sses Wesley Flesheb, 
Adam Clarke Dyas, 
Elias Millen Stanbery, 
Stephen Megeth Beard, (B. S), 
John Galloway McGuffey, (B. S.>, 
Evan Franklin Bane.s, (B. S.). 



1858. 
Francis D. Carley, 
Samuel A. Kistler, 
kobert h. mcgonagle, 
James W. Murphy, 
John N. Pilcher, 
B. B. Sheffield, 
Wm. L. Hindman, (B. S.). 

18.59. 
Hugh Boyd, 
Alban Davies, 
James H. Gardner, 
J. M. Goodspeed, 

FiNDLEY B. HaNNA, 

Wm. R. Smith, (B. S.), 
Charles S. Smart, (B. S.), 

1860, 
W. H. G. Adney, 
Harrison Gilliland, 
David H. Moore, 
Spicer H. Patrick, 
Jasper A. Smith, (B. S.), 

1861. 
Earl Cranston, 
James E. Lapsley*, 
Charles W. Stewart, 
Edmund Sheffield, 
J. J. K. Warren, 
Barkley- Cooper, (B. S.), 
Wm. W. Cooper, (B. S.), 
Leonidas M. Jewett, (B. S.), 
Benjamin F. Miesse, (B. S.), 
Charles Townsend, (B. S,), 
Hugh Townsend, (B. S.). 

1802. 
George E. B^^aib, 
Jefferson Booth, 
iJOBERT K. Brown, 
Franklin B. Buchwalter, 
Jefferson B. Clay'ton, 
John L. Hatfield, 
Hiram C. Martin, 
Wm. H. Scott, 
Lucius C. Wright. 

1863. 
Daniel M. Blair, 
John H. Bawden, 
Charles H. Collier, 
Daniel W. Cornell, 
Silas Pkuden, 



24 



J. Albert Rich, 
John W. ShoWaltee, 
Anthony H. Windsor. 

1864. 
Charles W. Clippenger, 
John K. Scott, 
Homer Wright, 
Austin W. Vorhes, 
John A. Hunter, (B. S.), 
Morris H Miesse, (B. S.). 

I860. 
Henry T. Atkinson, 
Wm. W. Deverell, 
Wesley Otis Young. 

1866. 
Wm Fletcher Boyd, 
Joseph F. Lukens, 
Wm. C. Oliphant, 
Charles S. Smart, 
George R. Stanley, 
Wm. T. Patterson, (B. S.), 
Julius S. Smith, (B. S.). 

1SG7. 
George W. Boyce, 
John P. Dana, 
Cyrus 0. French, 
Anselm T. Holcomb, 
Cjkuger W. Smith. 

1868. 
David W. DeLay, 
Alex. C. Gibson, 
Benjamin N. Sanders, 
Thomas G. Wakefield, 
Robert W. Erwin, (B. S.), 
Thomas J. Harrison, (B. S.). 

18G0. 
John W. Dowd, 
Wm. S. Eversolb, 
Richard A. Hoffman, 
Thomas L. Hughes, 
John B. Lash, 
Edson B. Miesse, 
Wm. H. Minnich, 
Archelaus a. Stanley, 
Augustin Boice, (B. S.), 
H. M. Lash, (B. S.), 
John L. McMaster, (B. S.), 
Wesley A. Smith, (B. S.). 



1870. 
Wm. B. Carpenter, 
Charles F. Ckeighton, 
Russell S. Devol, 
David P. Guthkie, 
Thomas J. Harrison, 
Wm. H. Hall, 
Francis B. Horvbrook, 
Thomas C. Iliff, 
John C. Jackson, 
George E. Wells, 
Philip Zenner, 
John T. Duff, (B. S), 
George G. Parker, (B. S.). 

1S71. 
Henry W. Coultrap, 
David J. Evans, 
Wm. D. Lash, 
Albert J. Michael, 
John W. Rutnedge, 
Thomas Blackstone, (B. S.). 

1872. 
Wm. W. Gist, 
Clemekt R. Long, 
Philip S. Goodwin, (B. S.), 
Vernon C. Stiers, (B. S.), 
George R. Walker, (B. S.). 

1873. 
Margaret Boyd, 
John M. Davis, 
Charles H. Dixon, 
Ripley H. Kinnison, 
Moses J. Mohgan, 
Frank O. Ballard, (B. S.). 

1874. 
Charles A. Atkinson, 
Eugene B. Jewett, 
John A. White, 
David C. Casto, (B. S ), 
John W. Maguire, (B. S.). 

1875. 
Hermann F. Acker, 
Wm. Baumann, 
Fletcher S. Coultrap, 
Eber C. de Steiguer, 
Wm. S. Hudson, 
JosiAH W. Lash, 
George W. Martin, 
Calvin S. Welch. 



25 





S 


UNDERGEADUATES. 






Freshmen. 


Sophomores. 


Juniors 


Seniors. 


-a 




C3 
1 
















Year. 


















3 
■3 




k. 


















CS 






















n 




rt 




!rt 




w 










^^ 








'^ 


o 


s 






S 




.a 




























a 


.rt 


cs 


<v 




» 




o 


3 




h 


O 


w 


O 


!» 


o 


OQ 


o 


X 


;z; 


1815 
















Q 




? 


1«16 
















3 




3 


1819 
















1 




1 


1820 
















1 




1 


1822 
















3 




3 


1823 
















3 




3 


1824 
















7 




7 


1825 
















4 




4 


1826 
















4 




4 


1827 
















3 




3 


1828 
















10 




10 


1829 
















11 




11 


1830 
















8 




8 


1831 
















13 




13 


1832 
















4 




4 


1833 
















8 




8 


1834 
















6 




6 


1835 






















1836 
















4 




4 


1837 
















5 




5 


1838 
















1 




1 


1839 
















4 




4 


1840 
















8 




8 


1841 
















1 




1 


1842 
















4 




4 


1843 
















10 




1(1 


1844 
















5 






1850 
















9 




9 


1851 


37 


10 




10 




5 




2 




2 


1852 

















2 




2 


1853 


61 


25 




6 




2 




8 




8 


1854 


80 


43 




13 




3 




3 




3 


1855 


91 


43 




23 




12 




2 


2 


4 


1856 


100 


20 


20 


10 




4 


5 


3 


3 


4 


1857 


125 


17 


13 


6 


7 


9 


2 


4 


4 


7 


1858 


135 


16 


12 


7 




5 


2 




1 


9 


1859 


91 


24 


19 


U 


9 


4 


4 


5 


2 


7 


1860 


84 


19 


13 


12 


8 


5 


4 


4 


5 


5 


18G1 


79 


15 


19 


11 


5 


13 


4 


5 


7 


11 


1862 


62 


15 


4 


11 


5 


6 


3 


9 


1 


9 


1863 


64 


7 


10 


8 


5 


3 


6 


8 




8 


1864 


86 


14 





5 


4 


7 


3 


4 


6 


T 


1865 


86 


5 


3 


6 


2 


5 


2 


3 




3; 


1866 


189 


12 


14 


5 


9 


6 


1 


5 


2 


T 


1857 


100 


18 


18 


13 


12 


4 


4 


7 




5 


1868 


55 


19 


17 


9 


5 


8 


9 


4 


2 


6. 


1869.:.... 


67 


8 


6 


9 


7 


8 


3 


8 


6 


12> 


1870 


61 


6 


8 


6 


•) 


5 


4 


11 


2 


IS 


ls71 


67 


9 


11 


6 


10 5 






1 


ft 


]h72 


54 


21 


9 


6 


3 


8 


•> 


9 


4 




1K73 


56 


15 


;> 


8 


2 


4 


:>: 


6 


1 


7 


1K74 


68 


11 


•> 


5 


1 


10 2 


3 


2 




1875 


62 


11 


9 


8 


3 


7 


8 


9 


8 


1876 


54 


6 


6 


10 


3 


6 8 


7 







26 



EXPENSES. 

The term fees are : Tuition, $10.00 ; room rent, $3.00 or 
$4.00; and contingent fee, $3.00. 

In the preparatory department the charge for tuition is 
$6.00. The other fees in this department are the same as in 
the college classes. 

One student from each county of the State is admitted 
free of charge for tuition. Any one desiring to have the 
benefit of a county scholarship must receive his appoint- 
ment to it from the Auditor and Commissioners of the county, 
and obtain from them a certificate stating that he is of good 
moral character and an actual resident of the county from 
which he is sent. 

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 

The University is not sectarian, and no effort is made to 
inculcate the doctrines of any particular creed or denomina- 
tion ; but care is taken to promote sound and healthy relig- 
ious sentiments. Students are required to be preset at 
prayers in the chapel every morning ; and a lecture is de- 
livered in the chapel every Sabbath afternoon, at which 
attendance is also required. 

PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT. 

The preparatory department was organized in 1822, at the 
same time with the various collegiate departments. The 
successive principals have been: Henry D. Ward, A M., 
1822-21; A. G. Brown, A. M., '24-25: Daniel Read, A. B., 
'25-36; Wells Andrews, A. M., '37-40; Rev. Amos Miller, A. 
M.. '44-45; Rev. Aaron AVilliams, A. M., '45-47; Rev. O. M. 
Spencer, A. M., '51-52 ; Rev. James F. Given, A. M., '52-54 ; 
W. H. Young, A. B., '54-55 ; Francis Brown, A. M., '55-59 ; 
Hugli Boyd, A. B., Tutor in Mathematics, '59-60 ; Edward 
H. Guthrie, A. M., Tutor in Languages, ,59-60 ; E. H. Guth- 
rie, Principal, '60-64; Wm. H Scott, A. B., '64-65; W. H. G. 



27 

Aduey, A. M., '65-69; Rav. John M. Davis, A. B., '73-74; 
Rev. John A. White, A. B., '74-76. 

The studies prescribed are those enumerated above as re- 
quired for admission to tlie college classes. 

While this department is specially designed to prepare 
students for the regular courses of the College department, 
students are also received who may wish to pursue elementr 
ary studies, even though th(;y may have no intention of 
entering upon one of the higher courses. 

Candidates for admission must furnish satisfactory evi- 
dence of good character, and must pass an examination in 
arithmetic to percentage, English grammar to syntax, 
geogiaphy, and all studies of the course lower than those 
which they wish to pursue. 

LIBRARIES. 

The college library contains between 4000 and 5000 vol- 
umes. In the first years of its history it received many val- 
uable books by donation. One donation, made by General 
Putnam and a royal donation from England were of special 
importance. The latter, received in 1834, was estimated at 
£200., and included complete editions of standard authors 
in classical, historical, scientific and theological literature, 
amounting in all to more than 70 volumes. 

The institution has no library fund, and therefore the 
growth -of the library is neither rapid nor uniform ; yet a few 
good books are placed in it every year. 

The libraries of the literary societies contain about 2500 
volumes, and are receiving considerable additions. 

APPARATUS AND CABINET. 

The department of natural science possesses apparatus 
estimated at SI, 000, and collections in botany, zoology, min- 
eralogy, and geology estiinatwl at al>out $2/000. 



28 



SOCIETIES. 

There are two literary societies connected with the Uni- 
versity — the Athenian founded in 1819 and the Philoma- 
thean founded in 1822. The former has had a total mem- 
bership of 1S12, and the latter of 1273. The Athenian 
library contains nearly 1200 volumes, the Philomathean 
nearly 1400. 

PROSPECTS. 

Earnest efforts are now being made to increase the endow- 
ment of the institution, and there is ground for hope that 
its future will be worthy of its origin and early history. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH 



DELAWARE. OHIO. 



In a short period after the organization of this iustitiition,- 
the Board of Trustees with a wise fore-thought requested its 
President, Dr. R. Hills, to prepare for permanent record, a 
sketch of the incipient measures resulting in its organization. 
From this very interesting record, found in the first volume 
of proceedings of the Board, the following condensation and 
extracts are made. 

"The rapid progress in the growth of the 0. \\ . Univer- 
sity, and consequent influx of a population, often of entire- 
families, for educational purposes, and the desire of others 
from al)road to have their sons^and daughters associated as 
nearly as may be, in their educational efforts, made it very^ 
desirable that, with an institution for young men, there 
should 1)6 one for young women. 

": The first movement to supply this want was an i^dividua^ 
effort, made by Rev. Wm. Grissell, who, with his wife and a 
corps of assistants, occupied an old frame building on Hill st.. 

This school opened in September, 1850, with fine pros- 
pects, the i)U]iils soon numbering more than one hundred. 



At the end of the second year the idea of a college for young 
women, with an elegant and suitable location, began to take 
hold of public opinion. Meetings were called, educational 
matters discussed, and various plans suggested ; the result of 
which was tiie purchase, through the agency of Dr. R. Hills, of 
a lot containing seven acres, whereon the present building 
now stands. 

In March 1853, the necessary steps were taken to have the 
college incorporated under the statute laws of Ohio. The 
certificate of incorporation was presented for record April 
1st. The incorpoi-ators were R. Hills, W. L. Harris, J. C. 
Evans, W. G. Williams, A. A. Welch, and fifteen others. 

The Articles of Association were reported April 1st, 185^, 
having been signed by the majority of the incorporators. 
From the Articles of Association we quote : 

AiiT. IsT. The institution shall be called tlie Ohio Wes- 
ieyan Female College, and shall be located in the town of 
Delaware, county of Delaware, State of Ohio. 

Art. 2i>. Tlic college shall be conducted on tlie most 
liberal principles, accessible to all religious denominations, 
and open for the education of young women in general ; 
but shall ever be under the supervision of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church of Ohio. 

Art 9th. If the Conference or Conferences patronizing 
the Ohio Wesleyan University located in Delaware, Ohio, 
shall at any future time recommend the union of the two 
institutions so far as can leg/?lly be effected, then the Trustees 
of this college, on their part, shall proceed to take such steps 
as may be legal and necessary to accomplish this object. 

Prof. W. G. Williams was appointed to devise a seal for 
the use of the college. 

For immediate use, it was resolved that the eagle side of a 
half dollar piece. United States coin, be the seal of the college 
until further order of the Board. 

Prof. Williams subsequently reported a circular design 



with the legend "Ohio Wesleyan Female College, 1S53," 
around the margin, and within the margin the motto 
'"E0CLf:si.K ET Famili.e," meaning "For the Church and the 
Family," and within the renter an open book with the inscrip- 
tion " Holy Bible," with illuminating rays from the Bible. 

This was adopted and ordered to be engraved. 

On June 6th, 185.'>, a committee of five members was ap- 
pointed to attend the next session of the North Ohio Confer- 
ence to be held in Mt. Vernon, O., on the 24th of August, fol- 
lowing, to proffer to the Conference, the property of the said 
O. W. Female College, on the terms set forth in the Articles 
of Association of said college, and the by-laws of the Board. 

Dr. K. Hills, J. C. Evans, Wm. G. Williams, A. A. 
Welch, and Thos. F. Joy were appointed. 

This committee attended to the duty as assigned to it, and 
on August 26th, fSo-'i, the North Ohio Conference with great 
unanimity adopted the following : 

" Itemlved, That the })roposition of the Trustees of the 
Ohio W^esleyan Female College to give the ownershij). and 
control of that institution to this Conference, be, and is 
hereby accepted." 

From that day to the present its course has been pro- 
gressive, until it is now found under the control and patrou- 
ege of all the M. E. Conferences of the State of Ohio except 
the Cincinnati Conference." 

The curriculum embraces three courses of study — the Sci- 
entific, the Classical, and the Baccalaureate. The Scientific 
includes only the English branches; the Classical, English 
and Latin with either German or French ; the Baccalaureate, 
English, Latin, Greek, German and French. 

The course in music, both Instrumental and Vocal, is com- 
plete. It aims at the highest standard of classical culture, 
and pursues the methods sanctioned by the best musical 
authorities of Europe and America. 

The course in Painting, Drawing, etc., is not inferior to 



that of other .similar Institutions. The Studio is furnished 
with sky-light, casts, models, and other proper appliances,, 
and is under the charge of a thoroughly acccomplished artist. 

In the first Faculty are the names of Oran Faville, A. M.,, 
President, (deceased), William Smith, A, B., (now President 
Smith, of Xenia College, Ohio,) R. Hills, M. D., Lecturer 
on Physiology and Hygiene, and T. C. O'Kane, A. M., (now 
author of several Sabbath School Song Books, and composer 
of many of our best Sabbath School Songs). 

The second President was Rev. James Dean. 

The third President of the college, resigning before the 
end of his first year on account of ill health, was Rev. 
Charles D. Burritt, A. M. He was succeeded by Rev. P. S. 
Donelson, A. M., who occupied the position for seventeen 
years. President Donelson was succeeded in 1<S73 by 
William Richardson, A. M. 

The spacious building occupies the center of a square- 
containing at present ten acres, in the suburbs of the city. — 
The spot is favored by nature with woodland, hillside, lawn 
and creek. The mineral springs, so justly celebrated for 
their healthful qualities, are in the immediate vicinity. The 
building contains a Chapel, two elegantly furnished society 
halls — the Clionian and the Athenaeum — a Laboratory, a 
Library, a Studio, and a large Dining Hall. The Dormitory 
has capacity for one hundred pupils. 

The number of pupils attending each year varies from 
two hundred and twenty to two hundred and sixty. The 
number of graduates is usually from twenty-five to thirty- 
five. Several hundred young women have gone forth from 
the halls of the O. W. F. C. during its brief history, to 
take enviable position in society, and bring honor to their 
Alma Mater and to the Church. 



THE OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, 

IDEXJ.A.■w".^I^:E, OHIO. 



The Act of Incorporation of this Institution was passed 
March 7, 1842. This Act was amended January 11, 1843, 
March 25, 1851, May 13, 1868, and in 1872. 

The following were the first Trustees: William Neff, S. 
Williams, A. Trimble, L. Reynolds, T. Orr, Wiilian Bishop, 
William Armstrong, J. B. Finley, J. Young, E. W. Sehon, 
L. L. Hamline, P. G. Goode, G. B. Arnold, M. Bartley, F. 
C. Welch, W. Joyy H. Ebbert, J. H. Harris, A. Poe, W. 
Burke and L. B. Gurley. 

The number of Trustees was at first 21. It is now 25. 
Also, the President of the Institution is, ex-offino, an addi- 
tional member of the Board. 

The Institution was at first controlled by the Ohio and 
the North Ohio Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. These Conferences have been divided into four, so 
that the College is now in the hands of the following four 
Conferences: The Ohio,, the North Ohio, the Cincinnati and 
the Central Ohio. Recently the charter was so amended as 
to make the body of Alumni equal to another Conference in 
controlling power, so that now these live bodies are each rep- 
resented by five out of the twenty-five members of the Board 
of Trustees. Each of these bodies elects annually one new 
Trustee for the period of five years. Thus one Trustee for 
each of these five bodies goes annually out of the Board, and 
one new member enters it. 

The Institution is located in Delaware, Ohio, a town of 
some eight thousand inhabitants, twenty-four miles north 



of Columbus, on the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, 
and Columbus and Toledo railroads. Its location is not 
fixed by its Charter, but its property was in part donated 
on condition that the Methodist Episcopal Church should 
found on it a College ; so that, in this respect, its location in 
Delaware is, perhaps, legally fixed. 

' In 1842 the citizens of Delaware presented to the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church a building and grounds, at a cost of 
ten thousand dollars, though valued at near twice that 
amount. Additional purchases have been made by the 
Trustees, so as to constitute at present a beautiful campus of 
some thirty acres. Upon this campus stand four very com- 
modious and substantial college buildings. The Library 
building, the Museum Hall and the College Chapel are neat 
and well adapted to their uses. 

The available space of the grounds is utilized as an Arbo- 
retum. Through the enterprise of Rev. J. H. Creighton, it is 
being planted with all the species of trees and shrubs which 
will grow in this climate. 

For several years the grounds have been undergoing 
reconstruction, under the supervision of an accomplished 
landscape gardener. For this the College is indebted to the 
liberality of J. R. Wright, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and P. P. 
'Mast, of Springfield, Ohio. 

Upon the grounds is situated the celebrated White Sul- 
phur Spring — a favorite resort in the warm season. 

The objects of the Institution are not in the least sectarian. 
It aims, however, to give a full, healthy, moral and Christian 
education. It has had members of all denominations among 
its students; it has graduated Roman Catholics. It has not 
a single Methodist book in its course as a text-book. It is as 
yet a college for males. Chapel worship is held every morn- 
ing — consisting of Scripture-reading, singing and prayer. 
The Professors usually officiate in turn. The teachers are 
generally Methodists, though there have been among them 
Presbyterians and Quakers. 

There has constantly been kept u}) a Preparatory depart- 



ment, affording two years of linguistic drill, prepartory to the 
Freshman class. 

As yet there is in full operation only the Faculty of Let- 
ters. 

The following "Financial Exhibit of the Ohio Wesleyan 
University for the year ending June 15, 1875," will show 
the approximate value of the property of the College : 

Assets : 

Grounds and buildings $150,000 

Library, Cabinet and Apparatus 29,000 

Perraanet Fund 240,262 

Sundries 6,988 

Total $426,250 

Indebtedness 44,362 

Excess of Assets $381,888 

The endowment of the Institution has thus far been con- 
tributed chiefly by the Methodist Church, and mostly in 
small sums. Soon after its foundation, the College devised a 
system of scholarships. Their sale furnished tuition at 
almost nominal rates, and yet aggregated a considerable 
sum of money. 

During the present year (1876) an effort is being made to 
increase the endowment by at least one hundred thousand 
dollars. About one-half of this sum is already secured. 

The Library now contains nine thousand four hundred 
and fifty volumes. The Society Libraries contain three 
thousand five hundred volumes. 

Valuable additions are annually made to the University 
Library, especially through the liberal donations of Rev. 
Joseph M. Trimble, D. D., of Columbus, and William A. 
Ingham, Esq., of Cleveland, to their respective alcoves. 

The Library has among its curiosities a far, simile of the 
Rosetta Stone, a copy of the celebrated Tischendorf repro- 
duction of the Codex Sinaiticus, and a fine copy of the 
report of the body of French savans whom Napoleon sent to 
Egypt. 



Students have free use of the Library ou condition of 
depositing five dollars, to cover the possible loss or damage 
of books taken out. 

The following is a summary of the students and teachers 
in the O. W. University in the successive years of its exist- 
ence, as presented by the thirty-one Annual Catalogues thus ' 
far published : 









00 




5. 




>5 ^ 


i 




>...• 


Years. 




S 


o 

§ 


s 




a 
^ 








^i 




^ 


i 

2 


1 

2 


1 

14 








4^ 
3 


3 


II 


1844-5 


00 


18 


92 


110 


6 


1845-6 


1 


. 1 


10 


15 


27 


135 


162 


4 


2 


6 


1846-7 


2 


8 


9 


12 


31 


140 


171 


4 


3 


7 


1847-8 


9 


- 7 


8 


16 


40 


154 


194 


5 


1 


6 


1848-9 


9 


4 


9 


19 


41 


139 


180 


5 


1 


6 


1849-50 


6 


5 


13 


14 


38 


219 


257 


5 


2 


7 


1850-1 


5 


11 


12 


18 


46 


460 


506 


4 


5 


9 


1851-2 


8 


11 


16 


17 


52 


542 


592 


4 


6 


10 


1852-3 


12 


9 


10 


27 


58 


472 


530 


5 


4 


9 


1853-4 


6 


12 


16 


24 


58 


536 


594 


5 


3 


8 


1854-5 


12 


9 


18 


67 


106 


405 


511 


5 


3 


8 


1855-6 


10 


14 


37 


47 


108 


433 


541 


5 


4 


9 


1856-7 


12 


25 


41 


42 


120 


406 


526 


5 


o 


8 


1857-8 


24 


27 


42 


50 


143 


343 


486 


5 


3 


8 


1858-9 


25 


32 


44 


46 


147 


396 


543 


5 


3 


8 


1859-60 


21 


25 


36 


57 


139 


320 


459 


5 


3 


8 


1860-1 


26 


23 


55 


53 


157 


266 


423 


4 


4 


8 


1861-2 


17 


26 


33 


42 


118 


189 


307 


5 


4 


9 


1862-3 


18 


25 


20 


31 


94 


185 


279 


5 


o 


7 


1863-4 


24 


18 


31 


41 


144 


246 


360 


5 


2 


7 


1864-5 


14 


27 


33 


45 


119 


291 


410 


7 


1 


8 


1865-6 


22 


28 


38 


67 


157 


395 


551 


8 


1 


9 


1866-7 


26 


36 


39 


85 


186 


311 


497 


8 


2 


10 


1867-8 


37 


33 


77 


82 


229 


209 


438 


8 


2 


10 


1868-9 


25 


43 


63 


79 


210 


183 


393 


8 


2 


10 


1869-70 


39 


47 


63 


88 


237 


190 


417 


8 


1 


9 


1870-1 


44 


41 


59 


88 


232 


193 


415 


8 


2 


10 


1871-2 


44 


48 


45 


57 


194 


225 


419 . 


9 


2 


11 


1872-3 


47 


42 


39 


46 


200 


217 


417 


8 


3 


11 


1873-4 


36 


32 


36 


47 


151 


223 


374 


8 


3 


11 


1874-5 


27 


38 


33 


44 


142 


244 


336 


8 


2 


10 



From these figures it appears that the largest catalogued 
Senior class was in 1 872-3, to-wit: 47. The smallest was 
in 1845-6, namely: one; unless we count the proceeding 
year, when it was at zero. The largest number in the four 
college classes was in 1869-70, namely, 237. The largest 
total number catalogued was 594, in 1853-4. The consider- 



able decrease after 1861 was, evidently, owing to our civil 
war. 

The total number of graduates is six hundred and twenty- 
five. Of these one hundred and seventy have become cler- 
gymen; one hundred and forty -two, lawyers; and sixty, 
physicians. Over fifty have held positions as presidents or 
professors in colleges; and a much larger number have 
taught in other schools. And many of the others hold high 
posts of influence and trust. Besides those who have grad- 
uated, the University has had a principal share in educating 
a large number of others. 

A chief trait of the University's influence upon its stu- 
dents, has been in respect to religion. Nearly every year of 
its history it has been visited with extensive revival influ- 
ences. Few'students pass through the course without be- 
coming church members. The proportion of religious students 
in each class uniformly increases the longer the class is in the 
College. More than once large classes have graduated in 
which every member was a church member. In every class, for 
thirty years past, the majority have been members of churches. 
In a very large proportion of cases their conversion took 
place while in the Institution. More than one-fourth of the 
graduates have become preachers; and about twice as many 
of those who studied in the College without graduating, have 
also entered the ministry. lu the four patron Conferenoes 
(in Ohio) there are eighty-one graduates, and over seventy 
others who have been students of the College. 

The degrees conferred by the Institution are not limited 
by the Charter. Thus far only the following have been con- 
ferred: A. B., A. M., D. D., and LL. D. 

The students keep in a flourishing condition three Liter- 
ary Societies and a Missionary Lyceum. For these the Col- 
lege furnishes commodious halls. The Lyceum possesses a 
pretty complete Pantheon of idols, and other religious sym- 
bols from heathen lands. 



A number of secret fraternities exist. 

The Museum of Natural History is constantly receiving 
valuable additions. 

The Prescott Cabinet is devoted to the General Depart- 
ment of Natural History. The basis of this collection was 
purchased from Dr. Prescott, of Concord, New Hampshire, 
in 1850; since which time constant and valuable additions 
have been made. 

The Zoological Department now contains fifty species of 
quadrumana and quadrupeds; over sixty preparations in 
comparative and human anatomy; two hundred and thirty 
specimens of birds, representing nearly two hundred distinct 
species ; one hundred and two specimens of reptiles, and one 
hundred specimens of fishes; five hundred crabs and lobsters, 
in articulates; and fifty -three species of corals, and eight 
hundred star fishes, in radiates. 

The Section in Conchology consists of more than eight 
thousand shells, embracing six hundred land shells, one 
thousand fluviatile, and over six thousand marine shells. 
Among the latter are included five hundred and sixty spe- 
cies of marine shells, deposited by the Smithsonian Institute. 

The Miner cdogical Department contains four thousand two 
hundred distinct entries, arranged in the natural order illus- 
trated in Dana's System of Mineralogy. 

This Cabinet also contains two hundred and sixteen spe- 
cies of woods, and two hundred and fifty-nine species of 
grasses, all native to the State of Ohio. These are the con- 
tribution of the Rev. Charles H. Warren, A. M., of the 
Ohio Conference, by whom they were collected and labelled. 
Fifty species of moss, collected and presented by Rev. Her- 
man Herzer, of Louisville, Kentucky. 

The department of Chemistry is well developed. 

In the first and second terms of the Sophomore Year of 
the Classical Course and the Freshman Year of the Scientific 
Course, there is a daily exercise in General Chemistry, con- 
sisting of lectures, with ex})eriments and recitations. During 
the second and third terms, instruction is given to the Scien- 



tific Sophomores in Qualitative Analysis; and in the third 
term, in Determinative and Descriptive Mineralogy. 

At any time, students, who are qualified, can enter the 
Analytical Laboratory, where they are furnished with the 
necessary apparatus and chemicals for completing a course in 
Qualitative and in Quantitative Analysis. Each student 
here performs his operations and makes his investigations, 
under the immediate supervision of the Professor of Chem- 
istry. 

Besides the general courses in Qualitative and Quantita- 
tive Analysis, courses have been arranged for the analysis of 
urines, and of the more common poisons. The Course of 
Urinalysis occupies two weeks, and that of Toxicology about 
six weeks. The Course of Determinative Mineralogy con- 
sists of one hundred minerals, to be determined by blow-pipe 
analysis. A chemical library, belonging in part to the Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry, and in part to the Analytical Labora- 
tory, is opened for the constant use of the student. Chemi- 
cals and apparatus are furnished at the usual retail prices, 
which constitutes all the charge made. 

Special attention is given to German and French. During 
the Sophomore and Junior years either of these languages 
may be elected in place of certain other studies. More than 
two-thirds of all who graduate take one or both of these 
languages. 

Special effort is made to render the knowledge of these 
languages living and practical. As the student advances he 
is trained not merely in translating the printed language, but 
also in understanding it when spoken, and in speaking it 
himself. 

The cost of tuition is nominally $30 per year, but nearly 
all the students attend upon scholarships. Scholarships, 
admitting the student to all the studies required for gradua- 
tion, can be purchased at the University, at prices as follows : 
Perpetual scholarships, $500 ; twenty years, |100; ten years, 
$50 ; six years, $30 ; four years, $20 ; two years, $15. 

An extra charge of $3 per term is made for German and 
French. 



Boarding in private families costs from $3.50 to $4 per 
week. 

Many students board in clubs, at an average price of $2.50 
per week. 

In private families, furnished rooms cost $1 per week. 

The Institution has been largely indebted to its successive 
Presidents. A source of their influence has been their 
Sunday afternoon lectures. These were begun by Rev. F. 
Merrick in 1854. They were kept up until 1873, when they 
were temporarily suspended during the fitting up of the 
Chapel. It was by these that Dr. Thomson obtained his 
wide reputation and exerted his chief moulding influence. 

The Faculty has not greatly changed during the thirty- 
two years of the University's existence. 

The first President of the O. W. University was Rev. E. 
Thomson, M. D. Mr. Thomson was a native of England, 
but his education was American. The home of his youth 
was Wooster, Ohio. He attended college awhile at Cannons- 
burgh, Penn., and then graduated in medicine at Philadel- 
phia. In 1832 he entered the ministry in the North Ohio 
conference of the M. E. Church. In 1838 he was elected 
President of Norwalk Seminary, and filled the place five 
years. Then he was called to edit the Ladies' Repository, 
Cincinnati. In 1846 he became President of the O. W. 
University, filling the place with great success for fourteen 
years. In 1860 he was called to edit the Christian Advo- 
cate, in New York. After four years of editorship he was 
elected one of the Bishops of the M. E. Church, in 1864. 

He was honored with the degree of D. D. by the Indiana 
Asbury University, and with that of LL. D. by the Wes- 
leyan University, Connecticut. He died in Wheeling, Va., 
March, 1870. 

Bishop Thomson's v/ritings have had a wide sale. They 
embrace : Essays, Sketches, Letters Irom Europe, Our Ori- 
ental Missions, and Evidences of Revealed Religion. (Cin- 
cinnati and New York.) 



The second member of the first Faculty was Rev. H. M 
Johnson, A. M. He was a graduate of the Wesleyan Uni- 
versit •, Connecticut. His chair was that of Ancient Lan- 
guages. Dr. Johnson accepted a professorship in Dickinson 
College in 1850, of which he was afterwards President. 

Next in order stands S. Howard, A. M., who was Profes- 
sor of Mathematics in the year 1844-5. Dr. Howard was 
subsequently for many years President of the Ohio Univer- 
sity at Athens. 

In the catalogue of 1845-6 appears for the first time the 
name of Rev. F. Merrick, A. M. Mr. Merrick had studied 
in the Wesleyan University, Connecticut. In 1836 he was 
elected Principal of the Amenia Seminary, 'N. Y. From 
1838 to 1842 he was Professor of Natural Science in the 
Ohio University. During the year 1842 he preached at 
Marietta, Ohio. The years 1843-44 he was financial agent 
of the O. W. University. From 1845 to 1851 he held in 
the University the chair of Natural Science; and from 1851 
to 1860 that of Moral Science. On the resignation of Dr. 
Thomson in 1860 he was elected President, and held the post 
until 1873, since which time he has sustained to the College 
the relation of Lecturer on Natural and Revealed Religion. 
President Merrick has persisted in declining any higher 
clegree than A.M. 

At the same time with Mr. Merrick came into the Faculty 
Rev. L. D. McCabe. Mr. McCabe graduated at the Ohio 
University in 1843, under the Presidency of Dr. W. H. 
McGuffy. In 1844 he was elected Professor of Mathematics 
and Mechanical Philosophy in the Ohio University. In 
1845 he was called to the same chair in the O. W. LTniver- 
sity, and occupied the same until 1860, when he was trans- 
ferred to the chair of Moral Science and Biblical Literature. 
In 1864 a new professorship — that of Philosophy — was 
established, and to this he was invited. 

In 1855 he received the degree of D. D. from Allegheny 
College, and in 1874, that of LL. D. from Syracuse University. 
For the past few years he has served as Acting President. 



Dr. McCabe is the author of a work entitled Light on the 
Pathway of Holmes.^. (New York, 1874.) 

In 1847 appears the name of W. G. Williams as Adjunct 
Profsssor of Ancient Languages. From 1850-64, he was 
Professor of Greek and Latin; from 1864 to the present, of 
Greek alone. For some years past Professor Williams has 
also taught the classes in Hebrew. He had graduated at 
Woodward College, and from 1844 had served the College 
as Principal of the Preparatory Department. In 1856 he 
became a member of the Central Ohio Conference. He 
received the degree of LL. D. in 1873. 

Rev. W. L. Harris became Professor of Natural Science 
in 1852. He had studied at Norwalk, and joined the North 
Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1843—4 he was stationed in 
Delaware, Ohio, after which he served the O. W\ University 
in the Preparatory Department. His Professorship was for 
the eight years, 1852-60. The General Conference of 1860 
elected him as Assistant Missionary Secretary for the West. 
In 1872 he became a Bishop. 

Professor Harris received the degree of D. D. from Alle- 
gheny College in 1857, and that of I^L. D. from Baldwin 
University in 1871. 

Rev. W. D. Godman, our second graduate (1846), held the 
Mathematical chair from 1860 to 1864, and then that of 
Theology and Biblical Literature for one year. In 1864 he 
resigned. After preaching some years he became President 
of Baldwin University, at Berea, Ohio, and served during 
the years 1870-5. Dr. Godman is now at the head of the 
educational interest of the M. E. Church in Louisiana. 

From 1860 to 1864 Rev. F. S. Hoyt served in the depart, 
ment of Natural Science; from 1865 to 1872, in that of 
Theology and Biblical Literature. Professor Hoyt was a 
graduate of the Wesleyan University, of Connecticut, and 
had been President of Willamette College, Oregon. In 
1872, Dr. Hoyt was elected to edit the Western Christian 
Advocate. 



Rev. W. F. Whitlock graduated in the Ohio Wesleyan 
University in 1859. He had previously held the position of 
Superintendent of Public Instruction in Delaware, Ohio. 
From his graduation until 1864 — five years — Mr. Whitlock 
had served the Institution as Tutor in Languages. In 1864 
he joined the Central Ohio Conference; in 1873 he was 
transferred to the North Ohio. From 1864 to 1866, he was 
Adjunct Professor of Latin. Since 1866 he has occupied the 
chair of Latin Language and Literature. 

Rev. J. P. Lacroix graduated in the Ohio Wesleyan 
University in 1857. After teaching one year in the public 
schools of New Orleans, he preached in the Ohio Conference 
until 1863. In 1863 he became teacher of German and 
French in the University; in 1864, Adjunct Professor of 
the same; and in 1866, Professor of Modern Languages and 
History. During the year 1865, having leave of absence, he 
studied in Europe. 

Mr. Lacroix has written a Life of Rudolf 8tiei\ and 
translated some works from the French and German, among 
them Naville's Problem of Evil (New York, 1874), and 
Wuttke's Christian Ethics (Boston and Edinburgh, 1875). 

Rev. H. M. Perkins, also a graduate of the class of 1857, 
served the University for five years after graduation as 
Tutor in Natural Science, having entire charge of that 
department one year, in the absence of the Professor. In 
1865 Mr. Perkins was made Adjunct Professor of Mathe- 
matics. Since 1867 he had held the Professorshi]) of 
Mathematics and Astronomy. 

Professor Semans, another graduate of the class of 1857, 
served the Institution awhile as Tutor, and then engaged 
in business in the West. Subsequently he held the position 
of Professor of Natural Science in the Ohio Wesleyan Fe- 
male College, Delaware, Ohio. In 1865 Mr. Semans was 
made Adjunct Professor of Chemistry in the O. W. University, 
and in 1867, Professor of the same. 

Professor Semans spent a good part of the year 1870 in 



study at Harvard. During the years 1875-6 he rendered 
good service in the temperance cause, by accepting the office of 
Mayor of Delaware, Ohio. 

Professor E. T. Nelson graduated in the year 1866. He 
spent the next three years at Yale College, receiving, in 1869, 
the degree of Ph. D. 

During the years 1868—9 he also acted as Assistant to the 
Professor of Mineralogy in Sheffield Scentific School. 

In 1869 he was elected Professor of Natural Science in 
Hanover College, Indiana. In 1871 he was called to the 
chair of Natural History in the O. W. University. He has 
received elections to the following Scientific Societies : 

Connecticut Academy of Science, Indiana Academy of 
Science, American Association of Science, Tyndall Associa- 
tion of Science. 

The Rev. Dr. F. H. Newhall was elected to the Presi- 
dency in 1873. But owing to affliction, consequent upon 
excessive literary work, he never entered upon the duties of 
his office. 

In the summer of 1875, Rev. Dr. C. H. Payne, then Pastor 
of Saint Paul's, Cincinnati, was chosen as President. Dr. 
Payne is an alumnus of the Wesieyan University, Connecti- 
cut. He has held the pastorate of some of our most import- 
ant churches, in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, etc. A few years 
ago he traveled in Europe and the Orient. 

The University has derived great help from its tutors and 
assistant teachers. The following is a complete list of those 
who have successively served the College : W. G. Williams, 

E. Dial, W. L. Harris, E. C. Merrick, W. D. Godman, T. 
D. Crow, O. T. Reeves, M. Edgerton, J. F. W. Willey, S. 
W. Williams, T. C. O'Kane, J. Ogden, H. M. Perkins, W. 

F. King, W. O. Semans, W. F. Whitlock, T. R. Taylor, P. 
C. Wilson, J. P. Lacroix, W. H. Cole, A. S. B. Newton, L. 
Y. Tuttle, C. J. Gardner, J. E. Stubbs, R. Parsons. 



A BRIEF HISTORY 

— OF — 



• »» 



"The Otterbein University of Ohio, 

LOCATED AT 

WESTERVILLE, FRANKLIN CO., OHIO, 

PREPARED FOR 

The Centennial Exhibition, at Philadelphia, Pa. 
18 7 6. 



This Institution has been and is now known as '"The 
Otterbein University of Ohio." It is so called from Philip 
William Otterbein, the founder of the church under 
whose auspices the University was first established, and by 
which it is now controlled. 

CHARTER. 

It was chartered in 1849 by the Legislature of Ohio with 
University privileges. The names of the first Trustees were 
Lewis Davis, .Jonathan Dresback and William Hanby, of 
the Scioto Annual Conference of the church of the United 
Brethren in Christ, and Jacob Barger, Peter Flack and 
P. HuRLBUT, of the Sandusky Conference of the same 
church. These and their successors are created a body 
politic with full powers to sue and be sued: to acquire, hold 
and convey property : to have and to use a seal : to confer 
on all those Avhom they may deem worthy all such honors 
and degrees as are usually conferred by colleges ; and to 
make and alter from time to time all such by-laws as 
shall be deemed necessary for the' government of said insti- 
tion. The charter differs so little from other similar papers 
that it need not be inserted here. 



LOCATION. 

The location is fixed in the charter at Westerville, Ohio. 
This is a town of about 1200 population. It is twelve miles 
from Columbus, the Capitol of the State, and on the direct 
line of CLEVELA>fD, Mt. Vernon & Columbus Railroad. It 
is three miles east of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & 
Indianapolis Railroad. It is the largest town in the county 
except the Capitol. It is centrally located ; near enough to . 
a city to have most of its advantages and sufficiently 
distant to be preserved from its evils. An academy was in 
operation here called the " Blendon Young Men's Sem- 
inary" which was offered for sale at a very low price and 
this became one among other inducements to the church of 
"The United Brethren in Christ " to establish a college at 
this point. 

The college campus comprises about eight acres. The 
Ladies Boarding Hall with its play-ground occupies about 
on^ acre. The lands that were in use by the manual labor 
department have all been disposed of since that plan was 
abandoned. 

BUILDINGS. 

\yhen the site was first purchased there w^ere two build- 
ings already erected. One was a frame building tw^o stories 
in height and 26 x44 feet. This was used for cabinet, chapel, 
recitation rooms, etc. The other was an unfinished brick 
building and 28 x 6Q feet, three stories in height and used as 
a boarding hall for young ladies. These afforded sufficient 
accommodation in the beginning. Soon there was need of 
a building for young men and in 1854 a hall was built by 
a friend of the institution Mr. Jacob Saum, of the Miami 
Valley, and from him it Avas named Saum Hall. It was 
three stories in height and designed as a dormitory for 
young men. It was of rectangular form with no pretensions 
to architectural beauty. As the University grew and pros- 
pered it was soon found necessary to erect anotlier building 
which could afford us a larger chapel and more commodious 



recitation rooms. In 1854 arrangements were made for the 
erection of a new building and the work was commenced 
the following spring. The building was never entirely com- 
pleted. The chapel was occupied and a number of recitation 
rooms, and rooms for the Literary Societies were put in 
order. The Trustees were hindered in their plans and for 
want of means, finished rooms only as they were needed. 
This building was burned in 1870. A religious meeting was 
in progress in the chapel on the evening of .January 26 
of that year (1870). The congregation had been dismissed 
and the building was closed up by the janitor who resided 
in it. About one o'clock a. m. the alarm of fire was given. 
The citizens awakened from their slumber, rushed out to 
witness the most extensive conflagration that had ever 
occurred in the community. The main college building 
was in flames and the fire was making such rapid progress 
that all hope of staying its ravages was abandoned. In a 
few hours the stately edifice w-as reduced to a shapeless 
ruin. With the exception of some chemical and philosoph- 
ical apparatus and a few articles of minor importance, the 
loss was total, including the building with all its furniture; 
the college library of over 3000 volumes, including a copy 
of the Slnrdtlc Manuscript presented by the Emperor of Russia; 
and the finely furnished Halls and the select libraries of 
the Literary Societies. The loss was estimated at $50,000 
fortunately relieved by an insurance of $20,000. 

Measures were at once set on foot to replace the heavy 
loss to the institution. The Board of Trustees Avere sum- 
moned to meet in extra session February 15, 1870. Mean- 
while public meetings were held in Westerville and this 
community and Columbus were canvassed for subscriptions 
to rebuild. 

When the Trustees met in February, a proposition wa,s 
presented to reopen the question of location and offer 
the University to the community in Ohio proposing the 
greatest inducements in money and friends at the regular 
meeting in May, 1870. When the propositions were can- 



vassed the one from the citizens of Westerville seemed the 
most favorable, although others were valuable, and it was 
agreed to relocate at this place. 

Plans for a college building were invited from several 
airchitects and the one drawn by R. T. Brooks, of Columbus, 
Ohio, was adopted. The building was advertised for pro- 
posals and the contract finally let to A. R. Cornell, of 
Newark, Ohio, for $27,345 and the material of the old 
building. The new building was to be completed by the 
1st of August, 1871. 

This building is an imposing structure; the extreme 
length of which is 170 feet and extreme depth 109 feet. It 
is four stories in height, including the basement. It con- 
tains a large chapel room, spacious society halls, library 
and reading room, laboratory and numerous large and con- 
venient recitation and other rooms amply sufficient for 
all existing wants. Below will be found cut of present 
building. 




A newsjDaper editor who was present Avhen the dedica- 
tory exercises were expected to occur thus writes: 
- "The architectural design of the new building is happily 
conceived and makes a pleasing impression from whatever 
point of the compass you approach it. The height of the 
central portion is four stories including that under the 
mansard roof, and that of the wings three stories. One of 



the most marked interior improvements of this building 
over that of the old is in the college chapel. Instead of the 
former immensely overgrown and unnecessary parallelo- 
gram in which it was difficult for any but an experienced 
elocutionist to make himself heard by more than one-half 
the audience, we have now an auditorium built after the style 
of the modern theatre with special reference to bringing the 
largest number of auditors within easy hearing distance of 
the rostrum. A spacious gallery extending around between 
the opposite points of the arc adds greatly to the seating 
capacity of the room; the seats in the gallery being in 
almost all respects fully as desirable as those on the floor. 
The seating capacity of the hall is sufficient for from 700 
to 800 persons. The room is everywhere adapted to all 
purposes whether for chapel uses, public worship or com- 
mencement exercises. The Gothic stj-le of architecture is 
mainly followed in the design of the building. A large free- 
stone slab m the central part of the front bears the inscrip- 
tion 

"OTTERBEIN UNIVERSITY 

Founded April 26, 1847." 

Arrangements had been made for the formal dedication of 
the new building on August 10, 1871. The commencement 
exercises which should have occurred sooner were postponed 
until this time. In the afternoon of this day " Bishop 
Glossbrenner delivered a thoroughly able and prepared ad- 
dress, the leading thought of which was the importance of tak- 
ing the Bible and its teachings as the solid basis of all true 
intellectual culture. This hour had been set apart as the 
one at which the dedication of the new chapel should take 
place. But as all earthly joys are beset with imperfections 
so the present occasion was to bring to many persons a disap" 
pointment. There had been rather a prodigious miscalcula- 
tion as to the ability of the builders to finish the new edifice 
or even any part of it. Everywhere, on roof, ceiling, floors, 
casing windows and doors, the laborers were busy plying 
their tools or waiting for the multitudes to be cleared away 



6 

to make them room to Avork. It was deemed inappropriate 
to dedicate formally an edifice in so unfinished a state and 
that service was postponed to a future period." Some 
simple dedicatory exercises occurred the following com- 
mencement. 

ORIGIN AND CHANGES. 

A reference has already been made to the origin of the 
University. It may be valuable to give it in the language 
of the founders themselves. 

" The need of education for the benefit of the church of 
the United Brethren in Christ being deeply felt by many of 
its ardent supporters and the want of a permanent location 
in Ohio, Avhere the church and its friends could concentrate 
their united efforts in establishing a school of learning, to 
give to the lovers of education an opportunity of securing 
it, within the influence of the same, when in the course of 
Providence in the year 1846, the Methodist Episcopal 
church by their Trustees proffered to transfer by an act of 
their conference the property which constituted what was 
called the " Blendon Young Men's Seminary," and to carry 
into effect the measures which rendered it necessary to dis- 
pose of said institution, the citizens of Westerville and 
vicinity at a meeting called for that purpose, agreed and 
proposed by a large majority to offer said institution to the 
church of the United Brethren in Christ, with a view to 
having the institution kept in successful operation for the 
benefit of those who had liberally contributed to its erection 
(under the control of the M. E. Church,) which meeting 
also appointed a committee of two to wait on the Scioto 
Conference of the Brethren Church then about to meet. By 
this committee were presented the preamble and resolutions 
of said meeting, enbracing the situation of the institution 
and the wish of its supporters. All of which was received 
by the Scioto Conference in the session at Bethlehem 
Church in Pickaway county in the month of October, 1846. 
At this conference a committee of investigation was ordered 



which reported in favor of a purchase, and Trustees were 
accordingly appointed. The first regular meeting of the 
Board of Trustees occurred April 26, 1847. 

Says Prof. Garst, "If the inquiry be raised Avhy the 
church was for more than half a century without a college, 
these among other reasons will he found; the conviction 
cherished by many of the fathers that it is no part of the 
work of the Church of Christ to furnish instruction so 
largely secular as that of a college generally is ; the numerical 
weakness and scattered condition of the membership of the 
church during its early history ; the missionar}^ character 
of the work of the church which so engrossed the leading 
men in evangelistic labors that they had little time to 
build colleges ; and finally the fear on the part of some, that 
such an institution might be perverted to the injury of the 
Church of Christ. As the church however grew and be- 
came more firmly established, the demand for a college be- 
came more imperative." 

Sa3^s Bishop Glossbrenner, (in his dedicatory address,) 
" not a few United Brethren in the days of other years were 
deterred from sending their sons to college, from perhaps a 
well-grounded apprehension that their religious principles 
might be endangered. Conscientious United Brethren them, 
selves they wished their children to be partakers of the 
same precious faith ; and this many of them esteemed of 
greater importance than any mere intellectual attain- 
ments. And there were never wanting examples of religious 
defection and ensuing profligacy well calculated to awaken 
their fears. Comparatively few of the sons of United 
Brethren parents who were educated twenty years ago, are 
now members of the church. Even those who were regular 
communicants when they left their homes for the theatre of 
literary training were in a large majority of instances carried 
away by the force of surrounding influences and either fell 
into the ranks of other denominations, or else made ship- 
wreck of their faith and were thus lost to the church." 



8 

The history of this institution like that of most of those 
founded in the earlier settlement of our country, aflbrds an 
other example of success accomplished under the most ad- 
verse circumstances. The men who founded the University 
were men of strong faith. The vast majority of the church 
were not in sympathy with such a movement ; worse than 
this many were activel}' hostile to it. They had no money 
therefore to give to its support. Not only the young people, 
but the fathers of the church had to be educated to appre- 
ciate its wants. Says Glossbrenner (1871). 

"The spirit of education to whatever extent it now exists 
among us has been mostly created by our literary institu- 
tions, and the discussions that led to their establishment. 
When I first became a minister in the church I did not 
know half a dozen United Brethren graduates. There were 
several large conferences which did not contain a single 
minister or layman, who enjoyed the advantages of a col- 
legiate education." 

The records of the Trustees in the early days of the Uni- 
versity show that the managers o^ the institution were not 
free from perplexity. Time and again they met when 
debts were pressing them without knowing which way to 
turn. They adjourned to meet again with the assurance 
that succor would come, but in what direction or from what 
source they could not tell. They have a conviction that 
they are about a divine work, hence they can not let go. 
In the records of the Executive Committee for 1860, I find 
the following. 

'" We recommend further that in order to success we must 
give ourselves to earnest and fervent prayer. If God does not 
undertake for us, our best efforts will fail. We have reason 
to believe that in other days God did give Otterbein Uni- 
versity favor with the people and will do so ag«in if Ave 
freely turn our hearts and thoughts to Him." 

CO-EDUCATION. 

The men who founded this University had no previous 
experience in the management of institutions of learning. 



In admitting ladies into the college on the same terms Avith 
gentlemen; in permitting them to recite in the same 
classes, take the same courses of study and receive the same 
degrees they builded better than they knew. Having boys 
and girls in their own families they felt as much interest in 
the success of one as the other. Not being able to build and 
man separate intitutions, they wiseh' concluded to put both 
sexes into the same school. After twenty-nine years of 
successful experience in the co-education of the sexes, we 
believe that better results are secured in mental and moral 
culture, better discipline obtained and a more harmonious 
developement of character produced than in the old way. 
We are willing to be judged by our fruits. Observation 
will show that our lady graduates are just as lady-like and 
scholarly as those graduating at female institutions of like 
pretensions. While our gentlemen are just as refined and 
have proved themselves to be as efficient workers in the battle 
of life as those that have been trained in male colleges. 
What was adopted of necssity then is a matter of choice 
with us now. On this point the Faculty and Trustees are a 
unit. 

COLORED STUDENTS. 

The ever-present negro who for years has been the bone 
of contention, was at one time likely to make us some 
trouble, but the danger Avas passed. An Anti-slavery 
church, admitting no slaveholders to her communion, could 
not in good faith to the world and in keeping with her 
published creed do anything else than admit colored students 
to her colleges provided, they presented themselves for ad- 
mittance. In 1859 some were present ; offence was thereby 
given to some young men of finer birth and richer blood, 
who protested. The Ex. Committee after a vigorous dis- 
cussion of the question finally voted upon the folloAving re- 
solution, which was lost by a vote of 4 to 2. 

" Resolved, That it is inexpedient and unwise to admit 
students of color until the Board of Trustees representing 



10 

the conferences now co-operating in the building up of this 
institution, shall have been permitted to pass upon this 
whole question." 

At the following meeting of the Board a letter was written 
by one of these disaffected parties protesting to the Board, 
but his wants were not redressed. Colored students were 
admitted. Not many came however as Wilberforce Uni- 
versity, at Xenia Ohio, w^as opened about this time and they 
were turned thitherward. 

MANUAL LABOR. 

The early fathers had an impression that college training 
had a tendency to make men indolent; just as some of the 
old educators thought students did not need much sleep nor 
very good food, hence a reason why young ladies in our 
seminaries should be put on half rations. To avoid this danger 
as well as to lessen the expense of instruction, they believed 
that a manual labor department should be connected with the 
University. Provison for this was made in the charter and 
arrangements were entered into to put it on foot. Could the 
Trustees have foreseen the distrust, the vexation, the 
bickerings and final loss which would grow out of this, they 
would have been slow to adopt such a measure. Perhaps 
a good idea can be had of the history of this failure from a 
report made to the Trustees in 1859 from a committee of 
their own number. This report was most probably written by 
the editor of the " Telescope," the church paper, and an en- 
thusiastic advocate of a compulsory labor system and there- 
fore some allowance must be made for the intensity of his 
statement. 

" The Committee on Manual Labor find it impossible to 
make a satisfactory report without instruction from the 
Board on one point viz ; does the Board want to adopt and 
enforce a manual labor system. 

It is not proper, nay it is not honest in the present condi- 
tion of things to publish this school as a manual labor 
school. True, it was chartered with special reference to this 



11 

interest and the record of its entire history is in favor of it. 
Tlie act of incorporation saj's that tlie Trustees may pur- 
chase land, mechanical implements etc., wherewith to con- 
nect the manual labor system. 

August 29th, 1849, ten years ago the Trustees '■^Resolved, 
That the manual labor system be and is hereby attached to 
this institution and shall be put into operation as soon as 
possible. 

June 30th, 1854. ''Resolved, That in view of all the cir- 
cumstances we think best to adopt immediately an efficient 
system of manual labor that shall require the same to be 
performed daily by all in attendance upon the institution." 

June 19th, 1855. ''Resolved, That one-third of the -syl^ole 
amount to be raised on the ^40,000 plan be put into the 
hands of the manual labor agent for the perfecting of the 
manual labor system." 

In 1856 it was ordered by the Board that the time of 
students be strictly systematized and the hours of labor be 
faithfully observed by all who are able to labor. 

June 1857, in consideration of an earnest demand of 
many friends, especially in the Miami Valley, pending the 
sale of scholarships notes, the Ex-Committee resolved, "that 
in their opinion one professorship of the endowment fund 
be directed to the interest of the manual labor department." 
The Board at its next meeting confirmed this act of the 
committee. 

With this record running through ten years, no one un- 
acquainted with the facts could expect to find things as they 
are. But it is a fact that nothing like a manual labor 
system is enforced. The resolutions of the Board have not 
been respected. It is therefore inportant that the Board at 
this meeting adopt efficient measures in relation to this in- 
terest and in the opinion of this Committee, the Board 
should pass the following resolutions. 

Resolved, That the resolution of 1855 devoting one-third of 
the money raised, on the $40,000 plan be, enforced. 

Resolved, That $10,000 of the endoAvment fund, agreeably 
to the pledge of 1857, be devoted exclusively to the manual 
labor interest. 



12 

R'.solved^ That the Committee be instructed to bring in a 
report favoring a system of hibor which will include all the 
students and teachers in the institution. 

Or in ease these are not agreeable the following: 
^^Resolved, That in view of the financial embarrassments of 
the school and the difficulties attending any system of labor, 
we deem it best to disconnect the manual labor system en- 
tirely from this institution." 

This report was vigorously discussed and with some mani- 
festation of feeling. Various other papers were read, different 
plans suggested, but finally the whole question was indefi- 
nitely postponed. The matter was discussed at the meeting, 
of the Board for two or three years after, but this was accept- 
ed as the final disposition of the question, and the manual 
labor department has slept in peace ever since. 

SCHOLARSHIPS. 

This scheme led to another trouble which almost crushed 
the University. Arrangements had been made for securing 
an endowment fund by the sale of scholarships. These 
were sold with the understanding that the parties buying 
should give their note for the amount to be receipted for by 
the University. As soon as S75,000 worth should be sold, 
the scholarships would be furnished and the notes collected. 
When the time came for collections many claimed they had 
been unfairly dealt with as they had bought with the ex- 
pressed understanding that the manual labor department 
was to be continued ; and as it was now to be abandond they 
refused to pay. Others were allowed to retain their money^ 
provided they paid the annual interest upon it. From 
these and other causes, considerable disaffection was pro- 
duced and in the end the whole scheme had to be abandond. 
Some who had already paid, donated their money. Others 
received back their notes, and thus after a great deal of 
trouble and expense in selling these scholarships, the 
scheme proved a failure and the University suffered. Some 
few of them are still in force, and the University in good 
faith is giving instruction on them. 



13 

In the year 1866 it was felt that another effort must be 
made to endow or no permanency could be secured. It was 
agreed to ask voluntary contributions from the people. 
Agents were put to -work for this purpose and in view of 
the fact that all these years we have been carrying a debt 
for building and other purposes they have done well. We 
now have pledged to us in notes and bequests S80,C00; 
of this amount $50,000 is funded and bearing interest 
at ten per cent. Our agents are still at work, and besides 
securing funds wherewith to manage our debt they are 
adding to the endowment fund at the rate of $5,000 per 
year. They are also collecting notes already due and fund- 
ing the same as rapidly as possible. In a few years we 
hope to have a respectable endowment. 

REV. LEWIS DAVIS, D. D. 

If one person more than another can claim the honor of 
being the founder of the University that honor belongs to 
Rev. Lewis Davis, D. D. No one has labored more faith- 
fully in its interests, for a longer time, nor accomplished 
better results than he. After the first six months he 
l)ecame President of , the University and for eighteen years 
amid troubles, cares and perplexities, financial and other- 
wise, he was its honored head. He was one among the few 
who saw the need of such an institution. He was one of the 
committee that purchased the property and was one of the 
first Trustees. During his whole connection with it he was 
its financial head. However gloomy the prospect, however 
dark its future, he never despaired. Believing it to be a 
divine work he had faith in its success. When the financial 
condition of the college seemed to make it necessary he 
could lay aside the looks he loved so well and canvass the 
church for funds to pay debts. A good student of human 
nature, and with an indomitable determination which 
would take no refusal he always succeeded in securing 
money. A large portion of our present endowment was 



14 

secured by him in traveling from one field of labor to 
another. When the complete history of this University is 
written the record of his services will make one of its 
important chapters. In 1871 at the time of the dedication 
of the new building, in view of the uncertain condition of 
his health, and his 3'ears admonishing him that he should 
seek more moderate labor, he resigned the Presidency to 
accept a position in "Union Biblical Seminary" (then 
about to be oj^ened at Dayton, Ohio,) as Senior Professor, in 
which capacity he has been employed ever since. The 
Trustees of the University at this meeting, after accepting 
his resignation passed the following merited compliment : 

Resolved, That in accepting the resignation of Rev. Lewis 
Davis, D. D., as President of Otterbein University, we do so 
with full recognition of the invaluable services rendered by 
him to the institution during the eighteen 3'ears through 
which he has been its honored head and with grateful re- 
membrance of his unflagging devotion and perseverance, 
and of his hope against hope through all its vicissitudes in 
this extended period; and that while we sincerely regret 
his separation from the University just at a time when it is 
entering upon a new era of prosperity and usefulness, the 
best wishes and most devout prayers of this Board shall 
attend him to the new sphere of christian labor ujDon 
which he is about to enter." 

LIST OF PRESIDENTS. 

Entered. Eetired. 

William R. Griffith, Principal 1847 1849 

Rev. William Davis, President 1849 1850 

Rev.-Lewis Davis, " 1850 1857 

Rev. Alexander Owen, " 1858 1860 

Rev. Lewis Davis, D. D. '• 1860 1871 

Rev. Dan'l Eberly, A. M. '' 1871 1872 

Rev. H. A. Thompson, D. D. " 1872 ■ 

COURSES OP STUDY. 

The University at present has four courses of stud}^; Class- 
ical, Scientific, Ladies' and English ; any one of which is 



15 

taken by any student who is prepared for it. The Ladies'^ 
which differs but little from the Scientific, is so called 
because usually taken by them. 

We prepare our students for college, for the most part, but 
our Preparatory Department is not a sej)arately organized 
department with its own teachers. The members of the 
Faculty teach some of the classes in this department as well 
as in the college proper. We do it in part from necessity 
and because we think those students who are with us but 
a short time should for a portion of that time come in 
contact with some member or members of the College 
Faculty. 

We have no arrangement for post graduate studies or 
courses. We confer the degree of Master of Arts upon those 
of our classical graduates who have been such for three 
years and have spent that time in literary pursuits. 

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 

" A history of Otterbein Universit}^ would be very incom- 
plete indeed which should take no notice of its moral and 
religious life. The institution was founded by men of 
strong convictions with an earnest purpose to glorify God 
and strengthen the church. It was reared in faith and con- 
secrated by prayer. There is abundant occasion for devout 
thanksgiving that it has fulfilled so well the design of its 
founders. Nothing has been more characteristic of its 
history than its great awakenings. Almost every year 
many scores have been led to Christ. A number of times 
in its history scarcely a solitary student was left in the 
ranks of unbelievers, so pervasive and general were these 
revivals. Of a large proportion of the thousands of students 
who have frequented its halls it may be said in a spiritual 
sense they were born here. Not unfrequently it has oc- 
curred that parents have sent their children quite as much 
with the hope that they would be won to Christ as that 



16 

they would be educated. It is gratifying to know that the 
wish of these devout parents was in so many cases realized. 
One of these great revivals was in progress during the 
winter when the late College building was burned " (Prof. 
Garst). 

We consider the religious influence of the college one of the 
most important auxiliaries to our work. The congregation 
of the United Brethren in this place worship in our College 
Chapel. The religious students who wish to, connect them- 
selves with it. We have no separate distinct church organ- 
ization for the students. We have no college chaplain. 
The pastor of the church is the pastor of all the students 
who attend. Keligious services are held in the chapel every 
Sabbath morning which all students are required to attend 
except those who on account of church membership or wish 
of parent and guardian prefer to attend church elsewhere. 
Prayers with reading of Scripture, are held in the chapel at 
7.45 a. m. each day of the week, except Sunday. All stu- 
dents are required to attend. Students prayer meetings 
conducted by themselves, one for ladies, and another for 
gentlemen are held every Tuesday evening in the Uni- 
versity halls. 

Another thing which adds much to the moral well-being of 
the student in connection with this University is the 
morality of the town. There has never been a grog-shop or 
beer saloon successfully established in the town since the 
organization of the University. Two or three efforts have 
been made to establish such but the citizens have arisen 
and by their persistent determination have nipped the 
thing in the beginning. When the municipal law was so 
modified by the Ohio Legislature of 1874 as to prohibit cor- 
porations from forbidding the establishment of beer saloons 
one individual made the attempt to open one. The citizens 
at once organized, pledging themselves to withhold all 
support from any person who aided, abetted or patronized 



17 

the saloon. It required some time and effort to conquer the 
man because backed as we had good reason to believe by 
the Brewers' Association of Columbus, but in the end he 
succumbed. The struggle gave the town quite « notoriety. 
The present citizens have determined that no such sink of 
iniquity shall be thrust upon them. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Our Library containing about three thousand volumes of 
books was entirely consumed in the destruction of the 
College building in 1870; as was most of our cabinet and 
apparatus. Since that time we have collected about one 
thousand volumes. 

Our last catalogue shows a list of one hundred and fifty 
graduates, one hundred of whom are gentlemen and fift}' 
ladies. Our present Senior class which will graduate on 
June 1st, contains fifteen members, thirteen of whom are 
gentlemen and two ladies. 

There are four Literary Societies in connection with the 
University. Two of them are exclusively for gentlemen 
and two for ladies. The following statistics are as reliable 
as any that can be had. When the building was burned in 
1870 the records of the Philalethean Society were consumed. 
From that time to the present there have been one hundred 
and seven members. We have no record back of that date. 

Membership. 
Founded. Vol. in Initia- Present. Total. 
Lib. tion. 

^. f Philomathean 1857 250 $5.00 52 400 

iviaie. I phiiophronean 1857 130 5.00 35 300 

T. , J Philalethean ]852 150 3.00 42 107 

^ ^"^^^®- 1 Cleiorhetean 1871 90 3.00 30 65 

The first Honorary Degrees were conferred in 1865. Since 
that time it has conferred the honorary degree of blaster of 
Arts upon eight persons; the degree of Doctor of Divinity upon 
four persons; and Doctor of Laws upon two persons, making 
in all fourteen honorary degrees conferred since the origin 
of the University. 



18 

I can find no record of students enrolled from 1847 the 
opening of the University until 1851 inclusive. In 1852, 
there were present 123 persons. Catalogues of 1853 and 
1854 if ever issued have all been lost. I can find no record of 
these years save the one above given. The sum of total names 
in catalogues from 1855 to 1875 inclusive is 4129. The home 
residence of these students was as follows : From Pennsyl- 
vania 241 ; from Ohio 3480; from Indiana 123 ; from Illinois 
65 ; from New York 25 ; from Michigan 3; from Virginia 88 ; 
from Maryland 28 ; from Missouri 6 ; from Iowa 9 ; from 
Louisiana 4; from New Hampshire 92 ; from New Jersey 9; 
from Kentucky 3 ; from Kansas 4 ; from Canada 21 ; from 
Prussia 1 ; from Washington City 1. 

The largest donation received from any one has been 
promised by Mr. and Mrs. C. Merchant, now of this place. 
They have arranged to pay $5000 for the privilege of 
naming a professorship and $7000 as a fund to aid indigent 
students. The citizens of Westerville paid $7000 to en- 
able them to name the President's department of Mental 
and Moral Science. Judge Dresback, of Southern Ohio, 
who died but a few days since, gave $5000 to name the 
Mathematical professorship, and the Flickinger family of the 
Miami Valle}'^ $5000 to name the Latin professorship. 
Three other parties have each promised $5000 toward the 
general indebtedness of the institution. Our contributors 
have paid in amounts from $25 to $1000. These are obtained 
with about as much ease as the same number of cents were 
at the begining of our work. 

In this 29th year of its existence it is too soon to stop to 
count results. We have but a little more than passed our 
majority and ought to be strong of purpose and valiant of 
heart to do much more toward pulling down the strong- 
holds of sin and ignorance and building up the cause of 
the Master. Through struggle and trial, through darkness 
and storm we have been led by a way that we knew not of. 



19 

Throughout the length and breadth of the church, our in- 
fluence has been felt for good. We have helped to furnish 
teachers for nearly all its other Schools and Colleges. Our 
sons have entered its ministry and have put into it a new 
life and power. We have furnished editors for its Journals 
and teachers for its first Theological school. We have just 
reasons " to thank God and take courage." " Hitherto the 
Lord hath helped us." As we push out upon this second 
century, " with firmness in the right as God gives us to see 
the right," we will strive to continue the work already com- 
menced. With brazen-faced demagogues ruling in high 
places; with vice and crime running rampant in our streets ; 
bribery and corruption holding high carnival in our Legis- 
lative halls; "rings" vying with each other as to which one 
shall most successfully bleed the public treasury ; with in- 
fidels and scheming politicians in league to banish all moral 
and religious training from our public schools, there is more 
need than ever of that culture which a christian college is 
designed to give. To help promote that virtue and intelli- 
gence which are the foundation of a nations, strength, 
shall be our constant aim. With a perfect trust that He 
who has led us hitherto will lead us still ; that He will 
teach us the right way and incline our feet to walk therein, 
we hopefully enter upon the second century of our national 
existence. 

H. A. Thompson, 

President. 



STEDBENVILLE FEMALE SEMINARY. 



SITUATION. 

The Steubenville Female Seminary is located on the 
bank of the Ohio River, in the midst of some of the 
finest scenery, for which that river is justly famed. 

AGE. 

For almost fift}' years this institution has been a point 
of interest, as a pioneer of Female Education in the West. 
In some cases three generations have enjoyed its advan- 
tages. It has just issued its forty-seventh annual cata- 
logue. 

KOUNDERS. 

It was founded on the 13th day of April, 1829, by the 
Rev. Charles C. Beatty and Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty, his 
wife. They made it their life work. The}^ were both 
admirablj' qualified by rare natural gifts, as well as by edu- 
cation, for [yuch an enterprise. Great administrative abil- 
ity, keen foresight and dicision were found in the one ; fine 
powers of observation, versatility of talent, activity, love 
of acquiring and of communicating knowledge, in the 
other; and a high standard of christian responsibility, 
and a spirit of earnest consecration in both. 

A prophetic glimpse of the great future of the West; 
of its growth in population and imjjortance ; of reforms, 
revolutions and discoveries, in which the people were to 
be the actors, revealed to them the great want of the 
land — educated women. 

EARL,Y CONSTITUTION. 

Great care was taken in the early constitution of this 
school. Its foundations were laid broad and deep. 



Future contingencies were provided for. The best plans 
and models were studied, faults avoided and excellencies 
adopted. Teachers were selected with great care. In 
the subsequent history of the school few changes have 
been found necessar}' ; there has been a stability and a 
repose which always accompanies true growth. 



The aim of this institution has been education in its 
'oadest sense ; soli 
christian character, 



broadest sense ; solid culture, refined manners and high 



SUCCESS. 



This seed was planted by faith, in prayer; and after 
almost half a century of faithful culture, let us test the 
quantity and the quality of the fruit. 

Two years ago Dr. and Mrs. Reid, the present Princi- 
pals of the school, planned a grand reunion, so that those 
who had planted and watered might taste of their labors, 
before being gathered to their fathers. The call was to 
the children to return to the old home for a few days. 
Seven hundred pupils from all parts of the United 
States responded in person ; others in distant lands by 
letter. Histories of the seminary and of all the classes 
had been carefully prepared. Many interesting statistics 
had been gathered by those historians. 

More than four thousand pupils have been connected 
with the school, 697 of " whom received its final 
honors. The average of character and scholarship has 
been remarkable. Most of the pupils have become sen- 
sible, intelligent women, showing breadth of mind and 
symmetry of character ; have been and are occupying 
positions of responsibility and usefulness all over our land, 
as wives, as mothers, as teachers, everywhere reflecting 
honor upon their Alma Mater. Its religious influence 
has been wonderful. While many of its pupils have been 
moulding characters, institutions, homes and churches in 



every state in our Union, others have been doing the same 
work in India, China and the Islands of the Sea. 



ITS PRESENT STATUS. 



Dr. A. M. Reid and Mrs. Reid, the Principals of 
the school, assumed that relation twenty years ago. 
They have built well upon the old foundations. Gifted 
for their work in a high degree, they have kept pace 
with the march of improvement in Science, Literature, 
Art and Christian Culture. They have been eminently 
successful. The school was never more worthy of the 
patronage of those who desire that their children should 
enjoy the advantages of a noble Christian education. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH 



ST. XAVIER COLLEGE. 



Tliis Institution, sitaatcd on Sycamore street, was 
established October 17, 1831, by the Rt. Rev. E. D. Fen- 
wick, D. D., the first I3isliop of Cincinnati, under the 
name of the Athenmum. The circumstances attending its 
cstabhshment may be of interest, as they are closely con- 
nected with the early history of education — and especially 
Catholic education — in this city. In the year 1821, the 
Catholics of Cincinnati and vicinity liad but one church, 
a small frame building, situated outside the cit} limits, as 
they then existed. In the following year it was removed 
to Sycamore street, and occupied the ground on which 
St. Xavier Church now stands. The frame building was 
soon after taken down and replaced by a larger and 
more permanent structure of brick. The latter edifice, 
with its tower and handsome spire, formed, at that early 
day, one of the most ornamental buildings in the city. 

Beside the Church a school soon sprang up. It was 
judiciously organized, efficiently managed, and almost at 
once, without intermecliate stages, grew into the propor- 
tions of an advanced literary institute, affording the 
youth in this section of the counti-y an opportunity of 
acquiring a higher education. This Institution was 
styled " the J^Aewoeujn." Thirt3--live years ago it was 
<;oiiside.red a marvel of architectural beauty, and seemed 



to embody tlic laudable pride of its founders as it tow- 
ered above its less pretentious neighbors. But the times 
have gone on, and liumbled the pride of the old Athe- 
naeum. It stands even now, it is true, but as a relic of 
the past. The wonder of the passer-by has given place 
to indifference, and another generation sports through 
the time-honored corridors, and, but for the watchful 
eye of the master, would disfigure the walls with as little 
consideration as they smile at the quaint square bricks 
on which they tread, and stop to joke at the solidity of 
tiie occasional fantastic framework which their fathers 
considered admirable. 

To understand the object of its erection and the scope 
of its studies, we need but read the inscription carved ou 
the front of the building : " Athenceurn Religioni et Artibus 
Sacrum." It must have puzzled the brain of more than 
one simple inhabitant of our young city, as he stood with 
gaping eyes to make out the mystic meaning of that 
motto I 

The beginning of tlie Athenceurn was very auspicious; 
but it did not continue in its original flourishing condi- 
tion. At length, after varied fortunes, and a season of 
doubtful success, which answered but poorly the expec- 
tations of its friends and patrons, it was established on a 
new basis in 1840, bein<2: given l)y Most Eev. Archbishop 
J. B. Purcell, D. D.. to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, 
who have conducted it ever since. From that time it 
began to be known as St. Xavier College, and then, prop- 
erly speaking, begins the history of the College as it 
exists to-day. In 1842 it was incorporated by the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the State of Oliio, under the name which 
it now bears, with all the privileges usually granted to 
Universities. 

Boarders as well as day scholars were received for 
instruction. 1 ho advantasres held out to students from 
abroad who desired to board at the College were : An 
Institution easily accessible from all parts of the Union, 
a location i)cculiarly conducive to mental improve- 



iiicnt and bodily comfort, an opportunity of attcndino- 
many interesting lectures on the arts and sciences deliv- 
cre<l at the various Institutions in the city ; regular and 
well-supplied markets; and, in case of sickness, the best 
medical attendaiice. 

Taking into consideration the more frugal spirit of 
the times, more manly and more vigorous, as well as less 
])rone to luxury than the present, the buildings were 
spacious, well ventilated, and remarkably adapved to 
school purposes. As a consequence, students flocked from 
the Soutliern and Western States, Mexico and Cuba. 

The diet was plain, but wholesome and abundant, the 
discipline iirm but paternal. The teachers always num- 
bered more than twelve, and were exclusively devoted to 
the education of those entrusted to their care. Though 
the religion professed b}' the teachers and the majority 
of the pupils was that of the Roman Catholic Church, 
yet students of any denomination were admitted. In 
addition to the high character of its teaching, one other 
feature gave the College a reputation which induced 
many Protestants to prefer it to any of their own Semina- 
ries for the education of their sons. 

Corporal chastisement had been severely condemned 
on all sides, and almost completely banished from the 
schools. The result was a degree of lawlessness which 
seriously impeded their usefulness. The authorities of 
the College, though always retaining the right to inflict 
physical punishment, used it sparingly and with extreme 
moderation. Order, obedience, and the moral training 
of the youth conflded to their care were always gained 
by other means. The students were continually under 
the eye of Prefects of Discipline, who ruled by mildness 
rather than severity. This arrangement, now as then in 
use in the College, formed an excellent substitute for the 
old-fasliioned system, and won universal praise. 

The plan of instruction embraced two departments, 
the Classical and Commercial, just as now; and included 
the same branches, with this only difl'erence that, year by 



year, the scope of the classical studies, as well as of tlic 
Scientific Department has been extended, till now it 
equals the standard of any College of its own grade, and 
is as complete as the patronage and support of a utilita- 
rian age and the scanty resources of an unendowed Insti- 
tution will permit. It can point with conscious pride to 
its work, and as it numbers its graduates by the score, 
it may well feel that it has struggled through vicissitudes 
and come forth victorious from difficulties under which 
institutions carried on for a less noble object than the 
greater glory of God might have sunk without dishonor. 
No State aid was ever given it. The ellbrt made about 
1850, and that of several jears ago, to secure a division of 
the school fund for denominational schools, however mani- 
festly just from the Catholic stand-})oint, failed; and it 
would have been worse than hopeless for St. Xavier's to 
expect State assistance. 

During the decade from 1842 to 1852, the terms fur 
board and tuition were §130 per session of ten months, 
exclusive of personal expenses ; and for day- scholars $40. 
A couple of years after that the College ceased to receive 
boarders, but continued to accept other pupils at the same 
rate of tuition, till 1863, when the high price of every 
commodity and the depreciated value of money necessi- 
tated an advance of terms to $60. Tiie tuition fee re- 
mains the same still. The scholastic year has at all times 
consisted of onp session, which commences on the first 
Monday in September, and ends in the beginning of July, 
at which time a public exhibition and solemn distribu- 
tion of premiums takes place. Besides the annual distri- 
bution of rewards, the different places obtained by the 
pupils in their respective classes has alvvaj^s been pro- 
claimed once a month, and medals as well as other badges 
of distinction given to the most deserving. Besides this, 
monthly bulletins were sent to the parents and guardians, 
at home and abroad, to inform them of the conduct, 
health and proficiency of their sons and wards. 

The traditions of a religious order devoted to teaching 

4 



cannot fall to be of iiuniciise vakio in tlio traiiiiiitj; of 
^outh. 

The Faculty of St. Xavier's has been honored with 
many names which afterwards figured in Literature and 
Sacred Eloquence; and still more by those whose abilities, 
if modest worth and zeal iu the cause of education count 
for aught, deserve to stand high among learned men. 
Quite a number of books have at various times i-sued 
IVom the pens of these silent v.'orkers, but because they 
were mostly of a religious character, and of general rather 
than Collegiate interest, they "were known by their 
connection with their several authors rather than with 
the Institution, 

Almost coeval with the College was the establishment 
of several Societies for improvement in literature, music, 
and the various branches which form a portion of a fin- 
ished education. One of these, the Philopedian Society, 
still exists, bearing, after thirty-four years, no marks of 
ai2:e to mar the lustre of success. It still fosters litera- 
ture and eloquence, meets once a week to exercise its 
members in debate, invites the attendance of honorary 
as well as of regular members, and from time to time 
gives a public entertainment or lecture. For the first 
ten years of its existence, the number of students annually 
attending the College varied considerably, reaching at 
times as high as 330, and then falling as low as 190. Po- 
litical or local causes must have caused this fluctuation, 
as no change took place in the management of the Col- 
lege to justify this capricious variation. A note in one 
of the old catalogues throws some light on the matter. It 
is of 1848-49, and reads as follows: " On account of the 
prevalence of cholera at the present time, the greater 
part of these exercises (i. e. Commencement exercises) 
have been postponed till the opening of next session." 

About this same time a course of lectures on National 
Law began to be opened, as a ]prepartion for the study of 
Law and Political Science ; for Political Grammar and 
Political Economy already formed a part of the College 



course. A fencing class was likewise beg-uii, and dancing- 
tanglit, as both arts were tlieii much cultivated ; a gym- 
nasium existed pretty much at all times. In 1849-50 
several minor societies sprang into being. They were 
very short-lived, however, disappearing almost as sud- 
denly as they had begun. A strenuous effort has been 
made for years past to bring the Librar}^ up to a standard 
suitable to the necessities and commensurate with the im- 
portance of the College. The result is that inside of 
twenty years the number of volumes has advanced from 
G,000 to 14,000, exclusive of pamphlets, all purchased 
with the funds of the College, or obtained by private 
donation. The works are all well selected; many of them 
valuable and rare. Among the latter may be mentioned 
a " Universal History,'^ translated from English into 
French, in 126 volumes; the"Classica Latina," in 150 
volumes; a French History of China in 14 volumes; The 
Greek and Latin Fathers, in 125; Migne's " Course of 
Scriptures," in 27; Lord Kingsbury's " Mexican Antiqui- 
ties," in 9 folio volumes, elegantly bound; and Bibles of 
various dates and in different languages, with a copy of 
the 'first edition of it printed in America; the Lord^s 
Prayer in 53 different languages, &c. &c. In the collec- 
tion of old and rare books are contained several pub- 
lished within half a century after the invention of print- 
ing. Among the books of languages bej'ond the range 
of ordinary study at the present day, may be mentioned 
a " Chinese Speaker," a Grammar of the Arab Language, 
a Sanscrit Grammar, an Ethiopic-Latin Dictionary, all 
the alphabets of the nations of Hindostan, several works 
in various Indian languages, &e., &c. It contains the 
ordinary standard works in general literature, both En- 
glish and foreign ; as also in History, and especially Phi- 
losophy and Theology. The Library, properly classified, 
13 conveniently and neatly arranged in a hall" on the 
ground floor of the new College building. The books 
occupy open shelves in a series of alcoves arranged along 
the side of the hall ; above is a gallery, with additional 



sliclvos. The framework is of wood, with simple and 
appropriate carving. The Library by itself would merit 
an extended notice. 

The Museum, containing, amongst other elioice articles, 
a large collection of conchological, geological, and miner- 
alogical specimens, though sufficiently complete for the 
purposes intended, is yet far from the perfection which 
the Facult}^ desire and hope for. 

The Professor of Physical Sciences has at his disposal 
a suitable provision of philosophical and chemical appar- 
atus. Not having the ample resources which State 
Schools command, this de'partment necessarily absorbs a 
large share of the solicitude and funds of those wliose 
duty it is to provide apparatus suitable to advancing sci- 
ence. For reasons to be stated hereafter, most of the 
Professors are members of the Society of Jesus, but secu- 
lar gentlemen of marked ability have invariably presided 
over special branches, such as music and drawing. 

Prof. Brusselback, now holding a prominent position 
in the Public Schools of Cincinnati, and Prof. Ceroid, the 
distinguished organist, have had charge of the musical 
department since about 1859. Mr. C. Collier, well known 
to Cincinnatians, and Mr. A. Piket, the Architect, directed 
for a long time the schools of drawing. It is needless to 
mention^ as belonging to the corps of Professors, the 
names of individual Jesuits who afterwards acquired 
celebrity, since each of them considers his own glory 
identical with the fame of the Institution, to which they 
gave all that they possessed of honor. 

Until 1869 the study of French and German was 
optional ; then an additional class was introduced, and 
the course extended to seven years, German being made 
obligatory in the three lower classes of both Academic 
and Commercial Departments; French in the fourth and 
fifth of the Classical conrse. Last year another class was 
introduced into the Mercantile course, the standard of 
the classes advanced, and for the. completion of that de- 
partment four years required. Besides English, History, 



Mathematics and Book-keeping, which are made a spec- 
ialty in this department, Physics, Chemistry and As- 
tronomy are also taught in the first class. Tliose who 
complete the Classical course receive the degree of Bach- 
elor of Arts. They can obtain the degree of Master after 
two 3"ears creditably spent in some literary pursuit, or 
after one year devoted to the study of Philosophy. The 
students of the Commercial course receive no degree at the 
conclusion of their studies, but are given a certificate of 
proficiency, or scholarship. The classes, though difier- 
cntly named, agree substantially with those of non- 
Catholic Colleges: Philosophy,*Rhetoric, Poetry and Hu- 
manities, corresponding respectively with the Senior, 
Junior, Sophomore and Freshman classes of other Insti- 
tutions. 

In 1867 a part of the new College building was erected 
on the corner of Seventh and Sycamore streets. The 
entire structure, wdien completed, will be one of the 
grandest buildings of the country, worthy of the enter- 
prising spirit of the growing city. That portion now 
built is 6Q feet in breadth, facing on Sycamore street, by 
120 feet in depth on Seventh street, is five stories high, 
exclusive of tlie mansard roof; with the exception of the 
stone foundation and basement story, is of brick, pecu- 
liarly made, and is finished with stone facings ; it is mas- 
sive and majestic in finish, suggestive of strength and dura- 
bility no less than beauty. The motto, ^' Ad major em Dei 
gloriam" deeply carved in a rosette of solid stone, set in 
the ceiling of the freestone porch, tells the character of 
the Institution to the curious stranger whose admiration 
has been attracted by the imposing structure. Towards 
this undertaking one zealous clergyman subscribed §10,- 
000, another §1,000 ; a Catholic layman of this city, who 
is always foremost in works of charity, donated §1,000. 
These sums, with a few smaller amounts, were all the aid 
received from without ; the remaining funds, amounting 
to about §130,000, were the result of years of saving and 
economy in the management of the College finances. It 

8 



remains to be seen whether, in the completion of the 
undertaking, the founding of Professorships, tlie estal'- 
lishing of suitable annual prizes for excellence in the 
ancient and modern languages, and in the sciences, there 
are persons who will emulate the generous founders of 
numerous non-Catholic institutions. It is to be hoped 
that the work may be speedily finished, and thus an 
Institution be here permanently established, in which 
the branches of the very highest education mav be 
taught. 

About ten years ago, the Students^ Library Association 
was established. In connection with its library is a coni- 
modious reading room, containing the leading journals, 
magazines, reviews and works of reference, all of which 
are daily at the service of the members. Thus ample 
opportunities are aflPorded them of becoming acquainted 
with the current news, and of forming sound opinions 
upon all important questions. In this Association, as in 
all the societies recognized by the officers, the President 
is appointed by the President of the College, the other 
officers elected by the members of the body. Three years 
afterwards, the German Literary Academy was organized, 
with the object of affording its members an opportunity 
of acquiring ease and fluency in the use of the German 
language, now become so useful in this section of the 
country. Its weekly exercises consist of debates, essays, 
and oratorical compositions. 

St. Xavier Church, adjoining the College, has no other 
connection, either directive or financial, with the College, 
except that the clergymen attending the congregation are 
members of the same religious order as the Faculty, and 
have the President of the Faculty as their Superior. 

From the foregoing pages it must not be inferred that 
St. Xavier's enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity. Far from 
it. There was a time when it appeared under an eclipse, 
but it struggled on till its subsequent brilliant success 
threw into bolder relief the previous darkness. The main 
<?iiuse of its difficulties has already been hinted at — the 



scarcity of faiuls. A few words about the status of its 
Professors and tlieir preparatory training maj^ serve to 
sliow how it has manas-ed to effect so much with so little, 
and form an interesting corollary to this sketch. 

The Society of Jesup, persecuted or cherished, has 
always been foremost in education, because its members 
were devoted to the work by choice, not by necessity, and 
never adopted teaching as an expedient in lieu of some- 
thing better, or till a more lucrative position presented 
itself. It was the business of their life to stud}- and to 
teach, to teach well, and to learn the difficult art. Per- 
sons are seldom received as members of the body till 
they have completed a collegiate course, and even then 
n(»t unless their abilities and their age are satisfac- 
tory. They are tried two years in a JVovitiate to see 
whether they will suit the Society and the Society will 
suit them ; and if the satisfaction is mutual, they are per- 
mitted to take vows by which they bind themselves lo 
the Society and agree to accept any of its usual ministra- 
tions for which they shall be found fit. Their tastes, 
their dispositions and their talents are carefully observed 
to see in which channel they run, and b}' this observa- 
tion Superiors are guided in applying them to preaching, 
to ministerial duties, teaching, or any such occupation. 
During two more years they repeat their rhetoric and 
poetry, studying the classics, both ancient and modern,' 
very minutel}", with a view of preparing themselves after- 
wards to teach these branches, or any others. Then they 
make a thorough study of sound Christian Philosophy 
for three years, performed mainly in the Latin language 
by means of lectures, essays, discussions or debates. At 
the same time they do not neglect literature, and make a 
special study of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics. 
If any one shows an aptitude for any of these branches, 
he receives additional training in them on the comple- 
tion of the ordinary course. Thus their minds are tilled 
with an abundance of sound thought and knowledge, and 
they are deemed capable of forming the minds of others. 

10 



It rarely happens that any one is applied to teaching till 
he has finished this preparatory training ; and then ho 
nsuall}^ begins with a lower class and advances upwards, 
year by year. After a period varying from four to live 
years, they are ordained clergymen, having previously 
applied themselves exclusively to theology during u 
space of three or four years, and then usually resume the 
lal)or of teaching. 

In every College there is a Prefect of Studies, generally 
a man of much experience and learning, whose duty it 
is to direct the studies and aid the young teacher in his 
task by timely counsel. Thus the Professor is formed by 
precept and example, theoretically as well as practically. 
It is ecjually the aim and the pride of the Faculty of St. 
Xavier's, as in all Jesuit Colleges, to inculcate virtue as 
well as learning, and their previous religious training as 
well as a life continually retired, studious and prayerful, 
make them models of imitation no less than effective 
instructors. Yet they never tamper with the religious 
belief of any student, and studiousl}'' avoid influencing 
him an}^ way except by the example of a good life. It 
is a sufficient reward for them if their pupils lead virtuous 
lives. 

The cost of thus educating its teachers falls upon the 
College. The Professors receive no salary whatever, and 
devote their talents and life to the cause of education. 
They live at the College, are unmarried, lead a common 
life, indulge in no superfluities, and sometimes even stint 
themselves in what they might legitimately claim, when 
the circumstances of the College demand such sacrifice. 
Had St. Xavier's College to pay the Professors salaries 
such as their abilities w^arrant, and other institutions 
pay, for similar or inferior services, it could not live 
a day. 

Besides this, from the testimony in the tax-exemption 
case of ''John B. Purcell vs. John Gerke, County Treas- 
urer, and Walker M. Yeatman, County Auditor; and St. 
Xavier College vs. the same," argued in the general term 

11 



of the Superior Court, Cincinuati, 1873, it will be scon 
that many students were received free; that this condi- 
tion was known only to the Faculty ; that they were 
treated in all respects like the other boys ; that no student 
was ever sent away from the College only for having failed 
to pay his tuition. 

Yet St. Xavier College has not shrunk from nudving 
these and greater sacrilices in the cause of education, and 
has the pleasing satisfaction of seeing her registers 
crowded with the names of 3,000 old students, 230 grad- 
uates, 274 in attendance last year, and a corps of 18 Pro- 
fessors. Rev. E. A. Higgins is at pressent its elHcient 
President. 



BE.IE^ HZISTOE/TT 



^%\iittg^mr)gXt ^netifvLie, 



TwiNSBUROH Institute had its orij^in a.s early as 1828. 

Rev. Samuel Bls.sp:ll, the present principal and proprietor, 
graduated at Yale Oollet^e, 1823. During his college life he 
began his career of teaching, and to defray his expenses in 
college he spent one year in the four in giving instruction. 
Soon after graduation he began the study of Theology, and in 
1825 was licensed in Connecticut to preach the Gospel, and 
soon came to Aurora, Portage county, O., to which place with 
his parents he, at the age of nine years, came in 1806. 

Here he commenced a private school in 1826, and continued 
two years till the spring of 1828, when he went to Twins- 
burgh, his present place of residence, to take charge of the 
Presbyterian Church and Society to which he had been in- 
vited. Several young men accompanied him from Aurora, 
who were preparing for college. A block house had been 
erected for him about half a mile west of the center. O/i the 
lot was a log house, 20 by 30 feet, built for a shoe shop. It 
was very rude, with rough boards for the Hoor, and loose ones 
overhead. Three holes were cut out of the logs for windows of 
four lights each, with a fire-place at one end, built of rouo-h 
stones, and topped out with sticks, plastered over with clay. 
In the lall of 1828 this was fitted up with seats. Invi- 
tation was given to all the youth of suitable age to attend 
school in welcome, or if they chose to pay, the tuition would 
be $2.00 per quarter. Some forty or more scholars were 
packed into this small place, giving ample employment for one 
tfiacher during the term of four months. This continued to 
be the place of th§ school till 1831, when a house was built 
for the two-fold purpose of holding meetings on the Sabbath, 



and a school on week days. This continued to be the place 
for the school till 1835, when there was an interim of eighteen 
mouths. During this period Mr. Bissell removed to Edin- 
burgh, Portage county, and spent about eight months in teach- 
ing there. 

In 1837 he returned to Twinsburgh and erected a house 20 
by 35 on the spot of the present edifice, when three regular 
terras of forty weeks lin the year began, and have continued to 
the present time without the loss of a single term for thirty- 
nine years. 

In a couple of years an addition of 20 feet was made to the 
building, and other appendages to the dwelling hard by, for 
the convenience of students. Boarders from abroad came in, 
and the numbers were so increased that in August, 1843, the 
house at the center, which had been used as a tavern, 30 fett 
by 50, two stories high, was purchased. The same year another 
building, 30 by 50, three stories, was added, and in two years 
after, still another, 30 by 40, three stories. In a short period 
the Old Academy, as it was called, was procured, making quite 
an array of buildings. Prom the number of scholars with 
which the school began in 1828, it had increased to three hun- 
dred, with at least fifty boarders. Seven teachers and assist- 
ants were now required to give instruction in the classics, 
mathematics, German and French, music — vocal and instru- 
mental — penmanship and all the common academical studies. 
No charter was ever obtained, and no public money was 
appropriated. Board and tuition were so low that the most 
indigent found encouragement to enter the institution, and 
avail themselves of its privileges. A large number were 
received, who paid very little or nothing. So small were 
receipts to meet expenses that a debt of $6,000 was accu- 
mulated, so that the buildings at the center were sold, and the 
debts paid, leaving a balance of three hundred dollars on)}'. 
With this another house was purchased and used for the 
school. 



This embarrassing: debt, the school law, and the war greatly 
diminished the numbers. 

At this time, without means, and with a very scanty income* 
the foundation of another house of stone was laid, 77 feet by 
33, two stories, in 1866. At the end of the second year, a very 
plain room in it was fitted up for the school. Almost penni- 
less, Mr. BissELL found no other way but to put his hands to 
the work and rear the edifice. Such a course, at the age of 
70, was not a little disheartening. An oid horse and wagon 
were purchased, carpenter, joiner and stone tools were pro- 
cured, and the work went slowly and steadily on. The rocks 
were riven, and 700 perches of stone were on the ground. 
Engines were procured to lift the stone from the quarry and 
raise them to their places in the wall. Without any previous 
knowledge of carpenter or joiner work, a Sclf-supporting roof 
was formed and put on. Doors, ceiling and casing were 
made and put up. Floors above and below were laid, and 
stairs built. Save the cutting and laying the stone, and doing 
the plastering, most of the work was done by the hand of Mr. 

BlSSEI.L. 

To defray the expense of the building a loan of $1,500 was 
made at a very high rate of interest, which, together with the 
benevolence of some former scholars, and that of a few others, 
amounting to about |800, the lower part of the building, and 
some of the upper, has been completed and paid for. It will 
now accommodate about 100 scholars, and when completed, 
many more. The present number is about 50, The cost of 
the building thus far cannot be less than $8,000. The enter- 
prise has been attended with great exertion and self-denial. 
The whole number of students that have been connected with 
the institution will not vary much from 6,000. Among these 
have been 183 Indian youth, from five different tribes. These 
have been on an average in the institution at least one year, 
the expense of whom, including board, tuition, room, fuel, 
light, washing, books and stationery, and some clothing, say at 



$200 per year, will amoimt to -^36,600. Not uiuch less has 
been expended ou white indigent youth. The whole expense, 
in building and purchases of buildings will not fall below 
$10,000, making the whole amount expended during the forty- 
eight ypars, not less than $75,000. To oftset this, not more 
than eight or ten thousand dollars hav'e been received from 
all sources. 

Among the scholars are many very useful and excellent 
men and women, scattered over a wide extent of country 
and found in all the departments of life. A large number are 
clergymen of different denominations, attorneys, judges of 
courts, members of legislatures, physicians, surgeons, gener- 
als in the army, professors in colleges, and a great variety of 
common school educators, altogether too numerous to specify 

Of the Indian youth it may be truthfully stated, that some 
of them have surpassed in scholarship any of the white youth 
of the Institution. One of them, a Seneca, graduated at the 
head of his class of medical students in Geneva, New York^ 
and for years was employed by his nation as their agent at the 
legislature in Albany, to take care of their interests. Another 
from the Northern part of Michigan, soon after he left the 
Institution, went to the Legislature of Michigan, and obtained 
the eractment of a law giving the right of citizenship to his 
people in Michigan. In short, it may be said of them, as a 
body of youth, that fiill as large a proportion of them have 
excelled, as is true of an equal number of white students. 
There is no reason in the world why the advantages of a good 
education should be withheld from the sons and daughters of 
the forest. 

The Institution, from the humblest beginnings, has kept on 
its course through all opposing obstacles, and, as been stated, 
has not lost a term for nearly forty years. The beginnings 
were founded in prayer, and the superstructure has been 
reared in faith and corresponding works, and all under the 
fostering care and agency of God, to whom be all the honor 
of what has been accomplished. 



•\Ye3tern 1^e3erve hCollege, 

HUDSON, OHIO. 



1. — This is and has been from the first the only legal 
and the commonly-used name of the College. The name 
originated in the following historical facts : The territory 
of Connecticut, according to the original patents, extend- 
ed from the mouth of Narraganset river forty leagues 
along the coast, and thence due west to the South Seas. 
The Northern boundary was determined to be 42 degrees 
and 2 minutes, north latitude. The southern boundary, 
fixed by the western terminus of the coast line, was the 
forty-first parallel. Though the rights of Connecticut were 
trampled upon by the patents of the Duke of York and 
William Penn, she still claimed the territory west of 
Pennsylvania. At the adoption of the "Articles of Con- 
federation," when the States ceded their lands north-west 
of the Ohio river to the general government she reserved 
that portion of her territory lying next west of Pennsyl- 
vania, forty leagues in length. This was called the Con- 
necticut Western Reserve. This College was established on 
this Reserve by its early settlers to promote learning 
and religion here and to be a base of operation for ex- 
tending their good influences over the new country to the 
west and south. 



2.— The Charter. 

{a) The Charter bears the date of Februarj^ 7, 1826. 

(6) The Board of Trustees "was to consist of twelve 
members, exclusive of the President. The names of the 
first Trustees or corporators were George Swift and Zal- 
mon Fitch, of Trumbull County, Caleb Pitkin, Elizur 
Wright, John Seward, Jr., Benjamin Fenn, Joshua B. Sher- 
wood and David Hudson, of Portage County, Stephen I. 
Bradstreet and Simeon Woodruff, of Cuyahoga County, 
Henry Brown and Harmon Kingsbury, of Lorain County. 
These twelve men were created a body politic and corpor- 
ate to be styled the Board of Trustees of the Western 
Reserve College. They were empowered ''to fill vacan- 
cies which may happen by resignation,death or otherwise," 
in their number. The Charter imposes no restrictions 
whatever in respect to mode of election, term of service, 
residence, religious creed, or other qualifications. The 
State has no control except, '"That the Legislature shall 
have a right to alter or amend this act when they deem it 
necessary — Provided that no fund or property belonging 
to said College shall ever be by law appropriated to any 
other purpose." In a word, the Board of Trustees 'is a 
close corporation with full power. The original members 
of the Board were all either ministers or members of the 
Presbyterian or Congregational churches, which at that 
time were so cordially united on the so-called " Plan of 
Union.'' This was a necessary result of the religious and 
ecclesiastical condition of Northern Ohio. The Board has 
ever since been constituted in the same manner in this 
respect. 

(c) The Charter enacts, "That the said College shall 
be located in the township of Hudson in the County of 
Portage" (now Summit). The question of location had 
been determined by the founders before the Charter was 
sought. 



(d) The College began operations in 1826 with property 
of the value of about $10,000, contributed by a large 
number of donors, mostly in small sums. Its only hope 
for the means of support and growth was in the liberality 
and devotion of the friends of religion and learning in this 
then new country and in the older States from which the 
people here had come. 

(e) The Trustees w^ere directed by the act of incorpor- 
ation to hold their first annual meeting in the township 
of Hudson on the first Wednesday of March, 1826. They 
met on that day and proceeded immediately to the con- 
struction of a college building, and before the close of 
the year organized a freshman class. They were placed 
under no other limitations except this of the time of their 
first meeting. 

(f) The Charter enacts that the College " shall be 
erected on a plan sufficiently extensive to afford instruc- 
tion in the liberal arts and sciences ; and the Trustees 
may, as their ability shall increase and the interests of 
community require, erect additional departments for the 
study of any or all of the liberal professions." The act 
contains no farther stipulations upon this subject. 

(g) The Board of Trustees have full '" power to confer 
on those whom they may deem worthy, all such honors 
and degrees as are usually conferred in similar institu- 
tions." The degrees which have been conferred heretofore 
are Bachelor of Arts, Mastei;' of Arts, Doctor of Medicine, 
Bachelor of Divinity, Doctor of Divinity, and Doctor of 
liaws. There have been no honors conferred in any other 
form. 

(h) There are no "other specific powers, privileges, or 
duties mentioned in the organic act " except the ordinary 
ones pertaining to officers and servants. 

3. — Jfod{ficafions of Charter. 

In 1844 the act of incorporation was amended so as to 



authorize the establishment of the Medical Department 
in Cleveland instead of Hudson. By a general law passed 
in 1865, it was made possible to increase the number of 
Trustees from twelve members besides the President to 
twenty-four. The Board has availed itself of this privilege 
in part. 

^.—Site. 

The village of Hudson is five hundred and torty-se^'en 
feet above Lake Erie and eleven hundred and twenty-two 
feet above tide-water. It is on the carboniferous conglom- 
erate justnorth of the margin of the coal, and on that table- 
land which runs east and west through the State separat- 
ing the waters of Lake Erie from those of the Ohio river. 
The surface is undulating and covered with heavy deposits 
of glacial drift. The native forest is mixed and the soil 
best adapted to grazing. The location is remarkably 
healthy and from the first settlement has been entirely 
free from epidemics, and has had a smaller percentage 
of malarial diseases than almost any other of the most 
healthy places in the west. 

Geographically the village is situated in Summit 
County, twenty five miles south-east from Cleveland, on 
the Cleveland and Pittsburgh rail-road, one hundred and 
twenty-five miles from Pittsburgh, and at the junction of 
the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon and Columbus railroad; twelve 
miles north of Akron, and one hundred and thirty-five miles- 
north-east of Columbus. This location was selected for 
the College as being central to the Peserve, easily acces- 
sible and in respect to health and morals most favorable. 

5. — Grounds and Premises. 

The extent of the grounds is thirty-eight acres. Twelve 
acres were donated to the College exclusively for a park. 
The work of improvement for this purpose has not yet 
been entered upon. About six acres are occupied by 



residences for the Faculty and boarding houses. The 
campus in which the buildings are located and which is 
for the free use of the students contains twenty acres. 

6 — Other Lands. 

During the history of the College many donations of 
lands have been made to it, but it has never been thought 
expedient to hold any of these as an investment; they 
have been held only until they could be profitably con- 
verted into funds. The College at present owns in 
Missouri eighty acres of land valued at six hundred 
dollars, in Iowa one hundred and twenty acres valued at 
two hundred and fifty dollars, in Wisconsin two hundred 
and twenty acres valued at nine hundred dollars. These 
lands however are included in the statement made below 
concerning Grants and Endowments. 

7. — Buildings. 

The college buildings are five in number, standing in 
a line from north to south, on a ridge of land, and facing 
the west. They are all built of brick, three and four 
stories high, and two of them are painted a light brown 
color. Two are dormitories, one a chapel and library, one 
contains chemical and physical laboratories, museum, 
lecture and recitation rooms, and one contains the pre- 
paratory school and society rooms. Out of this line 
stands a small brick Astronomical Observatory equipped 
with a transit circle, a sidereal clock, and an equatorial 
telescope with a four inch aperture. 



BUILDING. 


DATE. 


COST. 


First Dormitory 


1826-7 
1830-1 
1835-6 

1837-8 

1838 

1842-3 


about $ 5,500 00 
5,000 00 
6 231 52 


Preparatory School and Society Rooms. 
Chapel and Liibrary 


Second Dormitory 


8 070 29 


Observatory 


1,086 57 


Lecture, Recitation Rooms, &c 







There have been no buildings removed and none need 
to be removed, but the second in the list needs thorough 
repairs. 

8. — Grants and Endowments. 

This College has never received a cent from the State or 
from the United States Government in any form except 
in the way of a partial release from taxation. "The So- 
ciety for the Promotion of Collegiate and Theological 
Education at the West" gave to the College about thir- 
teen thousand dollars in the years 1845 to 1848. All 
other gifts have been from private persons who were in- 
terested in the advance of "religion, morality and know- 
ledge." The largest single donation ever received is ten 
thousand dollars. The number of single donations seems 
remarkable, — over four thousand four hundred and fifty. 

Looking over the list of donors for the names of those 
who have given a thousand dollars or more, we find that 
H. B. Hurlbut has given $25,100, T. P. Handy, $14,310, 
Joseph Perkins, $13,420, Heman Oviatt, $11,720, D. T. 
Woodbury, $11,000, H. B. Perkins, $7,166, Mrs. Rebecca 
Kinsman, $6,000, Hon. Reuben Hitchcock, $5,350, Gen. 
Simon Perkins, $5,000, W. Thaw, $5,000, Harvey Baldwin, 
$4,930, T. D. Crocker, $4,500, Prof. N. P. Seymour, $3,610, 
Selah Chamberlain, $3,500, David Hudson, $3,142, Nathan 
Perry, $3,000, S. B. Chittenden, $2,500, P. M. Weddell, 
$2,427; Rev. John Seward, $2,275, Rev. W. H. Goodrich, 
•$2,200, President Pierce, $2,160, Prof. H. N. Day, $2,048, 
President Hitchcock, $2,042, Harmon Kingsbury, $2,022, 
Rev. Caleb Pitkin, $1,984, A. A. Brewster, $1,800, Jacob 
Perkins, $1,666, Prof. S. St. John, $1,600, O. K. Hawley, 
P. M. Hitchcock, J. M. Woolsey, Elisha Taylor, Mrs. Betsey 
Barnes, and Hon. E. N. Sill, $1,500 each, Guy Wolcott, 
$1,420, Prof. L. P. Hickok, H. Harvey, $1,350 each, Daniel 
Upson, $1,250, Elizur Wright, $1,129, Rev. G. Sheldon, 



W. A. Otis, J. B. Cowles, Hon. J. B. Clark, Hon. W. H. 
Upson, $1,100 each, Wni. Williams, $1,090, M. G. Semple, 
L. Hopkins, G. M, Atwater, D. Perkins, Prof. J. J. 
Bushnell, Prof. F. Shepherd, D. Everest, G. W. Gardner, 
G. H. Burt, W. Bonnell,Mrs. E. E. Taylor, Dr. A. D. Lord, 
H. M. Flagler, a friend by L. Prentiss, $1,000 each. 

All other donors have given less than a thousand dollars 
each. 

Some of those whose names are mentioned above and 
others also, have given j)ledges of money which is not yet 
due, as Mr. T. D. Crocker, (whose subscription amounts 
to $10,000, of which $5,500 is not yet due). Rev. W. H. 
Goodrich and Mr. Marcus Cozad. The names of more than 
four thousand other donors, worthy of equal honor for the 
gifts which they made according to their means, space will 
not allow us to record here. They are contained in the 
records of the College, and will ever be held in grateful 
remembrance. 

These donations began in 1S23 ; from that time to the 
present only five years have elapsed without some gifts. 
The largest amount was given in 1849, viz.: $52,112. The 
total amount of donations is $387,040. Much of this was 
given for current expenses in times when there was no 
income from the property of the College. The present 
value of the endowment and property is not far from 
three hundred thousand dollars. 

Heman Oviatt endowed and named the professorship 
of Rhetoric; H. B. Hurlbut that of Natural History and 
Chemistry, Joseph Perkins that of Natural Philosophy 
and Astronomy; T. P. Handy that of Intellectual Philoso- 
phy. Mr. Crocker's gifts will also entitle him to name a 
professorship. 

9. — Origin and Changes. 

The first movement towards the establishment of a 



College oil the Western Reserve of Connecticut was 
made in 1801,when a petition for a charter was sent to the 
territorial Legislature, numerously signed by the settlers 
and by many of the land-owners residing in Connecticut. 
The charter was not granted at that time. In 1803, after 
Ohio had been admitted into the Union as a State, the 
petition was renewed and a charter incorporating the 
"Erie Literary Society" with full college powers wa& 
granted by the Legislature at its first session. This 
Society opened an Academy at Burton in 1806, In 1822 
the Presbyteries of Grand River and Portage appointed 
Managers of an education fund, which they were engaged 
in raising to aid young men in preparing for the Christian 
ministry. These Managers, by direction of their Presby- 
teries, entered into a compact with the Trustees of the 
Erie Literary Society, by which a theological department 
was to be erected on the foundation of that charter at 
Burton. It was intended that the Academy should be 
developed into a College as fast as circumstances would 
permit. By the compact the Managers were to have the 
powers of visitors. 

Burton proving, in the view of the Managers, an un- 
suitable place for such an institution, they endeavored 
to induce the Trustees of the Society to remove to a 
more favorable location. Failing in this they dissolved 
the connection in 1824 and immediately began their efforts 
to establish a College elsewhere. The Academy at Bur- 
ton continued in operation under its Charter until 1834, 
when it ceased to exist as a chartered school. Eleven 
hundred and thirty acres of land donated to the Erie 
Literary Society by William Law of Connecticut in 1806 
on condition that the College be established and continued 
at Burton reverted to his heirs in 1841. 

The Presbyteries, now increased by the formation of 
that of Huron, appointed four Commissioners each to 



locate the new Institution, directing them to '' take into 
view all circumstances of situation, moral character, fa- 
cility of communication, donations, health, &c." The 
town of Hudson was selected as combining the greatest 
advantages. The amount of donations subscribed in the 
town to secure the location was $7,150. 

The objects proposed by the founders were "to educate 
pious young men as pastors for our destitute churches," 
"to preserve the present literary and religious character 
of the State and redeem it from future decline," to prepare 
"competent men to fill the cabinet, the bench, the bar and 
the pulpit." The clerical portion of the founders were 
most of them graduates of Yale College, the others of 
Williams and Dartmouth. The lay portion were from 
Connecticut, having been reared under the shadow and 
influence of Yale College. Those famous Colleges of 
New England were therefore their models; the objects 
they had achieved were the ends sought for here by the 
same means. 

The Christian people of the Western Reserve had their 
souls filled with the thought and the impulse embodied 
in the Ordinance of 1787, that, "Religion, morality and 
knowledge, being necessary to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of educa- 
tion shall forever be encouraged." The early efforts for 
a college were very general and unanimous. As usual, 
the ministers, being more widely acquainted and specially 
set apart to labor for the progress of "religion, morality 
and knowledge," took the lead. Of the more immediate 
founders of the College, without disparaging other wise,, 
noble and devoted co-operators, we would mention the 
Reverends Caleb Pitkin, John Seward, Harvej Coe, Ben- 
jamin Fenn, Stephen I. Bradstreet, Giles H. Cowles, D. D., 
and Simeon Woodruff, together with Messrs. David Hud- 
son, Elizur Wright, Henry Brown, Zalmon Fitch, Harmon 



Kingsbury and Joshua B. Sherwood. The self denying 
and devoted labors and sacrifices of these men entitle 
them to lasting honor and remembrance among all who 
love the firm foundation principles of our christian state 
and nation. 

Rev. Caleb Pitkin was born Feb. 27th, ITSl, at New 
Hartford, Ct. His father was a farmer, and the son 
labored with him steadily, except perhaps six months, 
until twenty-one years of age, enjoying only ordinary 
school advantages. He pursued preparatory studies with 
Rev. A. R. Robins of Norfolk, and entered Yale College 
in 1802 — graduated in 1806 — studied Theology with Rev. 
Asahel Hooker, of Goshen — was licensed to preach Jan. 
16th, 1807 — ordained and installed Pastor of the Second 
Congregational Church at Milford, March 16th, 1808— 
dismissed Oct.22d, 1816, that he might go as a missionary 
to Ohio — installed Pastor of the Church, Charlestown, O., 
April 23d, 1817, laboring there half of the time and 
spending the other half as a missionary traveling over 
the Reserve — dismissed Jan. 30th, 1827. He then moved 
to Hudson and devoted himself to the interests of the 
College in various forms of agency until August, 1843, 
preaching, however, as he also did subsequently, most 
of the time. He died Feb. 5th, 1861. He was a man of 
strong convictions, great vigor and energy of mind and 
character, unyielding perseverance and of very conser- 
vative views. He was one of the Managers of the Edu- 
cation fund of the Presbyteries from the beginning ; a 
Corporator of the College, and a Trustee till his death. Up 
to the time of his removal to Hudson he received private 
pupils in the studies preparatory for college. 

Rev. John Seward was born at Granville, Mass., in 1781 
— graduated at Williams College in 1810 — studied Theolo- 
gy with Rev. Ebenezer Porter, D. D. at Washington, Ct. — 
came to Ohio as an itinerant Missionary, under the pat- 



ronage of the Connecticut Missionary Society, in October, 
1811— installed at Aurora, Aug. 5th, 1812— dismissed May 
22nd, 1814— settled in Solon, in the year 1841— dismissed 
Sept. 4th, 1860— then removed to Tallmadge,where he lived 
in retirement — died Jan. 24th, 1873. Mr. Seward was a very 
persistent, faithful worker, lenient and mild in temper, of 
wide sympathies, of decided views, but cautious not to 
offend. He took careful notice of events and tendencies, 
and wrote often for the Ohio Observer, on every subject 
of practical interest to the churches, and always in the 
most kindly tone. He also was a Manager of the Educa- 
tion fund. Corporator of the college, and Trustee till 1854. 
During twenty-eight years he was absent but six times 
from the meetings of the Trustees. During his residence 
in Aurora he instructed young men in studies preparatory 
to the college course, and also taught Divinity students. 

Rev. Harvey Coe was born at Granville, Mass. Oct. 6th, 
1785 — graduated at Williams College, 1811 — was licensed 
to preach, 1812 — came as a missionary to Ohio, 1813 — 
spent one year itinerating — settled over the church of 
Vernon, Hartford, Kinsman and Gustavus, in 1814 — dis- 
missed on account of ill health, 1830 — removed to Hudson, 
was agent for the college till 1833 — agent for the A. B. C. 
F. M. till 1850— died March 8th, 1860. Mr. Coe was remark- 
ably earnest and useful as a pastor, and his church enjoyed 
great prosperity. He was very devoted and successful 
also in both his agencies. He was conservative and 
decided in his views, ardent in his piety, devoted and 
persevering in action. He took an active part in all the 
efforts to found a college, from 1817 on; became a Trus- 
tee in March, 1826, resigning in 1854. During his resi- 
dence in Vernon, Mr. Coe gave instruction to students in 
Divinity. 

David Hudson Esq., was born in Branford, Ct. in 1761. 
Most of his early life was spent in Goshen. He early 



became sceptical in his religious views, going so far as to 
renounce Christianity altogether. In 1798 he returned to 
a cordial faith in Christ. In 1799 he came to Ohio, having 
purchased, in company with another person, the township 
which bears his name, removed his family in 1800, and 
here spent the remainder of his life. He was an honorable 
man, of broad views, earnest in his support of the insti- 
tutions of religion and efforts for moral reform, hospitable, 
public spirited, and active in everj' good work. He was 
specially devoted to the cause of education, and labored 
earnestly and gave liberally to build up the College. 

Hon. Henry Brown, was born in Stockbridge, Mass., 
January 3d, 1773 — entered Harvard College, but was com- 
pelled by ill health to abandon his course in the second 
year — engaged in mercantile business — in 1817 organized 
a colony of religious people, and removed to Brownhelm, 
Ohio — a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was a 
generous, liberal, frank man, of wide knowledge and 
acquaintance with the world, orderly and precise in his 
business, hearty in his support of all religious movements,. 
and largely devoted to public interests. He was the 
agent appointed to secure the charter of the College, was 
one of the Corporators, and a wise, active and faithful 
Trustee until his death, Dec. 16th, 1843. 

Elizur Wright, A. M., was born in Canaan, Ct., July 
oOth, 1762— graduated at Yale College, 1781— taught a year 
in Weathersfield — then took charge of his father's farm, 
spending his time in private study, fitting young men for 
college, (Samuel J. Mills being one of his pupils), and 
in public duties imposed on him by his fellow citizens, 
representing his town in the Legislature many years- 
emigrated to Tallmadge, Ohio, in 1810. Being a man of 
wealth, education, good judgment and decided religious 
character, his influence was widely felt for good. He 
was one of the founders of the Tallmadge Academy which 



went into operation in 1815. His labors and counsels 
were of great value to the College, of which he was a 
Corporator. He remained a Trustee until 1840, resigning- 
at seventy-eight years of age. He gave his library ta 
the college, among other contributions. 

These men, and many others, labored and contributed, 
v»^ith great self-denial and faith, aiming as they did to 
establish a college of the highest order, in a new country, 
where money was scarce, toil hard, and population scat- 
tered , without the aid of any state or national grants, 
depending solely upon the voluntary contribution of those 
who believed that "religion, morality and knowledge'' 
were ''necessary to good government, and the happiness 
of mankind." 

The labors of the Presidents and Professors of the Col- 
lege, have been of a different character, but no less 
devoted and self-denying. There have been four Presi- 
dents, of whom three are deceased. 

Rev. Charles Backus Storrs was appointed Professor of 
Christian Theology in 1828, and became President in 1830. 
He was born at Longmeadow, Mass. in May, 1794 — pre- 
pared for college at Munson — entered Princeton College, 
but was compelled by feeble health to leave his studies 
during the Junior year — studied Theology with Dr. Wool- 
worth, at Bridgehampton, L. I. — in 1813 licensed to preach, 
and preached a year, but was compelled to retire by feeble 
health again — In 1817 went to Andover Theological Semi- 
nary, and completed the course of study — in 1820 went to 
South Carolina and was ordained at Charleston, Feb, 2d, 
1821 — labored as a missionary in South Carolina and 
Georgia, for a year and a half, when he was again broken, 
down by ill health. In the summer of 1822 he traveled 
north through Ohio — accepted a call to the church at 
Ravenna, Ohio, where he labored with great success, until 
he became Professor in the College. He was "distinguished 



for steadiness, clearness, and purity of conception, power 
of thought rather than quickness ; the solid, acute and 
comprehensive, rather than the splendid and versatile. 
Eirst principles in all things to be seized with a sagacious 
grasp. His opinions were his own, for he scorned to receive 
them from authority. He disdained to trifle, and there- 
fore exhibited a habitual steadiness, energy and eleva- 
tion of mind, vrhich proved the rigid discipline to which 
he was subject. He had much of that difiidence which is 
constitutional, but still more of that modesty which is 
a virtue." He had great singleness of aim, and no selfish 
schemes. His one purpose was to build up the kingdom 
of God on earth. As a teacher and college officer he was 
greatly beloved and revered by all the students. He had 
great power as a preacher. He was early enlisted in the 
cause of anti-slavery, and was one of its most powerful 
and fearless advocates. In June, 1833, his feeble health 
compelled him to seek release for a time from his college 
duties. He went to Massachusetts, and there sank rapidly 
with consumption ; and died Sept. 15th, at the age of 
thirty-nine years. 

Rev. George Edmund Pierce, D. D. was born in South- 
bury, Ot., Sept. 9th, 1794, and died in Hudson, O. May 28th, 
1871. He graduated at Yale College in 1816 — taught an 
Academy in Fairfield two years — studied Theology three 
years at Andover, Mass. — became pastor at Harwinton, 
Ct. July 10th, 1822, where his ministry of twelve years 
was eminently successful — was made Doctor of Divinity 
by Middlebury College in 1838 — became President of 
Western Reserve College in 1834, and retired from that 
office in 1855. His labors for the College were most self- 
sacrificing, faithful, arduous and i)atient. The financial 
affairs of the College were in an embarrassed condition 
during the larger part of his term of office, bringing upon 
him a great burden of care and labor. He was resolute 



and persevering in all he undertook. Under his admin- 
istration the College took its place for thoroughness and 
completeness among the best in,the land. He had great 
penetration in judging of men, and gathered about him a 
wise and able Faculty. He enlarged and beautified the 
grounds, erected the Observatory and three college 
buildings, and gathered a valuable apparatus for instruc- 
tion. The graduates of his day had great love and ad- 
miration for him and his family. 

Rev. Henry Lawrence Hitchcock, D. D. was born in 
Burton, Oct. 31st, 1813 — prepared for College in the 
Academy of the Erie Literary Society at Burton — grad- 
uated at Yale College in 1832— taught the Academy at 
Burton two years — studied Theology at Lane Seminary — 
became pastor of the Congregational Church at Morgan 
in 1837 ; of the Second Presbyterian Church at Columbus 
in 1840 — became President of the College in 1855 — re- 
signed his office in 1871, but remained as Professor in the 
College until his death, which occurred July 6th, 1873. He 
found the College in a very embarrassed condition in all 
respects, but he brought to his work a good and well- 
trained mind, a good knowledge of men, tact and exper- 
ience in affairs, and unreserved devotion. His efforts were 
crowned with success. He removed all the encumbrances 
of the College, and added to its permanent fund more 
than one hundred and seventy -five thousand dollars. By 
his kindness, his wisdom and good sense, he won the love 
and confidence of all his students. B^'- his public labors 
in the pulpit, and in the councils of the church, as well as 
through his pupils, his influence reached far, and will 
long remain. 

The theories of education, and methods of instruction 
here, have not in any respect differed from those of the 
Colleges of New England. In 1830-31 the question of the 
propriety of so large a use of the works of heathen authors 



as text-books, was agitated among the friends of the 
College, but the course was not changed in that respect. 
The system of manual labor, in connection with the 
course of education was advocated by the founders of the 
College as early as 1823. They expected much from the 
influence of such a system on the moral tone of the stu- 
dents, as well as from the physical and pecuniary results. 
In 1829 the Trustees provided a w^orkshop and farm and 
established a system of labor. They went so far as to 
establish a cooper shop, wagon shop and cabinet shop, 
and, in 1837, they even considered the question of open- 
ing a bhicksmith's shop. The system, however, proved 
unpopular with the students and utterly unprofitable to 
all parties pecuniarily and in every respect. Some lin- 
gering remnants of it remained until 1852. 

The Board of Trustees is, by law, a close corporation, 
and the Alumni of the College have shown no signs of 
a desire to modify the constitution of the Board. Four 
of the Trustees are, however, Alumni of the College, and 
others will doubtless be brought into the Board as vacan- 
cies occur. The following are the names of the Trustees 
at present: 
Kev. CARROLL CUTLER, D. D., Prksident, Hudson. 

HARVEY BALDWIN, Esq., . . Hudson, 

JOSEPH PERKINS, Esq., . . Cleveland. 

Hon. REUBEN HITCHCOCK, . PainesvilJe. 

Hon. SHERLOCK J. ANDREWS, LL. D., Cleveland. 

Rev. DEXTER WITTER, . . • Burton. 

Hon. WILLIAM H. UPSON, . . Akron. 

Rev. EBENEZER BUSHNELL, D. D., . Fremont. 

H. B. HURLBUT, Esq., . • Cleveland. 

T. P. HANDY, Esq., . • • Clevelarid. 

Rev. H. C. HAYDN, D. D., . . Cleveland. 

EDWIN S. GREGORY, M. A., . . Tou7}gstown. 

Rev. EBENEZER BUCKINGHAM, D. D., Zanesville. 



Kev. ELEROY CURTIS, . . . mxohurgh. 

Hon. JOHN C. LEE, . . . Toledo, 

WILLIAM PETTINGELL, Esq., 

XKKASURER AND RECORDING SKCRETARY. 

E. S. CARTWRIGHT, Esq., 

AUUITOR. 

10. — Plan of Education^ and Course of Study. 

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class will be 
examined in 

English Grammar, Reading and Writing; 
Ancient and Modern Geography; 

Higher Arithmetic — including the Metric System of Weights and Measures; 
Algebra, Loomis's, through Equations of the Second Degree; 
Geometry, Loomis's, three Books; 
Latin Grammar— Allen and Greenough's preferred; 
Caesar, Gallic War, three Books; 
Cicero, six Orations; after 1876, eight Orations; 

Virgil, four Books of the ^Eaeid; Books I and II of the Georgics, and half of 
the Bucolics; 

Arnold's Latin Prose Composition, 130 pages; 

Greek Grammar; 

Xenophon's Anabasis, three Books; one Book of Homer's Iliad. 

Real equivalents for the above Latin and Greek authors 
will be accepted, but no less amount, except that ad- 
ditional Mathematics may be substituted for a portion of 
the Greek, provision being made for instruction to supply 
the deficiency in that language. 

Candidates for advanced standing, whether they come 
from other Colleges or not, are examined in the above 
studies, and also in those to which the classes they pro- 
pose to enter have attended. 

Satisfactory testimonials of good moral character are 
required, and those who are admitted from other Colleges 
must produce certificates of dismission in good standing. 

After this year students will be admitted, without 
Greek, to a course of study the same in all respects as the 
regular course, except that Modern Languages will be 
substituted for Greek. The requirements for admission 



will be the same, in Latin and English, as for the regular 
course, together with the History of the United States, 
Physical Geography and Physiology. 



FACULTY AND INSTRUCTORS 
Rev. CARROLL CUTLER, D. D, President, 

Handy Professor of Intellectual Philosophy, 
and Uviatt Professor of Rhetoric. 



Professor of Christian Theology, 
and Pastor of the College Church, 

NATHAN P. SEYMOUR, LL. D., 

Professor Emeritus of Greek and Latin. 

MATTHEW C. READ, M. A., 

Lecturer on Zoology and Practical Geology. 

Rev. LEMUEL S. POTWIN, M. A., 

Professor of Latin, 
and Instructor in English Literature. 

EDWARD W. MORLEF, M. A., 

Hurlbut Professor of Natural History and Chemistry. 

JAMES R. SEVERANCE, M. A., 

Instructor in Elocution, 

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, M. A., 

Professor of Greek, 
and Instructor in Modern Languages. 

CHARLES J. SMITH, M. A., 

Professor of Mathematics, 
and Perkins Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. 

JAIRUS RAYMOND KENNAN, B. A., 

Principal of Preparatory School. 

CLARENCE EMIR ALLEN, B. S., 

Instructor in Preparatory School. 



Tj t '^'i? ?^^"??, °*" ^^}^ ^'^'^'■" ^'■'5 performed during this year by Rev. Josiah Stbong, 
a- A., 01 tue Class of 186a. 



COURSE OF STUDY. 

FRESHMAN YEAR. 

FIRST TERM. 

Greek Xenophon's Memorabilia; Hadley's Greek Syntax. 

Latin Ciiase's Livy; Latin CompositiDn. 

Mathematics Loomis's Geometry. 

Rhetoric Written Translations. 

SECOND TERM. 

Greek Herodotus; the Greek Verb. 

Mathematics Loomis's Algebra, beginning with Ratio and Proportion. 

Latin Cicero's De Officiis; Latin Composition. 

Rhetoric Written Translations, and Declamations through the year. 

THIRD TEEM 

Greek Homer's Iliad; Grammar continued. 

Latin Catullus and Ovid (Weale's Selections.) 

Modern Languages. ..Yretich Inflection. 

Mathematics Algebra completed. 

Rhetoric Compositions. 



SOPHOMORE YEAR. 

FIRST TEEM. 

Greek Homer; Isocrates' Panegyricus. 

Latin Horace. 

Mathematics Loomis's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry; Navigation; 

Loomis's Analytical Geometry. 

Rhetoric Compositions and Declamations through the year. 

SECOND TERM. 

Greek Plato's Gorgias. 

Latin Tacitus; Selections from Juvenal and Martial. 

Mathematics Analytical Geometry completed; Todhunter's Mechanics. 

THIRD TERM- 

Greek Bergk's Anthologia Lyrica. 

Latin Horace's Ars Poetica; Cicero and Quintilian on Oratory. 

(Kellogg's Selections.) 
Physics Mechanics; Surveying. 



JUNIOR YEAR. 

FIRST TERM. 

Greek Medea of Euripides; Prometheus of Aeschylus. 

Physics Atkinson's Ganot's; Hydrostatics; Pneumatics; Acoustics 

and Thermotics. 

Rhetoric Whately's Rhetoric; Compositions and Orations through the 

year. 

French Voltaire's Charles XII. 



SECOKD TERM. 

Physics Atkinson's Ganot's; Frictional and Dynamical Electricity; 

Magnetism. 

Philosophy Porter's Elements of Intelleotual Science— Parts I and II. 

Oerinan Whitney's Grammar and Reader, 

French (Optional.)— Moliere. 

Greek (Optional.)— Select Plays. 

THIED TERM. 

Lntin Captivi of Plautus; Lucretius. 

English Hadley's History of the English Language. 

Physics Atkinson's Ganot's; Optics. 

Botany Gray; Instruction in Use of Microscope. 

SENIOR YEAR. 

FIRST TERM. 

Philosophy Butler's Sermons; Lectures on Moral Philosophy; Porter's 

Elements of Intellectual Science— Parts III and IVf 
Lectures on Logic. 

Physics Lockyer's Astronomy; Loomis's Meteorology: Lectuers. 

Chemistry Elliot and Storer; Lectures; Experimental Study in th& 

Laboratory. 

Natural TJieology Paley's. 

Rhetoric Orations and Discussions through the year. 

SECOND AND THIRD TERMS. 

Required Studies Evidences of Christianity, including Butler's Analogy. 

Geology; Political Esonomy. 
Optional Studies History and Political Science. 

Mental and Moral Philosophy. 

Chemistry and Natural History. 

Modern Languages. 

Physics and Astronomy. 

Anglo-Saxon and Early English; Comparative Grammar, 

In the second term of Senior year, the class is allowed 
one optional study from the above list, and in the third 
term two. 

11. — Beliyious Influences. 

Eeligious instruction and influence is regarded as an es- 
sential element in education. To this end all the students 
are required to attend religious worship, conducted by 
some member of the Faculty, every morning, consisting 
of reading the Bible, singing and prayer. There is also a 



religious service held every Sunday forenoon in the 
Chapel, with preaching by one of the Faculty, which all 
are required to attend. There are other religious exercises, 
with Bible instruction, which are optional. 

21. — Preparatory School. 

There has been a Preparatory or Grammar School, con- 
nected with the College from the first. It was intended 
that this should only be a temporary arrangement, until 
preparatory schools should be established in other places. 
But it has been found necessary to maintain it, and there 
is no present prospect of its discontinuance. It is under 
the general supervision of the college Faculty, but taught 
by two young men who are graduates. It has at some 
periods been a full Classical and English Academy, but 
with the improvement of the public schools in the village 
and in the neighboring towns, it has become strictly a 
college Preparatory School. The prescribed course of 
study extends through three years, and is as follows : 

FIRST YEAR| 

Latin Allen & Greenough's Grammar, and Latin Method; 

Caesar's Commentaries, two Books. 

Mathematics Ray's Third Part in Arithmetic. 

Modern Geography Eclectic Series, No. 3. 

English Grammar Quackenbos's, with Exercises in Writing and Spelling. 

Rhetoric Compositions and Declamations continued threugh- 

out the Course. 



SECOND YEAR. 

FIRST TEEM. 

Latin Cffisar, third Book; Cicero's Orations begun; Written 

Translations through theremainder of the Course. 

Greek Hadley's Grammar; Whiton's First Lessons. 

Mathematics Ray's Higher Arithmetic. 

Geography and Antiquities Baird's Classical Manual, continued throughout the 

Course. 

History Smith's Rome. 



/ 



SECOND AND THIRD TERMS. 

Latin Cicero, continued through eight Orations. 

Greek Hadley's Grammar and Whiton's First Lessons; 

Boise's Anabasis of Xenophon begun, » 
Mathematics Ray's Higher Arithmetic, continued. In Third Term 

Metric System of Weights and Measures. 
History Smith's Smaller History of Greece. 



THIRD YEAR. 

Latin Virgil— Bucolics and Georgies, and four Books of the 

j^neid: Prosody; Prose Composition, 
•Greek Xenophon, continued through three Books; one 

Book of Homer's Iliad; Written Translations. 
Mathematics Loomis's Treatise on Algebra, through Equations oi 

the Second Degree; Loomis's Geometry, three 

Books. 

13. — Post-Graduate Studies. 

Facilities have always, since 1838, been provided for 
any graduates who might wish to carry on special studies 
in any of the Departments included in the college course. 
The Professors of Languages, Physics, Astronomy, Chem- 
istry and Philosophy, have always been ready to give 
gratuitous instruction to any of the graduates in their 
several departments. The number availing themselves ol 
these opportunities has not been large. Twenty-five 
names appear in the catalogues. There have probably 
been fifteen others. 

14. — Professional Schools. 

It was the intention of the founders, that there should 
be a Theological Department connected with the College, 
and the first Professor appointed was Rev. Chas. B. Storrs, 
to the chair of Sacred Theology. Other professorships 
were filled, and a complete course of Theological Instruc- 
tion was given, as early as 1831. This department con- 
tinued, with greater or less prosperity, until 1852, being 
ably manned during the whole period. It was then sus- 
pended., on account of financial embarrassments, and has 



not since been resumed. There have been one hundred 
and one Theological Students who pursued their profess- 
ional studies here one year or more. 

In 1843 a Medical Department was established, and by 
•an amendment of the Charter, Feb. 23d. 1844, was allowed 
to be located in Cleveland. It has had, from the begin- 
ning, a full Faculty of eminent Physicians and scientific 
men. It has a substantial college building — a Library con- 
taining two thousand volumes of rare and valuable works 
on medicine, surgery, and other collateral sciences; a large 
and valuable museum of Natural History, and an Anato- 
mical and Pathological Museum. This College holds two 
sessions annually, for instruction: a lecture session of 
twenty weeks, beginning on the first Wednesday of Oc- 
tober, and a summer session, mainly for recitations, be- 
ginning on the second Monday in April. The number of 
those who have received the Degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine, in this Department, is twelve hundred and fifty five 

15. — Libraries, Cabinet^ Laboratory^ Observatory . 

The Library of the College contains about seven thous- 
and volumes; those of the two Literary Societies, five 
thousand two hundred. There is a small fund for the 
increase of the college Library. 

The Cabinet contains a valuable collection of minerals, 
and a series of meteoric irons and stones, and casts of 
typical fossils, which deserve special mention. There is 
also a large collection of photographs from Italy, Greece 
and Troy, of almost all objects and places of classic in- 
terest. 

There is a well furnished Chemical Laboratory for the 
students use. Here the class perform, under the guidance 
of the Professor, all those experiments which are suitable 
for them. They may also take chemical analysis, as an 
optional study. The private Laboratory of the Professor 



is supplied with microscope, spectroscopes, balances, and 
ample apparatus for analysis and research. 

16. — College Societies. 

There have been two Literary Societies among the stu- 
dents ; one formed in 1828, and the other in 1839, devoted 
to debate and other rhetorical exercises. All students 
join one of these. The usefulness of these Societies has 
been very great, and continues unimpaired. Fraternities 
or Greek letter Societies, either open or secret, have ex- 
isted here since 1811. To these the students are much at- 
tached, and while the Faculty have usually regarded them 
as unnecessary, and as having some evils connected with 
them — they have never seen any reason to interfere, 
except by advice. There are at present two secret frater- 
nities, and one open, besides a chapter of the Phi Beta 
Kappa Society, which is purely honorary. There is a 
Society of religious and missionary inquiry, formed in 
1828. There have also been Temperance Societies, Moral 
Reform Societies, and Anti-Slavery Societies, at various 
times. 

20. — College Statistics. 

The following table shows the number of students in 
each class annually, from the first, except that a few spaces 
are left blank because the records of those years are lost. 
The number that have left college from year to year, 
without graduating, may be easily determined from the 
table. 



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Historical Sketch of Wiitenberg College, 

SPRINGFIET^r), OHIO. 



isr^^ivciE. 



The Corporate Lame of this Instil ulion oi Jearning is: " The Board of Direc- 
tors of Wlitenbeig College." 



It dtrivef: its name from the ' University of Wittenberg," Germany, the cen- 
tre of light in Eurdpe in the Eeformation of the 16th Centuiv 



CHARTER OF WITTENBERG COLLEGE, 

CHARTKEED MARCH 11, 1845. 



Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That 
John Hamilton, of the county of Stark, William G. Keil, and 
David Tullis, of the county of Guernsey, John B. Reck, and Sol- 
omon Ritz, of the county of Tuscarawas, George Leiter, of the 
county of Richland, John H. Hoffman, and Jacob Roller, of the 
county of Columbiana, Elias Smith, of the county of Wayne, 
Presley X. O'Bannon, of the county of Licking, John N. Kurtz, 
of the county of Clark, Philip BInkley, of the county of Greene, 
David Porter Rosemiller, Frederick Gabhart, and Peter Baker, 
of Montgomery county, and George Sill of the county of Preble, 
members of the Board of Directors appointed by the English 
Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio, and Miami Synod, to es- 
tablish a college at some suitable point in Greene or Clark coun- 
ty. State of Ohio, are hereby created a body corporate and poli- 
tic, by the name, style and title of the Bo.ird of Directors of 
Wittenberg College, and they and their successors in office, as 
such, shall have power to sue and be sued, plead and be implead- 
ed, to defend and be defended, in all courts of equity; to have a 
common seal, and to alter it at pleasure; to hold all kinds of es- 
tate which they may acquire by purchase or donation to any 
amount necessary to accomplish the objects of the institution, 
and to have and to convey at discretion ; to form a constitution 
and by-laws for their perpetuation and government; to make 
all necessary regulations for the management of their fiscal con- 
cerns; to admit, exclude, and expel members; to appoint offi- 
cers, and to do such other acts as may be necessary to effect the 
promotion of theological and scientific knowledge; Provided, 
however, that said constitution, by-laws, and regulations, shall 
be consistent with the constitution of the United States and the 
State of Ohio. 

Sec. 2. That the professor or professors appointed by said 
board, in said college, or a majority of them, shall constitute the 
faculty, and have power to enforce the rules and regulations en- 



acted by the board of directors for the government and disci- 
pline of the students, and finally to suspend or expel such of 
them, as may, in their judgment, deserve it, and to grant and 
confirm, by the consent of the board of directors, such degrees in 
the liberal arts and sciences, or such branches thereof, to such 
students or others, whom, by their proficiency in learning, and 
other meritorious distinctions, they shiU regard as entitled to 
them, as it has been usual to grant in other colleges, and to grant 
to such graduates diplomas or certificates under their common 
seal, to authenticate and perpetuate such graduation; provided 
that the power of conferring degrees shall not be exercised by 
said corporation until it shall have acquired property, either real 
or personal, and in possession thereof, to the value of ten thous- 
and dollars, to be ascertained by three disinterested freeholders 
of the county where said college may be located ; s ud appraisers 
to be appointed by the auditor of such county, and to make re- 
turn in writing of their appraisement, which returns shall be 
filed and preserved in the office of said auditor. 

Sec. 3. That no misnomer of said corporation shall defeat or 
annul any gift, grant, devise or bequest, to or for the said corpo- 
ration, provided the intent of the parties shall sufficiently appear 
upon the face of the gift, grant, will, or other writing, whereby 
any estate or interest was intended to pass to or for said corpora- 
tion. 

Wittenberg college is in connection witli that branch of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church represented in the religious body 
known as the " General Synod of the United States." 

The districts synods represented in the board of directors of 
the college at the present date, are: " The Synod of East Ohio," 
the "Synod of Miami," and the " Wittenberg Synod," compris- 
ing the territory of the State of Ohio, and the " Synods of North- 
ern Indiana," and 'Olive Branch," in the State of Indiana. 

Directors of this institution may, however, be elected by any 
" Lutheran Synod" in connection with the " Evangelical Luth- 
eran General Synod," which shall adopt the constitution of 
the college and pledge itself to its support. 

The rates of representation from each district synod in connec- 
tion with the college is as follows : 

Two directors for every ten clerical members of synod; four 
for fifteen; six for twenty; eight for twenty-five; ten for thirty; 
and twelve for forty or more members; provided, always, that 
one-half are laymen, and that one-half the representation of 
each synod retire from office at the same time. 

The synods by which directors are chosen fix their time of serv- 
ice, and shall be the only tribunal to which they are responsible. 



Before taking his seat in the board, ami as often afterward as 
he shall be re-elected as the representative of his synod every 
director shall make and subscribe the following declaration: 
"Sincerely approving of the object of ' Wittenberg College,' I 
solemnly promise faithfully to endeavor to carry out the provis- 
ions of its charter and coastitution, and thus promote the great 
design of the institution." 

At present the Board of Directors is comprised of thirty-six 
members, thirty- four appearinir from the synods above-named, 
and two from Clark county, Ohio, according to the provisions of 
the constitution of the college. 

LOCATION. 

The location of Wittenberg College, for beauty and health ful- 
ness, is not surpassed by that of any of her sister colleges of the 
State, or of the entire country. The college, with the residences of 
the professors, constitute one of the suburbs of the thriving city 
of Springfield. The college building proper occupies an elevated 
situation, comprising as its campus forty acres of ground, skirt- 
ed by the beautiful stream and valley of Lagonda, and finely 
shaded with the sugar and oak and elm trees of the native forest, 
and overlooking the surrounding landscape in every direction, 
thus rendering the situation of the college perfectly unsurpassa- 
able for beauty and variety of scenery. Sprin .field is on the 
line of four of the principal railroads ot the State, leading north, 
south, east and west, and is forty miles distant from the capital 
of the State, twenty four miles from the city of Dayton, and 
eighty- four miles from the city of Cincinnati, and is distinguish- 
ed for its business enterprise, and for the moral and hospitable 
character of its citizens. 

All the evangelical denominations of Christians are repre- 
sented here, and generally with commodious and attractive 
churches, and always with an entertaining and an instructive 
pulpit. 

GRANTS AND ENDOWMENTS. 

The citizens of Springfield, at the founding of the institution, 
partially donated to it seventeen acres of ground ; and the friend -i 
of the college abroad have enabled the Board of Trustees to pur- 
chase nineteen acres additional, to which a grant of four acres 
has also been aided; and from individual benefactions the insti- 
tution has thus far received a productive endowment fund of one 
hundred and twenty-five thousand tlollars. 

Jn grounds, buildings and endowment fund the assets of the 



institution may be fairly estitnited at one hundred and seventy- 
five thousand dollars. 

This does not include the value of the libraries, thecabinet and 
the philosophical apparatus. 

The institution has no indebtdeness. 

ORIGIN OF THE INSTITUTION. 

Wittenberg College is in connection with that branch of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church of the United States which is doc- 
trinally represented by the General Synod. 

The institution originated in the educational and in the reli- 
gious want of the Lutheran Church in the West, then so called. 
Her establishment was demanded for the education of a minis- 
try sufficient in number and with an evangelical spirit who would 
stem the tide of formalism, which was steadily advancing upon 
and gradually obscuring the light of saving truth and the influ- 
ence of piety in the Lutheran Church, at that period. 

Under this two-fold necessity the members of the English Syn- 
od of Ohio, at a convention held at Washington, Guernsey coun- 
ty, in the month of November, 1842, 

Resolved, "That in reliance upon the triune Jehovah and 
alone for His honor and glory, we now establish a Literary and a 
Theological Institution." 

The design of its founders combined its literary and its theo- 
logical departments under one management, and its friends have 
aimed from the beginning to make its efficiency commensurate 
with the importance of the mission undertaken, and with the 
development of the field which it occupies. 

The constitution provides for the professorships usually found 
in colleges and theological seminaries. 

The following persons comprise the Faculty of professors and 
teachers in the various departments of the institution at the 
present time: 



THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

FACULTY. 

Samuel Sprecher, D. D. L.L, D., Frederick Gebhart Profess- 
or of Systematic Theology. 

J. H. W. Stuckenbercj, D. D., Culler Professor of Sacred Phi- 
lology. 

.1. B. Helwig, D. D., Professor of Horniletics and Pastoral 
Theology. 



Professor of Ecclt, iaslical History.— The duties of this Pro- 
fessorship are now performed by Prof. B. F. Pkinc.'e, 



COLLEGIATE DEPARTMENT. 

FACULTY. 

Rev. J. B. Helwig, D. D., President, and Professor of Moral 
Science and Political Economj\ 

Samuel Sprecher, D. D. L. L. D., Professor of Mental Phi- 
losophy, 

H. R. Geiger, a. M., Ph. D., Professor of Natural Sciences. 

Isaac Sprecher, A. M., Profe-sor of Ancient Languages. 

B. F. Prence, a. M., Professor of Natural History and As- 
sistant Professor of Greek, 

S. F. Brackenridge, A. M., Professor of Mathematics. 

Professor of Eelles -Letters and English Literature,— The du- 
ties of this Professorship are now performed by Professors Hel- 
wig and Prince. 

Professor of German Language and Literature.— The duties of 
this Professorship are now performed by Prof. J. H. W. Stuck- 
enberg. 



PREPAR.VTORY DEPARTMENT. 

H. G. Rogers, A. M., Principal. 

G. H. Young, A. B,, Tutor. 

Charles H. Schnure, Teacher of Penmanship. 

B. F. Prince, Librarian. 



THEOLOGI* AL DEPARTMENT. 

This department embraces the following branches: 

(1.) ExegeUcal T/ieology with its Auxiliary Sciences, Sacred 
Philology, Biblical Archaeology, Biblical Criticisms, and Herme- 
neutics. 

(2.) Historical Theology, embracing Biblical History, Biblical 
Theology, Church History, and History of Doctrines, including 
Patristics and Symbolics. 

(3.) Systematic Theology, embracing (a) Christian Dogmatics 
with its relations to Apologetics, Polemics, and Irenics, and (6) 
Christian Ethics. 



(4.) Practical Theology, embracing (a) Halieutic- and Catechet- 
ics, ib) Liturgies and Homiletics, (c) Pastoral Theology, {d) 
Church Government. 

The couri^e of instruction occupies two years, which are di- 
vided into four sessions. 



FIRST YEAR: 

FIRST SESSION. 

Encyclopoedia and Methodology of the Theological Sciences. 

Biblical History. 

Church History. 

History of Doctrines. 

Apologetics. 

Biblical Archaeology. 

Hebrew, (Genesis). 

Greek Exegesis, the Parables. 

SECOND SESSION. 

Christian Do>gmatics. 

Biblical Theology. 

Biblical Criticism. 

Hermeneutics. 

Hebrew (Isaiah). 

Greek Exegesis, continued. 

Church History, continued. 



SECOND YEAR. 

FIRST SESSION. 

Christian Dogmatics, continued. 
Christian Ethics. 
Halieutics and ratechetics. 
Hebrew, (Isaiah continued). 
Greek Exegesis, Eomans. 

SECOND SESSION. 

Christian Dogmatics and Christian Ethics, completed. 

Pastoral Theology. 

Church Government. 

Exesresis of the Old and New Testament, completed. 

Lectures are delivered during the entire course. The students 



are required to write exegetical essays, and to take part in con- 
ferences in wliich religious and theological subjects are discussed. 

In connection with Homiletics, the students have exercises in 
sermonizing. 

It is desirable that applicants for admission into this depart- 
ment should possess a knowledge of all the branches of a full 
collegiate course, or at least of Arithmetic, Natural Philosophy, 
Ancient and Modern Geography, General History, English 
Grammar, Mental and Moral Science, Logic and Greek. 

This department is open for members of every Branch oj the 
Christian Churchy who possess the requisite attainments and a 
Christian character. 

No charge is made for tuition or lectures. The sessions and 
vacations are the same as in other departments. The proper 
time to enter is the beginning of the Winter Session. Students 
have access to libraries containing many valuable theological 
books. 



COLLEGIATE DEPARTMENT. 



TERMS OF ADMISSION. 

Candidates for admission into the Freshman Class are examin- 
ed in Csesar, Virgil, Bullions & Kendrick's Greek Grammar, 
Latin Prosody, Geography, (Ancient and Modern), English 
Grammar, Arithmetic, History of the United Statts, Watts on 
the Mind, Algebra, Latin Grammar (Harkness), Berard's Histo- 
ry of England, Harkness' Greek Exercise, and Anabasis. 

An accurate and thorough acquaintance with these studies is 
indispensibly necessary, in order to receive the full advantage 
of the Collegiate Course. It has been found by experience that 
students imperfectly prepared for the classes which they enter are 
embarrassed in their future progress, and are seldom able to re- 
pair the want of solid preparatory instruction. 

Every applicant for admission to a class more advanced than 
the Freshman will be examined in all the branches to which the 
class he proposes to enter has attained. 

In all cases, satisfactory testimonials of a good moral charac- 
ter are required, and those who have been connected with other 
colleges must produce certiticates of honorable dismission. 

No student is matriculated until he is fourteen years of age 
and has b'een connected with the Institution three weeks; until 
then he is considered merely a probationer, and can be admitted 



to membership only on satisfactory evidence of a good moral 
character. 



COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 



The course of instruction in the Collegiate Department occu- 
pies four years. 

In each year there are two sessions. 

The studies to which the several classes attend are as follows: 



FRESHMAN YEAR. 



FIKST TERM. 

Z,a<m— Cicero's Orations. Prose Composition. (Harkness). 
Greek— Kenophen^s Anabasis. Greek Composition. 
Mathematics— Algebra, (Loomis), Geometry (Loomis), (to quad- 
ratics). 

^is^ory— Wilson's Outlines. Composition and Declamation. 
Classical Literature— Fisk^s (Eschenberg). 

SECOND TERM. 

Latin— JjWy. Latin exercises continued. 
Oreek—Heroclatus. Greek exercises. 
Mathematics— Algehrv (to Logarithms). 
Geometry completed. 
History completed. Composition and Declamation. 



SOPHOMORE YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 

Za^in— Horace, Odes and Satires. Latin Exercises continued. 

Greek — Homer's Iliad. 

Mathematics — Plane Trigonometry. Algebra completed. 

Application of Algebra to Geometry. 

Physiology — (Hitchcock). Rhetoric (Blair). • 

Botany (Wood). 



JUNIOR YE Alt. 



FIBST TERM. 



Latin— Cicero De Oratore. 

Greek —Demosthenes on tlie Crown. 

Mathematics— Differential Calculus. 

Integral Calculus. 

Natural Philosophy— :Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Heat, (Des- 

chaenel). 
Chemistry— (Barker), Empirical Psychology (Hickok). 

German, Optional. 
English Literature (Shaw). 



SECOND TERM. 

Latin— Tacitus' Germania. 

Latin Composition. 

Greek— Thucyd ides or Eusebius. 

Astronomy. 

Natural Philosophy— Heat and Electricity (Deschaenel). 

Chemistry— With Lectures. 

Natural Theology— (Paley). 

Zoology— (Nicholson). 

Philology. 



SENIOR YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 

Latin— Tacitus' Agricola. 
Greek— Thucydades, or Eusebius, (Selections). 
Hebrew — (Optional). 

Science— Meteorology, (Loomis) Geology, (Dana). 
Astronomy— (Loomis) Magnetism, Sound and Light (Des- 
chaenel.) 
Moral Science (Hickok). 
Logic, (McCosh). 
Rational Psychology, (Hickok.). 



SECOND YEAR. 

Latin — Horace Arts Poetica. 

Greek — Plato's Gorgrias. 

Astronomy Completed. 

Political Economy — Science of Wealth, (Walker). 

Manual of the Constitution (Andrews). 

General Review of Studies. 



DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 



Preparations will be made to open a department for instruc- 
tion in Civil Engineering at the beginning of the next Winter 
Se&sion. 

Students iu this department will recite in the regular College 
Classes in the studies which are common to both. They will 
receive special attention in their special work, and much time in 
the last year will be devoted to field work — as Leveling, Topo- 
graphy, Laying Out Work, and Computing Earth Work, and 
to practical examinations and descriptions of Bridge?, Tunnels, 
Machines, &c. 



PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT. 



The Course of Study in this Department is sufficient to give 
students a good English education, and to prepare them for 
entrance upon the Collegiate Course. It regularly occupies two 
years, the first of which is devoted to a thorough review of the 
common branches and the study of elementary Latin. In the 
second (or Sub-Freshman) year, the work of direct preparation 
for the Collegiate Course is pursued. 

The studies attended to, and the text-books used (as far as 
fixed), are shown in the following list : 

First Year — Reading, Spelling and Analy&is of Words, En- 
glish Grammar, (Harvey), Modern Geography, (Guyot), History 
of the United States ( Venable), Complete Arithmetic (Stoddard), 
2500 Arithmetical Examples ( Fish), Latin Grammar and Reader, 
(Harkness.) 



Second Year— CH3?ar, Vlro;il, Classical and Sacred Geogra- 
phy, Watts on the Mind, Elements of Al<;ebra (Loomis), Greek 
Grammar (Bullions and Kendrick), First Greek Book (Hark- 
ness), Anabasis, and History of England (Berard). 

Students in this Department have frequent exercises in Com- 
position and Declamation. They also have the privilege of at- 
tending to any branch in the Collegiate Course for the study of 
which they are prepared, such as Geometry, Physiology, 
Rhetoric, &c. 



PRIZE. 



Prof. J. C. Brodfuehrer has set apart a One Hundred Dollar 
U. S. Bond, bearing interest in gold, as a Prize Fund, The in- 
terest of this is paid every year to that member of the Depart- 
ment, entering the Freshman Class, who is most proficient in 
Latin and Greek. 



MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. 



EXAMINATION. 



There are two general examinations during the year — one at 
the close of each session; also a special examination in any 
study when completed. Absence from the examinations is found 
to be very injurious to the improvement of the student*, and ren- 
ders him liable to be placed in a lower ciass. Reports respecting 
the behavior, diligence and scholarship of the students are sent 
to the parents or guardians after each general examination. 

TKKMS AND VACATIONS. 

The Collegiate Year is divided into two sessions. The An- 
nual Commencement occurs on the second Thursday of June, 
and the first Term of the Collegiate year commences on the 
third Thursday of March and ends on the second Thursday in 
June, the day of the Annual Commencement. 

No student is allowed to be absent from the Institution with- 
out a special permission. The absence of a student during the 
session, even for a few days, occasions a much greater injury to 
his education than is commonly supposed by parents or guar- 
dians 

It is highly important that students should return to College 
to attend the first recitations of their respective classes, since an 
absence for a few days, when a new branch of study is com- 
menced, seldom fails to embarrass the whole course, and, in 
some cases, it is impossible to make up the loss. 



SOCIETIES, LIBRARIES AND APPARATUS. 

There are two Literary Societies— the Excelsior and Philoso- 
phian— connected with the Institution, whose members exer- 
cise every week, in their respective halls, in composition, debate 
and declamation. The libraries, in connection with the Col- 
lege, now contain eight thousand volumes. 

The College has, also, a sufficient Philosophical and Chemical 
Apparatus to make all the experiments tor the illustration of 
the Natural Sciences. 

CABINET. 

The Cabinet has been enriched durin,? the past year with 
many valuable specimens. The entire collection is increasing 
in importance and extent each year. The authorities of the 
College invite all its friends to aid in making contributions to 
the Cabinet. 

RELIGIOUS EXERCISES. 

Prayers are attended in the College Chapel every morning and 
evening with singing, and the reading of the Scriptures, at 
which all the students rooming in the College are required to be 
present. 

Parents and guardians who send pupils to the Institution are 
requested to inform the Faculty where they shall attend worship. 
In the absence of such directions they will be required to 
worship at the College Church. 

Strict attention is paid to the health, manners and morals of 
students. No profane, obscene, or reproachful language is 
allowed to be used. Students are required to ventilate their 
rooms thoroughly, to keep them in a cleanly and orderly condi- 
tion, and to observe regular hours for meals, sleep, study and 
exercise. 

EXPENSES. 

The price of Tuition is Thirty Dollars per year. 

Winter Session 820 00 

Summer Session 10 OO 

Every new student will be charged from the time he enters 
according to the above rates. Tuition and room rent must be 
paid in advance. 



The room rent for each student is five dollars for the Winter 
and two dollars and a half for the Summer session. 

Incidental expenses, one dollar and fifty cents per year. 

Coal cos^s from $3 50 to $4 50 per ton. Washing is done for 
$1 00 per month. Boarding and lodging in private families can 
be had for from $i to $5 00 per week. At the College, and in 
the city, boarding is furnished by the club system, and ranges 
in price from $1 50 to $2 50 per week. 

The following may be considered a near estimate of the 
necessary annual expenses for each student: 

Board (40 weeks, from 31 75 to $2 50 per week) S70 00 to SlOO 00 

Tuition 30 00 

Room rent and incidentals 9 00 

Fuel and light 12 00 

Washing 9 00 

Total S130 00 to $160 00 

From this account of expenditures it will appear that there are 
few institutions affording the same facilities of education at which 
the expense of the student can be as small as at this. 

THE REGULAR COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 

Wittenberg College has no prescribed course of elective studies 
for either gentlemen or ladies, for which she confers degrees. 
Her Alumni have been regularly graduated from the Classi- 
cal, the Mathematical, the Scientific, and the Philosophical 
courses combined, as kiid down in the regular Collegiate Course. 
Her Alumni now number tour hundred and six, viz: One hun- 
dred and lorty-five from the Theological department, and two 
hundred and sixty-one from the Collegiate. 



BRIEF SKETCHES 

OP THE 

FIRST AND SECOND PRESIDENTS 

OF 

WITTENBERG COLLEGE. 



The first President of the College was the Rev. Ezra Keller, 
D. D., a graduate of Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania, and a 
member of the class of 1835. At the time of his call to the insti- 
tution, March, 1844, he was pastor of the First English Lutheran 
church of Hagerstown, Maryland. He was eniinently qualified 
for the very onerous and responsible task of establishing a new 
institution among a small denomination of people then in a 
western state. He was endowed with a practically vigorous in- 
tellect; a man of strong religious convictions, of great faith, and 
indomitable energy and perseverance. After his graduation 
from the college, he writes the following, indicative of these 
characteristics : "During my collegiate life, I have learned the 
lesson, never to despair of success when in the path of duty. I 
came to the college penniless, and without a pledged support, 
and now I am honored with its graduates." The subject of his 
graduating address, assigned him by the faculty, was 'Conscience.' 
But while these were among his striking characteristics, it has 
been remarked by one who knew him intimately, as a student 
and as a pastor, and who became his successor in the presidency 
of the college: "I never met a man of such moral power. Every 
one felt this to be his distinguishing characteristic. His was a 
practical character, resulting, especially, from great develop- 
ment of conscience, profound loyalty to God and duty, high 
attainments and unwearied exercises in moral goodness." 

Dr. Keller opened the Grammar school of the college on the 
3d day of November, 1845, in the lecture room of the First Eng- 
lish Evangelical Lutheran church, of Springfield, Ohio. The 
attendance, on the first day of the session, was eight students 
and a faculty of one Professor and two Tutors. This was in- 
creased to seventy-one before the close of the first year, and to 
one hundred and forty-three during the second year. Three 
years of steady progress passed away without any unusual oc- 
currence in the history of the institution, but the fourth year 
opened with an event which filled the minds and hearts of the 
friends of the infant college with deep anxiety and profound 
sadness. After a brief illness, the summons of death came to 
the first President of the institution, in the midnight hour of 
the 29th day of December, 1848. He was called away from the 
midst of his arduous labors, and when in the vigor and prime 
of life. He died in the thirty-seveiUh year of his age. 

Hp was a firm defender of revivals of religion, and looked 
upon them as the hope of the church. At such special seasons 
of divine grace his most powerful sermons were prepared and 
delivered. And it is a fact somewhat remarkable, adds his 
biographer, "that he died in the midst of a revival of religion 



in the church over which he was the pastor." With the com- 
mencement of his sickness a special work of divine gfrace com- 
menced in the congregation and continued for some time after 
his decease. Had he been allowed to choose the hour of his 
departure from the earth he would have said : "Let me die in 
a time of religious revival." He would have chosen that his 
funeral should be attended by a throng of souls alive to the great 
realities of eternity; that his silent coffin and open grave should 
speak to those impressed witn a sense of their need of the atoning 
blood of the Redeemer. In a time when he most loved to labor 
for Christ, he was called to "depart and be with Christ which is 
far better." But here a former historian also makes this obser- 
vation: "That the decease of Dr. Keller was brought upon hiin 
by excessive labor, there remains but little doubt, for he per- 
formed at least as much work as two men should do. And 
whetner the church is justifiable in permitting one of her ser- 
vants, even if he is willing to do it, thus to impair his health 
and shorten his life, is a question worthy of her serious consid- 
eration," But the voice and verdict of death were heard and 
had to be accepted, but with that also came the anxious inquiry, 
"upon whom shall the mantle of the fallen and ascended one 
rest ?" First, and above all, it must rest upon a man of like 
evangelical faith and spirit. That was the essential, the funda- 
mental idea upon which the institution was established. The 
stream was pure in its origin, and it must flow on, clear and 
pure to its end. And hence as it was when the God of Israel spake 
unto Joshua, full of the spirit and of wisdom, and upon whom 
his departed predecessor laid his hand, and as it was when God 
transported the Prophet from earth to heaven, and when his 
spirit with his mantle fell upon another, so still, faith said, that 
providential hand which so mysteriously relinquished its hold 
and permitted him to fall, that hand which guides the illimita- 
ble world and rules the nations, in its care for Zion, that hand 
will again provide. And doubt and fear gave way to faith and 
hope, and a successor was found and was promptly chosen. Anfl 
a successor also upon whom the departed predecessor, at an in- 
terview years previous, enjoined the solemn pledge that in view 
of the then already apparent reaction in the church, he would 
be faithful and fearless in the proclamation of evangelical truth 
and religion. And in view of the fact, also, that nothing but 
the greatest watchfulness of spirit and the utmost decision of 
character would be proof against the delusions which were com- 
ing upon the church. He was also at the same time impressed 
with the feeling that many of the brethren who had before been 
warmly in favor of the doctrinal views of the American Luth- 



eran church, and of revivals of religion, were in some measure 
losing their interest in them. He also alluded to the numerous 
evidences which he possessed, that the revivals of religion which 
our churches connected with the General Synod had enjoyed for 
the last twenty live year^, was a real work of God. 

Such langurge is expressive of the character of the first Presi- 
dent of Wittenberg College. 



THE SECOND PRESIDENT 

OF 

WITTENBERG COLLEGE. 



The Rev. Samuel Sprecher, the second President of Wit- 
tenberg College, was, at the time of his election, pastor of the 
First English Lutheran Church of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 
He was publicly inducted into the chair of christian theology in 
the Seminary, and President of the institution on the 14th of 
August, 1849. The subject of his inaugural, being : "Wha 
Wittenberg College should be and do in her Theological Rela- 
tions." And under the masterly leadership, morally and intel- 
lectually, of her second president, and in harmony with the 
spirit of her constitution, all such measures as are promotive of 
experimental piety and christian intelligence have been steadily 
maintained in the institution. As the reformation was a revival 
of the divine old truths of the gospel of Christ, the ever-living 
doctrine of the New Testament Scriptures for the salvation of 
men, so has Wittenberg College, under the administration of 
her second president, carried forward in this land the fruits of 
the victories of the reformation. The light which shone from 
that banner of truth lifted up by Luther in the Wittenberg of 
Europe, has had its lustre brightened by Dr. Sprecher, the 
teacher of the Wittenberg of America, and without fear of 
successful contradiction, we hesitate not to declare that the 
''General Synod Lutheranism" of the 19th Century is more fully 
in accordwith the teaching of the sacred scriptures than was 
the Lutheranism of the 16th Century. 

The labors of Dr. Sprecher have been prolonged and arduous 
in the institution, and during the term of his presidency, the 
congregations in connection with the institution have increased 
ten fold in membership, and more than twelve fold in churches 
or houses of worship. Twenty-four classes were graduated 
from the college, aggregating two hundred and sixteen mem- 
bers during the presidency of Dr. Sprecher ; and also during the 
same period there were sent into the churches from the Theo- 
logical department of the College, one hundred and forty-one 
ministers, making, from both departments of the institution, 
three hundred and fifty-seven. These have entered all the 
learned professions of the day, and are engaged in fields of labor 
extending through all the states of the union. Some are occu- 
pying professors chairs in Colleges and Theological Institutions. 
Thirty-four have entered the legal profession, and a still larger 
number have become Principals and Superintendents in our 
Acidemies and Public Schools, while not less than four hundred 
have been engaged in teaching. 

From its earliest history, the prevailing political sentiment at 
Wittenberg College has been anti-slavery. And in the country's 
peril during the recent conflict, she had honorable representa - 



lives in the army and in the navy, and her young men in credi- 
table numbers entered the ranks and battled nobly for the 
perpetuity of free government. They have not only been 
studious, but patriotic as well. 

Dr. Sprecher resigned the presidency of the College on the 10th 
day of June, 1874, after a quarter of a century of most faithful 
and successful labor, both in relation to the institution and in 
its influence upon the churches connected with it. From his 
superior scholarship and his large experience as a teacher, ex- 
tending through a period of twenty-flve years, from his kind- 
ness of heart and gentleness of manner in the government of the 
institution, he resigned its presidency having the high 
esteejn of every member of the Faculty and Board of Trus- 
tees ; and with praise in all the churches ; and wherever there is 
found a student of Wittenberg, there also will you find a warm 
friend and ardent admirer of his former preceptor. Dr. Sprecher 
is devoting his time chiefly to the Theological department of 
the institution, still, however, retaining his classes in the de- 
partment of Mental Philosophy, in the College. His resigna- 
tion was received in the month of June, 1874, at a regular 
meeting of the Board of Trustees, at which time also, the Rev. 
J. B. Hblwig, then pastor of the First English Lutheran Church 
of Dayton, Ohio, and a member of the class of 1861, was chosen 
to the Presidency of the College. 

Thus far the incoming President has been encouraged with a 
large attendance of students; with the commendable progress 
they are making in their studies, and with the general prosperity 
of the internal affairs of the institution. From the efficiency of 
the members of the Faculty in the Preparatory, Collegiate, and 
Theological departments of the institution, with whom it is his 
privilege to be associated, the third President of Wittenberg 
College has much from which to derive encouragement in the 
discharge of the onerous and the responsible duties connected 
with the Presidency of a literary institution. 

THE FIELD OF WITTENBERG COLL.EGE AND THK FUTURE. 

The two great States of Ohio and Indiana constitute the 
special field in the branch of the Lutheran Church from which 
Wittenberg College draws its supplies of means and .students. 
And with the blessing of Almighty God, in the future, as in the 
past, and with faithfulness to the true interests of the cause of 
education and the christian religion on the part of the Faculty 
of the College and the ministry of our churches, our institution 



of learning may be said to enter upon the new era in the history 
of our country with flattering pi'ospects for the steady develop 
inent of its f^icilities, in harmony with the material prosperity of 
the nation, and commensurate with the highest educational 
demands of the coming century. 

Upon a basis of an evangelical christian faith, and the love 
and fellowship of all true believers, as tauglit in the word of 
God, and as generally maintained by the christian church, Wit- 
tenberg College has been established. And as in the past, so 
also will it be the hope and purpose of her friends in the future, 
that the educational institution of which they have the entire 
control, shall, if possible, stall more efficiently contribute to the 
perpetuity of the same christian faith and to tlie same fraternal 
spirit. 

REV. J. B. HELWIG, 
President Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio. 



mSTOI^IC^L SiCETCH 



WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY, 

BY DANIEL A. PAYNE, President. 



WILBERFORCE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE M. E. CHURCH. 

It was in one of the darkest jicviods of the nation's his- 
tory, when the (Uncinnati Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, moved l>y tlie inspiration of C'hristian 
|>hilanthropy, appointed a committee of seven to consider 
and report a plan for the improvement of the intellectual 
and moral condition of the thirty thousand colored people 
of Ohio, and those of other free States, by furnishing them 
such facilities of education as had been generally beyond 
their reach. This period was that intervening the passage 
of the Fugitive Slave Bill and the breaking out of the civil 
war. The demon of slavery had reached the zenith of its 
power, and was pre])aring for its deadly struggle with the 
genius of liberty. "A Brief History of the Ent(»rprise " was 
written by one of its chief actors, and is too interesting and 
important a leaf in the history of our national i)rogress to 
be abridged. I therefore give it here, m-Jxifivi d iifrmfim. 
It is from the pen of Rev. John F. Wright, I). I). 

_" The mission of Methodism, like that of the Gospel, is to 
every human being. All classes have engaged her atten- 
tion, especially the poor ; and the colored peo])le of this and 
other lands have shared of her sympathy and hibors. In 
185?) some of th« ministers and members of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church saw and felt the necessity of a more lib- 
eral and concentrated etlort to inijtrove the (M»ndition and 



furnish the facilities of pducation to t lie tliiity thousand col- 
ored peopliMH Oliio a,nd those oi" other free Htates. At the 
session of tlie Cincinnati Conference, held at Hillslxiro, Sep- 
tember 28, 1S5)), on motion of Rev. ,\. Lowrey, it was ordered 
' that a committee of seven be appointed by the President 
to in([uire and report to the next CV^nference what can best 
be done to promote the welfare of tlie colored pef)ple among 
us.' Bislio]» .lanes a,p]»ointe(l the following that committee, 
namely : John F. Wright, Augustus Eddy, A. Ijowrey, G. 
Moody, .1. T. Mitchell, William I. Fee, and Charles Elliott. 

"A majority of the committee met on the call of the chair- 
man, at the Methodist Book Concern, on the 9th of August, 
1854, and, on a full and free discussion, adopted th(^ follow- 
ing brief outline of a plan which was judged best calculated 
to answer the end had in view, and which the chairman 
was requested to elaborate in a i'e])Oi"t to be presented to the 
Conference : 

" ' 1. Resolved, That it is of the greatest im])ortance, both 
to the colored and white races in the free States, that all the 
(X)lored )»eo]>le shoidd receive at least a. good common school 
education : and that for this pur)«»se well-(|ualitied teachers 
are indispensable. 

'' "2. That the religious instruction of the colored jieople 
is necessary to their elevation as well as their salvation. 

" ' o. That we recommend the establishment of a literary 
institution of a high order for the education of the colored 
people generally, and for the ])urpose of preparing teiichers 
of all grades to labor in the work of educating the colored 
people in our country and elsewhere. 

"'4. That we recommend that an attempt be made, on 
the ])art of the Methodist Episcoi)al Church, to co-operate 
with the African Methodist Episcopal ('hurch in promoting 
the intellectual and religious im])rovement of the colored 
people. 

" ' 5. That we recommend the apj)ointment of a general 
agent to carry out the objects proposed in the foregoing reso- 
lutions, and to labor otherwise for the im]irovement of the 
people f»f color. 



" • 6. Tluit we will furnish all the ('(Hiferences in the 
iree States of the West with a copy of oui- resolutions, and 
respectfully request them to co-operate with us. 

" ' 7. That the editor of the Western Christian Advocate 
be requested to i)ublish the foregoing resolutions, and call 
the attention of the Conferences invited to concur in them, 
in such remarks as he may deem proper. 

'•JOHN F. WRIUHT, C/uunmn. 
"'A. LOWKEY. Sfxrdarii'' 

Dr. C. Elliott accompanied the publication of these reso- 
lutions with an al^le editorial. 

The chairman of the committee was directed to commu- 
nicate this plan to the several Conferences in the West for 
their consideration and concurrence. This was done, and 
many of those Conferences took favorable action on it, 
which showed that they were not only ready to adopt the 
outline of this great movement, but to assist in carrying it 
out. 

The committee, as instructed, made a repoi-t to the Cin- 
cinnati Conference, held in the city, September 23, 1854. 

We have but little space, and can make but a short extract 
from this report. It says : " We give no counteiumce to any 
theory which goes tode})i'i vc the l)lack man of h is full share in 
our common humanity, but hail him as a man, a brother, in 
accordance with that grand affirmation of the Bible, which 
must forever settle the unity of the human I'ace ; that God 
■ hath made of one lilood all nations of men, foi' to dwell on 
the face of the earth." Heuc«% we (H)rdially concede our ob- 
ligation to do good to the colored race, according to our abil- 
ity and tlicir necessity. Here, then, is an extensive field 
open for benevolent cnterpi-ise, where- a part of the large 
donations of the rich and the smaller contributions of those 
of less ability luav advantageously mingle together, and 
where the pairiot. I be statesman, and the philanthropist of 
<'vei'y desci-ipt ion may unite in t be accoiu pi isliment of this 
nol)lc work.'' 



Several re.solutions were appended to the report. One 
recommended the establif^hment of a literary institution of 
a high order foi- the edii(;ation of the colored youth ; and 
one recommended the appointment of a general agent. The 
entire re])ort wa.^ adopted by the C-onference, and John F. 
Wright was appointed the agent. 

The general agent, although he had to serve a large dis- 
trict as presiding elder, labored quite extensively, by corres- 
pondence and othei'wise, in the work assigned him, bearing 
his own expenses. He succeeded in awakening a lively in- 
terest on the subject, and in attracting the attention and 
exciting the hopes of the colored people. 

At the session of the Cincinnati Conference, September 
28, 1855, the committee, consisting of Rev. C. W. Swain, A. 
Lowrey, and M. Dustin, to whom was referred the elevation 
of the colored people, reported the following resolutions, 
which were adopted by the Conference : 

^'Resolval, That we recommend the appointment of Rev. 
John F. Wright as general agent for this Conference, to take 
the incipient steps for a College for the colored people in 
this State. 

^^Resolvrd, That our delegates be, and are hereby instructed, 
to bring this subject before the next General Conference for 
their sanction and assistance. 

'"Re-'iolred^ That it be the duty of oui' general agent to ao- 
operate with tlie African Methodist Episcopal Churches in 
l)romoting SabV)ath schools and other educational interests 
of .the colored people." 

The Conference associated with their general agent C.W. 
Swain, \. [jowicy, .M . Dustiii. and M. French, to cari'v out 
the tii-st resolution, having reference to the (-ligiljle and 
valuable Xcnia Sjniiigs piopcrty, in (Jreene County, Ohio. 

The general agent and the committee associated with him 
held thcii' (irsi meeting at the Methodist i>ook Concern, 
Cincinnati, on the .".1st of ()el()her', 1855, all [O'esent excerpt 
Hev. C. W. Swain. .h)hn F. Wright was a.|>pointed Ciiaii"- 
nian. and M. I'^reneh. Seeretai'v. 



At this meeting the agent was authorized to commence 
negotiating with the owners for the purchase of the Xenia 
Springs property, that being preferred by the committee as 
the most eligible location for such an institution. The 
agent was also authorized to make an offer for the property, 
and solicit subscriptit)ns and donations for the object. 

The offer made by the agent in behalf of the committee 
was declined, but the negotiations were continued till the 
amount of difference between the parties was reduced to live 
hundred dollars. At this point Mrs. .Judge McLean exerted 
her kind influence in bringing about a contract for the 
purchase. 

An offer of Sl;),5()0 was made to one of the principal own- 
ers, who laid it before his partner in the East, and as no 
answer was returned to the Western owner for a longer time 
than was usual, he inferi'ed his friend approved of the sale, 
and closed the contract, agreeing to the payments proposed, 
and so informed his Eastern partner. 

The former letter had then been received, and he objected 
to the terms on whicb Mr. 1). had agreed to sell the prop- 
erty. He came out in person, and Messrs. Wright and 
French, after a long interview, received from him the most 
favorable terms on whicb lie would sell, as follows: One- 
fourth of $13,50() to be paid down, or a note given, includ- 
ing ten per cent, interest, at sixty days, with personal in- 
dorsers ; the balance in (me and two years ; notes to be given 
by the commissioners of the C-onference for the deferred pay- 
ments, with approved personal indorsers, and all secured by 
a mortgage on the property, six per cent, interest to be 
paid semi-annually — allowing us only ten days to consider 
and comply with the conditions. 

Messrs. Wrigbt and Frtmch soon obtained an interview 
with their associates ;i,t the (ient^ral Conference at Indian- 
apolis, and iii'U'r a delibera-te. consultation, they all, exce]>t 
Rev. ('. W. Svviiin, ugn-cd, in order to secure this valuable 
iim\ ill evfvv way suilidilc j>io|m riy lor this bcin-volrnt ob- 
ject, that they would sign notes for tlie ;Miioiint, .'ind do wlnit 
they could to pioenre indorsers. 



In tilt' meantime, this [)]iilanthr(»j)ie work liad been pre- 
sented to the General Conference, and referred to a conniiit- 
tee, consisting of Rev. Cyrus Brooks, Z. C'onnell, Moses Hill, 
H. E. Pilcher, M. Dustin, F. C. Holliday, and R. Boyd. On 
the 22d of May, I806, through their chairman, the commit- 
tee made their report. It commences with a history of the 
movement, and then describes the Xenia Springs property, 
including fifty-two acres of ground, with a large edifice, with 
numerous rooms, which are well adapted for the ])urpose of 
a boarding-house, school and class rooms, chapel, etc.; also 
several cottages, well ada])ted to the use of ]jrivate families. 
There are several mineral and other springs on the prem- 
ises, the whole having been fitted up for a fashionable water- 
ing place, at a cost of some S50,000. It is situated in Greene 
County, Ohio, very near a good turnpike road, about mid- 
way between Cincinnati and Columbus, and near the rail- 
way. It is easy of access, and yet retired, in a rural, beau- 
tiful and healthy region, and in nearly as mild a climate as 
can be obtained north of the Ohio river. 

The following resolutions, with the whole report, were 
adopted by the Conference with great unanimity, and with- 
out an expressed objection : 

"'Rei^olred., That, in the judgment of this General Confer- 
ence, the religious education of the ))eople of color in our 
land, will tend most efiectiuilly and speedily, under God, to 
their elevation in this country, and to prepare the way for 
the restoration of the l)enighted millions of down-trodden 
Africa t<» nil the Itlessings of ci viliz;ition. science and re- 
ligion. 

''J?^'.so/(vy/, That wc look u|Kni tlie pi'(»poscd plan for the 
education of the colored youth of our land as of God, and as 
l)romising great good to the people of coloi- among us, and 
untold l)lessings to the land of their aiicestoi's; and we do 
most earnestly recunnmend this nol)lc work to the sympathy, 
the )>rayers, and the generous benel'act ions of all who de- 
sire the elevation of the entire I'ainily of man. 

"/?^^so/vvy/, Tliat we bes]»eak for the agents of this enter- 
prise a, cordial reception on the part of all Christians and 



|>hilantliV(>|>ists. linpin^ tli:it flicy iiuiy l»c succcssruK not 
only in awakening sympathy and in enlisting ])ray(*i's, V)ut 
also in gathering funds to piiy tV)r the })r(»))erty j)nrehased, 
and to aftbrd ;i liheral cndowincnt oi' llic Institution, so as 
to place it on an e(|ual footing with the Ix'st institutions of 
learning in our country."" 

Messrs. Wright and French with great pleasure, heard 
of the favorahle action of the General Conference, and a])- 
plied themselves Avith increased exertions tocomply with the 
conditions made by Mr. B., the hardest of which seemed to be 
to procure men from pure philanthropy to indorse their 
notes. Yet they found business men who determined to 
take the risk for the sake of advaneing the intellectual and 
moral improvement of the most neglected and needy por- 
tion of our po|)ulation. It was known that another ])artv 
stood ready to close the contract with the owners if they 
failed, offering $1,500 more. They had till Saturday, the 
24th of May, to meet the conditions, and by diligent and 
continued efforts the last indorser was obtained, half an 
hour, before midnight, at which the time allowed expired. 
As they are deemed worthy of im])erishable honor, we render 
the small tribute of here recording their names, with a clear 
conviction that their reeord is on high, and a strong ho})e 
that they will have a brighter and more enduring reward 
in the decisions of the great day. 

The names are: W'ni. Wood, Alexander Webb, John Du- 
bois, Morris S. Ho])per. The general agent advanced $875, 
and for the l>alan<u' of the cash payment, So.fHJO, a note 
was given at sixty days, in(l(»rsed by William Wood, -lohn 
Elstner, and W. B. Smith i\: Co. — names never to l)e forgotten. 

This enterprise was (ionniienced by faith in that God who 
hath respeet unto the lowly, and who ctan control the hearts 
of all men, an<l its friends have cause to tlnink (tocI and 
take courage. 

Immediately after the pui'chase, the general agent enter- 
ed upon his work of sol icing funds to meet the note of $8,000 
due in sixty days. He collected some in the West, and go- 
ing to the East he had some success in New York, Boston, 



ProviHeiicc, Woonsocket, New Bcdiord, iind othei' phiccs ii) 
N<nv Enpfl.i.nd ;i.iul New York ; and itoufjjlit to be said, to the 
honor of" Dr. W. (i. r^alnier, that a IV-av days before tlie note 
matured he loaned the a^>'nt, oji his individual note, St, 000, 
by which, witli other funds, tiu' note was ))aid. 

On the oOth (lay of August, 1856, aiii)lication was made, 
in due form, to the authorities of (Ireene (county, and State 
of Ohio, for the lienetit of the general law of the State, ])ass- 
ed April 9, 1852 ; and every requisition of the law being eom- 
plied with, the instituticm was organized and constituted a 
body corporate, under the name of " The Wilbei-force Uni- 
versity.'" The corporators adopted articles of association 
and elected a Board of twenty-three Trustees. Some changes 
have taken place in the Board since its first organization ; 
the present catalogue, however, will show the names of the 
members of the Board as it now exists. At the first meet- 
ing .b>hn F. Wright was elected President of the Board, and 
M. French, Secretary ; and Rev. Professor F. Merrick was 
elected President of the University. There was, however, 
no demand at that time for his services at the Instituition, 
and the school was supplied with teachers for the time be- 
ing, as they were needed. 

Professor James K. Parker served as Principal from Feb- 
ruary, 1857, to July, 1858, and then retired with the com- 
mendation of the Board. Professor Merrick having declin- 
ed serving, on the 80th of June, 1858. Rev. Richard S. Rust, 
a distinguished member of the New Hampshire (Conference, 
was unanimously elected President of the Institution. 
When officially notified of his election, after finding he 
could be released from an important pastoral charge, he 
signified his willingness to accept the appointment, ap.d at 
the commencement of the fall term he entered upon his 
work. He has shown himself well (pialified, and has been 
eminently successful in his position. The number of stu- 
dents has varied from seventy to one hundred. Many of 
them are very promising, and some have made remarkable 
proficiency in tlieii" studies. Every year the school has 
been visited with a iii-acioiis j'cvix'al t>f I'elitiion, and manv 



of the ])ii]!>ils have hecii iikhIi' tlic liap^iy sul)jects of a \v(»rk 
of grace which is deemed all-iini)()rtant to their usefulness 
in life. This henevolent scheme is based on the snp})Osi- 
tion that the colored man nnist, for the most ])art, be the 
educator and elevator of his own race in this and other 
lands. Hence, a leading object of the Institution is to edu- 
cate and thoroughly train many of them for professional 
teachers, or for any other ]iosition or pursuit in life to 
which God, in His providence, c»r by his Spirit, may call 
them. It has also been a cherished idea with the founders 
of the Institution that a Theological Department should 
be organized at the earliest ])eriod possible, in which young 
men called of God to preach " the unsearchable riches of 
Christ" might receive that aid so essential to prepare them 
for this great work. We ar(^ hai)py to learn that several 
young men have already entered this department, who give 
promise of great usefulness to the Church and the world. 
Our enterprise has enlisted the hearts and received the fa- 
vor of some distinguished statesmen and other citizens of 
our common country, and is designed to unite and engage 
the efforts of all Christians and philanthropists. Several 
of the leading denominations of Christians are represented 
in the Board of Trustees. We have good reasons to believe 
this work is of God, that His hand is in it, and His bless- 
ing will be upon it, and, therefore, we hope for good 
success." 

IMMEDIATE RESULTS. 

The catalogue of 1859-60 shows a roll of 207 students, the 
majority of whom were the natural children of Southern 
and Southwestern planters. These came from the plantation 
with nothing mentally but the ignorance, superstition, and 
vices which slavery engenders ; but departed with so much 
intellectual and moral culture as to be qualified to be teach- 
ers in several of the Western States, and, immediately after 
the overthrow of slavery, entered their native regions as 
teachers of the freedmen. 

A large number were gathered from the free States, and 
others from some of the most respectable families in Penn- 



sylvaniii, Oliio, Illiiiuis, and ('aliloniia. Tlicsc derived the 
greater benefit from the instrnotion given at Wilberforce, 
and were jire])a,red for a higlier sjdiere of usefulness. Dr. 
Rust had also formed a class in the Classics and Mathematics; 
another in French ; and a third had commenced theological 
studies, of whom were six young men, who have since dis- 
tinguished themselves in the )»astora] and other fields of 
usefulness, covering politics, the military service of the 
United States, and the publishing de])artment of the African 

M. E. Church. One of these ran a short but glorious career 
as a pastor, and is gone to enjoy the " Saints' everlasting 

rest." 

WILBERFORCE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE A. M. E. CHURCH. 

On the tenth of March, 1863, between 9 and 10 o'clock P. 
M., one of the Bishops of the A. M. E. Church agreed 
with the original Trustees* of Wilberforce University to 
purchase the property for the A. M. E. Church, to be used as 
an institution of education for the colored race ; which was, 
at the time, excluded from all the schools of higher educa- 
cation, excepting two or three, of which Oberlin was chief. 
Their admission into others, if admitted at all, was on 
such conditions as few persons of color would accept. This 
Bishop associated with himself Rev. James A. Shorter and 
Mr. John G. Mitchell, who was at that time Principal of a 
graded school in the city of Cincinnati. These three persons 
applied for, and obtained a new charter for Wilberforce, in 
the name of the A. M. E. Church, according to the general 
law of Ohio. 

Under this charter they organized a new Board of Trus- 
tess, and the school was reopened on the third day of July, 
1863, by Professor John G. Mitchell. Only six children 
were present. They were put upon the study of elementary 
English. 

During the first ten months, the school gradually increased 
in members and progressed in knowledge. 



■• The original Trustees consisted of twenty-four persons, four of 
?lioni were colored. 



Professor Mitchell was aided by his wile, Mrs. Fannie A. 
Mitchell. 

At the opening of the spring of 1864, the increasing num- 
bers demanded another teacher, and Miss Esther T. Maltbv, 
of Oberlin, then a teacher in the schools of the American 
Missionary Society, at Portsmouth, Va., was secured as 
Lady Principal and Matron. 

She reached Wilberforce with a Greek testament in her 
hand. It was her traveling companion all along the jour- 
ney from Portsmouth to Xenia. 

This circumstance I am particular to mention, because 
the fact furnished us with a key to her character, as it 
seemed to have colored her whole life ever since. She was 
an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, a good mathemati- 
cian, and has no superior, that I ever saw, as a disciplina- 
rian. Zealous for the moral purity of the children and youths 
committed to her care, she labored da}^ and night to in- 
duce them to be Christians as well as scholars. 

The ordinary religious services of the Institution were 
not sufficient for her ; she, therefore, held an extra prayer- 
meeting every morning, from eight to half past eight 
o'clock, in which she read the Holy Scriptures, exhorted, 
sang, and prayed with those who were willing to attend her 
meetings, and succeeded in leading many from their vices, 
to live an upright life; among whom was a very playful 
and mischievous lad, by the name of Thomas H. Jackson, 
who united with the College church, graduated from the 
Theological Department of the University, .filled the chair 
of Ecclesiastical Histoi-y, Pastoral Theology, and Homilet- 
ics foi- two years at Wilberforce; served in the pastorate of 
a large church at Columbia, South Carolina, for three years, 
and at the last annual meeting of the Trustees was re-elect- 
ed to fill the same chair. 

THE CATASTROPHE OF 1865. 

* 

Professor Mitchell had been constrained, by the wants of 
the school, to go Out as a financial agent. TIk^ management 
of the school was left solely to MissMaltby, and, und(M(iod, 
it was increasing in numbers and po])ularity. 



The progress of the students was commendable, and class- 
es were formed in Greek, Latin, and the lower Mathematics. 
Everything indicated a prosperous future, when suddenly 
the buildings were set on fire by incendiaries. Within 
half an hour, the beautiful edifice was nothing but smolder- 
ing embers. The catastrophe fell upon us like a clap of 
thunder in a clear sky. 

It was a time of lamentation for our friends, and rejoicing 
for our enemies. Said one of the latter, " Now their build- 
ings are burned, there is no hope for them. " Another said, 
" I wish lightning from heaven would burn down Wilber- 
force. " This one supposed his impious prayer was more 
than answered. 

But we believed and said, " Out of the ashes of the beau- 
tiful frame building, a nobler one shall rise. " Mr. Mitch- 
ell had gone to Xenia, with almost all the students, to wit- 
ness the celebration of the fall of Richmond. 

Two obstreperous female students were detained on the 
grounds by way of. punishment for acts of disobedience. I 
was attending Conference at Baltimore, and Miss Maltby 
was left alone. No, she was not alone. As God was with 
Daniel in the lion's den, and with his three brethren in the 
fiery furnace, so was He with her in the trouble at Wilber- 
force. Without filtering, one of the cottages was converted 
into a school room, and the scholars taught therein, till the 
last of June, which terminated the academic year; after 
which, all the students from abroad went home. 

The majority of the advanced students never returned, 
but went to other institutions. Those who preferred Wilber- 
force, came back the next autumn. Meanwhile, we began 
to mature our plans for re})uilding. The result is before 
the country. The edifice will be finished and dedicated 
next sunmier, and will be a larger, finer, and nobler edifice 
than the former. As respects the school, it passed through 
severe trials. 

Miss Midt))y"s nervous system was so afi'ected by the 
(catastrophe, ilia.t foi' twelve months she was unfit for labor, 
and nevei- rctuined. She is now a missionary in Asia Mi- 



nor, in the service of the A. B. C. F. M. Professor Mitchell 
was compelled to be in the field, soliciting funds to aid us in 
rebuilding, and, therefore, for a season, the management of 
the school fell upon our most advanced student, Mr. J. P. 
Shorter, who acted his part nobly, until we were able to 
secure the services of competent Professors, who were soon 
found in the persons of Professor Theodore E. Suliot, Pro- 
fessor William Kent, and Miss Sarah J. Woodson. 

OPENING OF THE DEPARTMENTS. 

The Theological and Classical were opened in the au- 
tumn of 1866; the Scientific in 1857; the Normal in 1872. 

Graduates have gone forth from all these Departments, 
except the Law, and only three from that have been put 
upon the study of Law. 

GRADUATES FROM THE THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Rev. John F. Janifer, B. D 1870 

Rev. Thomas H. Jackson, B. D 1870 

Rev. Isaiah H. Welch, B. D 1870 

Rev. Benjamin F. Lee, B. D 1872 

Rev. George T. Robinson, B. D 1872 

Rev. Charles Edward Herbert, B. D 1872 

Rev. John W. Beckett, B. D 1872 

Rev. Henry A. Knight, B. D 1875 

Rev. John Coleman, B. D 1875 

Rev. John G. Yeiser, B. D 1876 

Rev. George C. Whitfield, B. D 1876 

FROM THE CLASSICAL. 

Mr. Joseph P. Shorter, A. B 1871 

Mr. Samuel T. Mitchell, A. B 1873 

Mr. Alexander Dumas Delany, A. B 1873 

Miss Mary E. Davis, A. B 1874 

Miss Julia A. Shorter, A. B 1873 

Mr. Samuel R. Bailey, A. B 1874 

Mr. Andrew T. Bowles, A. B 1876 



FROM THE NORMAL. 

Miss Almira Copeland, B. E 1873 

Miss Virginia Copeland, B. E 1873 

Miss Maggie E. Crable, B. E 1873 

Miss Carrie L. Jenkens, B. E 1873 

Miss Ella J. Greene, B. E 1873 

Miss Elizabeth W. Baker, B. E 1876 

FROM THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. 

Miss Lottie P. Harris, B. 8 1872 

Miss Hallie Q. Brown, B. S 1873 

Miss Mary E. Ashe, B. S 1873 

Miss Caroline Z. Jenkins, B. S 1875 

Miss Zelia R. Ball, B. S 1875 



SUCCESSION OF PRINCIPALS, PROFESSORS AND TEACHERS UNDER 

THE AUSPICES OF THE CINCINNATI CONFERENCE OF 

THE METHODIST E. CHURCH. 

I. 

Rev. M. P. Gaddis, Principal ; Mrs. M. P. Gaddis, As- 
sistant, about six months. 

II. 
Professor James K. Parker, Principal; Mrs. James K. 
Parker, Matron; Miss Maggie Baker, Teacher of Music; 
Miss Mary J. Allen, Teacher of English, about two years. 

. III. 

Rev. Richard S. Rust, D. D., President ( Wesleyan Uni- 
versity), Professor of Theology and Mental Science ; George 
W. Mendell, A. M., (Wesleyan University^, Professor of 
Languages and Natural Sciences ; Mary J. Allen (Wes- 
leyan Academy), Preceptress, Teacher of French and Math- 
ematics ; Sarah J. Woodson (Oberlin), Teacher of English 
Department ; Adelaide Warren (Oberlin), Teacher of In- 
strumental and Vocal Music. 

Professoi- Wendell was siicceiMled \>y Profes.sor Pliny S. 
Boyd, A. B., Oberlin. Miss Warren was succeeded by Miss 



Biffington, New York; and Miss Allen was succeeded Uy 
Miss Isabella Oakley. 

SITCCESSTON UNnEK THE AUSPICES OF THE A. M. E. CHTTRCH, 

FROM 1863-65. 

Right Rev. D. A. Payne, D. D., President (Gettysburg Theo- 
logical Seminary), Professor of Christian Theology, Mental 
Science, and Church Government. 

John G. Mitchell, A. M., (Oberlin), Professor of Greek, 
Latin and Mathematics. 

Miss Esther T. Maltby, A. B., (Oberlin), Lady Principal, 
Matron and Secretary of Faculty. 

Mrs. Fannie A. Mitchell (Oberlin), Assistant Teacher 
and Head of Intermediate Department. 

FROM 1866 TO 1868. 

Right Rev. D. A. Payne, D. D., President (Gettysburg 
Theological Seminary). 

Professsor John G. Mitchell, A. M., (Oberlin). 

Rev. William Kent, M. D., (England), Professor of 
Natural Science. 

Theodore E. Suloit, A. M. (Edinburgh, Scotland), Profes- 
sor of Latin and French Literati'ire, and Adjunct Professor 
of Mathematics. 

Miss Sarah J. Woodson, Oberlin, Preceptress of English 
and Latin, and Lady Principal and Matron. 

Miss Woodson was succeeded by Miss Josephine Jackson, 
B. S., Adrian, Michigan. 

FROM 1868 TO 1869. 

This year finds Bishop Payne still acting as President, 
but not as a Professor, the Theological Department being 
managed wholly by Rev. Henry C. Fry, A. M., Oberlin. 

Professor John Smith, Oberlin, succeeded Professor Mitch- 
ell, and Mrs. Messenger succeeded Miss Josephine Jackson. 

Rev. Thomas H. Jackson, B. D., Wilberforce University, 
Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Homiletics and Pastoral 
Theology. 



William B. Adams, Amherst, A. M., I'rol'cssor of'CJreek and 
Natural Science. 

Right Rev. R. G. Mortimer, Professor of Latin, Greek, 
Exegesis, and Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. 

Dr. Wilson, Teacher of the Hebrew Language and He- 
brew Exegesis. 

Roswell Howard, A. M. B. L., Professor of T^aw. 

Honorable .John Little, Professor of Law. 

Mrs. Alice M. Adams, Holyoke, Lady Principal, Matron 
and teacher of English; who was succeeded by Miss Emma 
L. Parker ; who was succeeded by Miss Leonore Congdon. 
Miss Parker was of the Wesleyan Female Seminary, Ox- 
ford, Ohio; Miss Congdon of Oberlin. 

FROM 1870 TO 1876. 

Bishop Payne is still the President. Professor Jackson 
was succeeded by Rev. B. F. Lee, Wilberforce University. 

Benjamin H. Sampson, A. M., Oberlin, succeeded Profes- 
sor Mortimer as Professor of Latin, Greek and Mathematics, 
and Secretary of the Faculty. 

Rev. Benjamin F. Lee is in turn succeeded by Professor 
Thomas H. Jackson, and Professor Sampson's chair is now- 
filled by Professor Joseph P. Shorter, the first graduate 
from our Classical Department ; at the same time Miss Mc- 
Bride is succeeded by Miss Ella J. Greene, in all things ex- 
cepting the Languages. 

OUR METHODS 

in the Classical and Mathematical Department, are the 
same as generally obtain in American colleges. 

In the Normal, we have the methods of Oswego. In the 
practicing schools of the Normal Department there is noth- 
ing peculiar but our manner of teaching Orthography and 
Orthoepy ; here we employ analysis , that is to say, imme- 
diately after a pupil has spelled a word, he is required to 
tell how many letters, how many vowels, and how many 
consonants it contains, then to give the quality and quan- 
tity of every vowel, and to distinguish the characteristics 
of the sub-vocals, and the aspirates. 



\\ (' ilcciti \\\\> tlir licst iiiflhiiil (if tc;icliin;i the ;ir1 ot' 
s|i('lliiiL;'; Ix'causc it is the most t iioi'oiioli ; ;i,n(,l also because, 
when the |>rJiiei])Ie is coiit inuall y'applied, and the haV)it is 
formed, in subsequent life tlii' iiidivichial will be satisfied 
with nothing short of a tlioroiioli knowledo(' of (ini/ ol>jr'H 
which he may undertake to scrutinize ,■ or (im/ xiihjrcl /ir mai/ 
hfci'iii 1(1 iiiiy'sf/(/ah . 

In our 'riieolo<ii(;al Department, we employ liotli tlie in- 
ductive and deductive metluxls. allowing the largest lil)erty 
of investigarion and of expression ; exce])ting that which 
borders upon impiety and blasphemy. 

Ot'H AIM 

is to make (christian scholars, not mere book-worms, but 
workers, edufxited (rorkerx witli(io(l for man — to effect which 
we employ not the Classics and Mathematics only, but 
Science and Philoso])hy also, the former for their discrim- 
inating, polishing and cultivating influences, the latter for 
the fjuickness and exactness which they impart to the cog- 
nitive faculty, and the seed thoughts which they never fail 
to sow in the mind. And yet we hold, that the Classics 
and Mathematics, as Science and Philosophy, can and 
must be consecrated to human well-being l)y tlu^ te;icliings, 
the sentiments, aud the s])irit of .lesns. 

OITR SOClAf. SFRRorNDTNOS. 

We are in the midst of a farming region, innnediately 
encircled by ten families, who are also educating their chil- 
dren in our school ; two of them were formerly students, 
who, since they left us, have been married, and are now in 
their turn educating their children in their own Alma Ma- 
ter. The influence of the College U})on these children is 
manifest ; not only in their manners, but also in their tal- 
ents, for, of 12H to loo students who have annually filled 
our lialls during the last four years, none surpass then) in 
mental powers; very few equal them in capacity or al)ility. 



■I'HK (UfolNDS. 

The real estate of Wilberfovce contains oH ncres of land, 
finely timbered, and abundantly watered witb mineral 
springs. Tbe campus eml)ra.ces alxtui ten ;icvcs: o in fnmt 
and o in tbe rear. It is traversed l)y a ravine, wbieb at 
certain points becomes so deep as to ecli]»se tbe a,])ex 
of the eupalo, 92 feet higb. Its mean<lerinos are east, 
southeast by north, iiankino- aiid moulding the i-car of tbe 
camims into graceful curves and sloi)es, producing the form 
of a minature table-land, shar])ly defined and beautiful. 
The front is level, with a slight indenture running south- 
ward. It is shaded by forest trees and a few evergreens. 

OUK PROPERTY 

consists of tifty-two acres of undulating- land, which was 
heavily timbered when we bought it, in 18H3. It is tra- 
versed by a dee]) ravine, through which a murmuring stream- 
let meanders winter and summer. At the time of its pur- 
chase, there were live mineral springs running out of the 
sides of this ravine, which are at present reduced to three, 
caused by the diminution of the timber, which has been 
cut down for fuel and othei' purposes. On these fifty-two 
acres we have ten buildings, exclusive of a barn and stable. 
Nine of these buildings are cottages, erected within the 
cam.pus. They are inhaV)ited chiefly liy students and fami- 
lies, who came t<» educate their children undiM' college re- 
strictions and influences. 

The main edifice is built in the center of the ca,ni])us. 
The foundations are of solid lime-stone. The superstructure 
is of red l)rick, three stories above the basement, and is 
44 by IHO feet. It end)races a centei' and two wings, the 
center is 40 by ;'>2, the wings are 40 l)y HO. This building 
contains eight recitation and one lecture rooms, one art and 
one music room, one library, and a large hall, to be fitted 
up for a museum. It has also five dormitories, with forty 
bed rooms, and sleeping accommodations for eighty ])ersons. 
The basement contains fifteen rooms, which embrace tlie 
kitchen, pantry, store i-oonis, dining hall, laundry and 



sleeping apartnients for all connected with the culinar}' 
and laundry work. When the dormitories and cottages are 
filled, students often find conifortahle accommodations in 
this commodious bas<'nient. 

on; LIIJKAKV ANJ) MUSEUM. 

The library contains aljout o,()00 bound volumes and o(H) 
{)ann)hlets. The most of them are useful. Among these 
are few books of icference. Wc have none that can be con- 
sidered as rare. Our museum is so small that we call it 
nothing more than the neuclus of a future one. 

OKATEFUL RECOLLECTIONS OE BENEVOLENCE. 

Before concluding thit> historical sketch, it seems projjcr 
to make a grateful record of those who generously aided us, 
when we most needed theii' assistance to make our very ex- 
istence an un(juestionable fact, for at that time some of our 
own short-sighted ite()])le, for whose s])ecial benefit we have 
always planned and executed, had formally denied it. 

In March, INHo. our tViends of the Cincinnati Conference 
of the Methodist Einsco])al Church sold us the ]>roperty 
for its indebtedness, which was SIO.OOO. a,nd that, too, at the 
time when the agent of the State of Ohio stood anxious to 
buy it at a much lai'gcr |)riccfor an asyluuLand from others 
they ctaild have obtained tVoni one to two-thii'ds more than 
we were able to give. Their liberality placed a valuable 
seat of learning, with at least .1f!l,(H)0 Avorth of furniture, 
within our reach, and therefore we ought to be grateful. 

In 1.S(I7-')<S. the Society for the Fi-omotion of Collegiate 
and Theological Education at the West aided us in the sum 
of $1,SOO. Let it be i-emenibere(| that we wei'e Iturnt out in 
the spring of lS(>a. In 1S(;7 wc had ei'ected the western 
vying of our edifice; l)ut its walls were not onlv unpictured 
and its fioors un<-at])et<'(l. they were ii ir/jhix/nrd aiid roi^ili ; 
iiJI <(riniii<l /'•^• /trisi ii/cfl (III II III II I'll I nil nsinrl. 

.\1 my earnest invitation, the good Secretarw |)r. 'I'heron 
Haldvvin, came — he saw the 'appalling obstaxdes" which we 
had to face and ovei'come. H is soul was stirred to its de]»ths. 



and his eloquent plea in our behalf induced the Society to 
vote us $l,8t)0 for the year 1867. In 1868-69 they again 
voted U8 $1,800. Although the funds of the society did not 
enable them to make good the whole of this last vote, what 
we did receive was of signal benefit, and Ave are therefore 
thankful. 

The American Tnitariau Association aided us from 1868 
to 1875, at an average of i^oOO per annum. The first twelve 
months of that time they gave us $800, in all about $4,000. 
We have received from them, for purely educational pur- 
poses, in the form of lectures on different branches of natural 
science, including experimental physics, also lectures on 
literature and philosophy. The lectures on literature were 
both Biblical and secular. They were delivered by the 
.-scholarly Professors of Antioch, and have been very service- 
able to our graduates, not only in stimulating them to deej) 
research, but also in ]iolishing their style, for which we 
ought to be grateful. 

To construct our ucav editice. Rev. R. 8. Rust, J). D., and 
Rev. J. F. Wright, 1). D., each gave us $100. For our en- 
dowment fund, .John Pfatf. Es(|., of C-incinnati, and P. P. 
Mast, Esq., of Springfield, Oliio, each has subscribed $500. 
The latter is to jtay his sul)S(n-i])tion sometime in the com- 
ing summer. 

In 1868 that noble ])l)ilanthro])ist, Hon. (lerritt Smith, 
sent us $500 ; the same year the et|ually noble Chief .lustice 
('base induced an English gentleman to send us $H00; sub- 
sequently the Chief -lustice gave us $250. and in his last will 
bequeated us $l(),(i(l(t. In this last instance he magnified 
his greatness in making us, who are the })oorest of God's 
poor in the United States, the Hrst objec^t of his considerate 
benevolence. 

Now, and here, we i-ecord the facts that, in 186U, Ave I'e- 
ceived, tlu'ough (Tcneral Howai'd, from the Freedmen"s Bu- 
reau $8,0(M^, and in IHJO we received from the same Bureau, 
by special a,c1 of Congress, .1^'25,{)(K), for all of wliicli wcought 
to be gratcfui. Total from tlic Bureau, .i!;2.S,0(»(). All Ibis 
has been spenl in Vmilding. exce})t $;>,125, wliicli was paid 



to the agent as percentage. Concerning our 1)euefactors, 
whose earthly career haiS been finished, ire hoju they may 
" be rewarded at the resurrection of the just." Concerning 
those who are still living, ire pray that they and theirs may 
never lack a friend nor aid in the time of need or the day 
of adversity. 

COLLEGE SOCIETIES. 

The " Society of Inquiry on Missions " was organized by 
the President, for the purpose of collecting information con- 
cerning Christian Missions from all sources, foreign and 
domestic, and to cultivate the spirit of missions in the 
Theological students for whose special benefit the organiza- 
tion was brought into existence. Since then other persons 
have been admitted to membership, but the extension of 
this privilege to persons not members of the Theologi(;al 
Department has, in some respects, damaged the original 
character of the Society. 

The Soldalean Society was organized by the students, the 
present Professor Shorter, then a student, being their leader. 
It is a debating clul). Its design is mutual improvement 
in composition, dis])Utation and oi'atory. 

Outside of the Institution, but connected with it l)y l)onds 
of earnest friendship, is tbe " ( -ollege Aid Society," consist- 
ing cliietly of married ladies, and some of the oldest femah' 
students. Its aim is declared in its name. This Society 
came into existence through the wants of the College, and 
has rendered signal services to the University in times of 
embarrassment. 

•' Wilberforce I'nivei-sity Endowment Association,"" out- 
side of the Institution, consists cliiefiy of ministers and 
laymen of the Oliio, Pittsburgh and Kentucky Conferences, 
who are earnest workers in its behalf, and connected witli 
it bv a friendshi]! as sincere as it is earnest. //^ ohjcct is tin 
pernKiiienf eiidoiiuii/iif of PrufcsxorxJu jis mi'l srhohi I'sln iis. 

HoAiM)iN(; K.Acii.rriKs. 
Stu<lenls can boatd in families Tor .*2.<M1 ainl ^ji.oO |><-r 
week. 



A Boardinn- Clult. c.oiisistiiig of the students, including 
both sexes, is called ''The Mutual Relief Association." 
Board is furnished by this club for .Sl.oO per week. The 
ill ft id f km fee is So. 20, including the first week's board, so 
that the first month's board will cost a new member $7.50; 
after that, only $(100 pci- month. It was first managed i)y 
a Steward, a Secretary and a Treasure!-, elected from among 
themselves ; but at the end of every year they were in- 
volved in debts. At the end of three years, it was found 
that their management was ruinous; since then it has been 
gratuitously managed by one of our Professors, who has 
not only kei»t the Club out of del)t, l»ut has had a surplus 
for it at the end of the college year. They hire a cook, but 
take tui'n to wait upon themselves at table, and thereby 
reduce their expenses to the iiu'viiiiaiii. The young men do 
the heavier ])art of the work, the young women the lighter. 

SOURCES OF INCOME AM) PRESENT CONDITION. 

As respects endowment of Professoi'shi])s, we have none, 
As res})ects scholarships, we have an endowment of $2,300, 
which yields assistance to two students, giving each the 
sum of $70.50 annually. Ten thousand dollars of the Avery 
estate have been set ai)art for our benefit, and the interest, 
at a ])er cent., jtaid ovei' to us semi-annually. Our Church 
Treasury yields us an average of $l,tK)0 annually : tuition 
fees and rents, amounting to about $5,000 annually : bonds 
in the M^estci'n Cnion Telegraph Company, and the rail- 
road between Pittsburgh and Clev(^laud. be(|Uea.thed by the 
late Chief Justice Chase, amounting to SIO.O(X): but this is 
at ])resent not availal»le. Moi-ally and intellectually, T be- 
lieve we com])ai-e favorably with similai' institutions. We 
have a church within the University. l»y means of which 
the moral and religious character of the students are bene- 
ficially affc<'te(|. so that many who come to us uttcrh- care- 
less ol' their s|)iritiial w ell-hi'i ng. |e;i\c us as caTuest C'hris- 
tians. In this cliurch we liavealsoa weil-niaiia.ged Sunday 
sch(M)l. tauiiht 1)\- the Professors and advanced students. 



]n the .\(>i-iiial I >('|iMvl iiicnt ;irc. .1 iiniors 4 

♦ •■ Seniors 1 

" Classicjil ■■ S(»]»li()iii(>f('s 1 

•hiniors 1 

Seuioi's I 

" Tlieolotiical " Freshmen (> 

" " •' Sophomores 2 

" " '' Seniors 2 

" Theoli'al l)e|i'tm't. in ditierent stages ol' |)re])arat"n. 2(1 

■' Scientific Department, are Sophomores 2 

" " " Juniors 1 

■■ Training School, of diflt'erent grades -30 

'' Difterent stages of English studies 4() 

Total *127 

SVTMMARY OK BESITLTS FROM ISHo To 187<). 

Fully to appreciate the results of our eliorts, it h? necessary 
to remember, first, that the 10th of March, 1876, will he just 
thirteen years since we ]iurchased the real estate of Wilher- 
force Uni verity, at a cost of 010,000 : and the end of July, 
187<!, will he thirteen years from the day Avhen the school 
was opened. Secondly, that we had not a dollar when we 
made the hid for the property. Thiirlly, that Ave opened the 
school with hut six pupils in Primary Ehglish studies, 
having hut one teachei', and that we were hurnt out ahout 
two years after we made the purchase of the j^roperty. Oui' 
dormitories, recitation rooms, lihrary and chapel were all 
consumed, and oui' school almost hroken up. We had to 
begin anew. Xow we have so far com])leted our new build- 
ing that we shall lie al)le to dedicate it this sunimci'. The 
burnt edifice was uiade of wood, erecte(l on a sliglit hrick 
foundation : it was Ix-autiful, hut a light and airy thing. 
Our ]iresent edifice is of heavy brick, on massive stone 
foundation. The cost, when completed and furnished, will 
be about $45,000. Within thirteen years from the day we 
opened our Primary English school, we shall have gradu- 
ated thirteen young ladies and sixteen young men. 
Total, 29. 

*At present the total number is 138. 



All our li'i'jMlii.-itcs li;ivc ciiunu''"! ill tlic lnni<»r;il>lc ;iii(l 
useful cinplovnicnf of tlic pulpit, and tlic scIkioI nKun. 
Three have been electc<l to (ill Professorships in tlieii- (t\vn 
Alma Male i\ and one is Pi'incipal of fiiiieoln Institute, a 
High and Xornial Scliool of the State of Misioui'i for the sec- 
ondary education of colored youth. In addition to these, 
scores of under»iraduates have received a partial training 
within the ))ast twelve years, who are now eni])loyed or 
have been employed as teachei's and as ])reachers in the 
Western and Southern States, but chiefly in the latter. 

rONCERNrN(4 THE ELECTION OF TIM'STEES AND FAOITLTY. 

Inasmuch as Wilherforce is under denominational 
auspices, it was deemed prudent at the time of its organi- 
zation to have each Annual C-onference represented by two 
laymen and three clergymen; and, therefore, inasmuch as 
there are 23 Annual Conferences, there are also 115 denom- 
inational Trustees, and to these a,dd 9 honorary Trustees, 
and the six Bishops, who are ex ojprio trustees, and we have 
the enormous Board of loO; hut, j»ri(rf/c(Uh/, we have not more 
than 24, the largest number ever ])resent at an annual 
meeting. The lesson taught us at the end of twelve years 
is, that there is no need of having more than one clergy- 
man and one layman to re})resent an Annual Conference, 
who may have alternates ; these, with ten or twelve honor- 
ary members, and the ex officios, from whom a quorum can be 
convened within three hours' ride of the University, would 
be sufficient for all jDractical purposes. Our own experience 
and observation for 20 years furnish strong oljjections, also, 
to the annual election of the Faculty. The power and skill 
re(|uisite to the successful Avorkingof a collegiate institution 
are attained only by the long experience and observations 
of many years, and is too important and valuable to be set 
aside foi- the gratification of the ambitious antl arrogant, 
or the envious and malicious, as has sometimes been done, 
('ommon sense dictates the abolition of such a rule and the 
adoption of a better. 

We will now finish this historical sketch by remarking: 



The Charter of Wilberforce prohibits all distinctions 
l)ased on race or color. Like Christianit}', of which it is an 
ofi'spring, its advantages and facilities are free to all races. 
Though very ])oor, young and weak, all the leading denom- 
inations have been represented among its teachers and its 
Faculty as well as its Trustees. Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians and Quakers- 
even Roman Catholics^ have met here on common grounds. 

To any thinking mind, it may be clearly seen that if. 
without endowment and with very poor facilities, so much 
good has been accomplished as these juiges make evident, 
a thousand-fold more could be effected if amply endowed 
and ably officered. To this end, its real, intelligent and 
considerate friends should wisely plan and dilligently exe- 
cute. 

DANIEL A. PAYNE, 
Pr('<i,d('iif W'dhciiorcc riiirrrs/'fi/, (rreeae Cotriif}/, Ohio. 
FEBRrAKv 2Hth. 187(5. 



Practical Business College, 

COMMERCIAL BUILDING, 

Limestone St., Springfield, Clark County, CMo. 



J. W. VAN FICKLE, FrimwmL 



Establ i shnienf of the College. — The great necessit3^ 
for a first-class Practical Busineas College, on a permanent 
basis, at this important rail-way and manufacturing center, led 
to the establishment of this College March 27th, 1871, with 
every fiiciiity for imparting a thorough practical business edu- 
cation, under a new sj'stem oi instruction. 

The Com^nevcUil Course of Study embraces Book- 
keeping by Single and Double Entry, as applied to every 
department of Trade; namel}-, General Wholesale and Retail 
Merchandising; Changing Single to Double Entry; Farming; 
Administrators' Books; Partnership Business; Joint Stock 
Business, including Banking, Railroading, Steamboating, and 
Manufacturing; Commission Business, including Shipments, 
Consignments, Shipment, Merchandise, and Adventure Compa- 
nies; also Business Penmanship ; Short Methods of Commercial 
Calculations; Spelling, Punctuation, and the proper use of 
Capitals; Lectures on Commercial Law, Political Economy, and 
various other branches of Commercial Science; — in short, every 
feature and principal of Book-keeping is presented and applied, 
so tluit the Student may be well i)re|)ared to keep books in any 
blanch of business. 



The Course of Instruction is Practical, as well as 
Theoretical, and is arranged so as to lead the Student step b}' 
step, from the most simple entries to the more complex, with 
increasing interest, until the transactions assume the character 
of Actual Business, and when he has completed the cour^se, he 
has not only learned how business is done, but hoio to do it. 
The full privileges of this Institution are open to Ladies as well 
as Gentlemen, and to them is given the same Course of Instruc- 
tion, as to j'oung men. The demand for ladies for a large class 
of positions which they can fill quite as well as men, is daily 
increasing and it can not be long before Book keeping will be 
generally accepted as a proper sphere of woman's labor. 

Qnalifteations for Admission. — A good common 
English Education is all that is necessary, prc[)aratory to ad- 
mission in the Theoretical Department, though the more one is 
accustomed to study, and the farther he is advanced, particularly 
in mathematics, the more rapid and satisfactory will be his j»ro- 
gress, and the better accountant he will be, when he completes 
the course. Many students, however, do well, whose preliminary 
education has hardly embraced more than the fundamental rules 
of arithmetic, this being the most important ot ihe preparatory 
studies, and in addilion to reading and writing, the only one 
absolutely essential. The applicant should not be under 
eighteen years of age. 

Time of Commencing. — Students, (Ladies or Gentle- 
men,) can enter at an}^ time as shall best suit their convenience, 
as we keep open on all week days, with the exception of Nation- 
al holidays. Rooms open from 9 to Ikl A. M., and from 1 to 3 
P. M. Evening Sessions from 7 to 9 P. M., from October to 
April. Students can attend by the month, quarter, 3'ear or for 
the full course. 

■ Conditions of Dlemhership, — Students connecting 
themselves with the College are expected to be daily in their 
seats, during business hours, and quietly and industriously em- 
ployed in the regular work of the course of stud}' pursued in the 
Institution. Especially are they expected to attend all lectures. 
General good order it is understood will at all times be observed, 
not only in the College Rooms, bu^, in passing to and from them. 



The Time for the Full Course varies from six months 
to a year, according to the previous education and ability of the 
student, as well as to the amount of time devoted to study. 
There is no Commercial College in existence in which "young 
men can become thorough accountants in six to ten weeks," 
and those young men who are caught by such glittering ad- 
vertisements are alioays disappointed. If a student is well 
advanced in common studies, and ready in Arithmetical Calcu- 
lation, be can complete a course in six months, if not it will 
require longer time. But it should be distinctly under- 
stood that sin}' Commercial College offering to take students 
through a Complete Course in a short time is unworthy of 
patrotiage and should be avoided. Such int-titutions have 
brought unmeiilod rejiroach uj)on the instructors in nearly- all 
Business Colleges. 

TJie Theoretical DejMtrtment. — In this Department 
the Student acquires a thorough knowledge of the Theory of 
the Science of Accounts, before he is admitted to 

The JPracticfil Departntent, — In this department the 
Student enters into Actual Business. He is furnished with 
College Curiency, buys and sells Merchandise, Real Estate, 
Stocks, &c., making all necessary entries in his Books, and 
writing out the api)ropriatc Invoices, Notes, Drafts, Receipts, 
Acceptances, Bills of Lading, Business Letters, &c., and is re- 
quired to be exact and systematic in the management of his 
aff'airs; so that the student can step from the school-room to 
the counting-room, and keep books. 

How we Teach. — Students are instructed singly, and re- 
ceive attention Irom time to time, as circumstances require, and 
as difficulties arise, each student advancing in his work accord- 
ing to his capacity to comprehend and thoroughly master it. 
None are urged forward unduly in classes with others, nor are 
the}' kept back ; but each student receives individual instruction, 
and all are allowed and encouraged to progress as rapidly as they 
can and do their work well, for "What is worth doing at all, is 
worth doing well." 

Lect u res to Classes, — Besides the individual instruction 
which each student receives from time to time, all have likewise 



tho privilege of attending a, full course of lectures delivered by 
the Principal, and of being thoroughly drilled in classes, and of 
listening to demonstrations on the Blackboard; thus combining: 
the advantages of class drill and individual instruction. 

DipJofiias are awarded free of charge to students who 
complete the Full Course of Study and sustain a satisfactory 
examination. It must be distinctl}' understood that no Student, 
under any circumstances, will be graduated, unless he is 
thoroughly qualified to keep books, and is entitled to tho honors 
of graduation. The Standard of graduation is high^ so that 
none bui reliable and thorouglilj' competent Book-keei)ers re- 
ceive Diplomas, in which case thay are a good recommendation 
in securing 

Situations. — In no case will a promise be made to appli- 
cants to procure them situations, it being impossible to fulfill 
such engagements, as some colleges advertise to do. Yet every 
Student who is reliable and thoroughly qualified will be freel}- 
and cheerfully assisted by the Principal in obtaining a situation. 
There is no difficult}' in procuring a good situation, if the appli- 
cant is reliable. A largo proportion of the graduates have 
obtained permanent and responsible situations in the Banks and 
other Business Houses in this City. 

Locdtioii, — The College is located in the City of Springfield, 
Clark Count}', Ohio. It forraerl}' occupied Rooms in the Opera 
House, but on the first of January, 1876, it was removed to the 
New Commercial Building on Limestone Street, a few doors 
from the Post Ofnce, and within a few squares of tho Public 
Library, and many prominent business houses. 

Springfield is a point well known and easj' of access from any 
direction. Its advantages as a residence and business location 
are too obvious and well understood to require extended notice. 

This Institution, located at a great Railway and Manufactur- 
ing Center, affords the young men of our country superior 
advantages for a thorough practical business education. 

Springfield, Ohio, January 1, 1876. 



ISTOkY OF Till: OHIO IXSTlTinTON 



F(»K THE 



EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. 



'IMic ('stal)]isliineut of this Institution seems tobediie to 
the sugoestion of tlie Medical ])rofes8ion of this State. In 
the summer of lS;-)4 a call was issued foi' a Medical C\)nven- 
tion. to meet in Columhus, on th(^ 5ti) of Jaaiuarv, ISHo. 
Among the suhjects to he considered was suggested the fol- 
lowing: " The erection and location of Public Asylums for 
the reception of the Insane, and for tlie instruction of the 
Blind;- 

During the session of lS;)4-o the Legislature authorized 
the (rovernor to obtain statistics of the unfortunate of the 
State. In his message to the Thirty-fourth (feneral As- 
sembly, dovernoi' Roliert Lucas i-eported that from tifty-tive 
counties the number of idiots returned was 508; of lunatics, 
206; and of l)lind persons, 202. And the whole number of 
blind in the State was estimated at 250. 

On tlu^ 11th of March. ISHH, the Legislature passed a 
i-esolution appointing '* Rev. -lames Hoge, N. H. Swayne, 
Es(j., and Dr. W. M. Awl a IJoai'd of Ti-ustees for obtaining 
information in relation to the instruction of the Blind of 
this State in lettei's and mechanical arts, to submit a full 
report to the next (Jeneral Assembly, together with the 
)>i'obahle expense of commencing a ])ublic school." 

Invited by these Trustees. . Dr. Samuel (t. Howe, the 
Directoi- of the New Knglaiid Institution foi' the Blind at 
Boston, visited this State, and on the 2Hd of December, 
18;^)H. addressed tlic Legislature, and exhibited the |»ro- 
ticicncy of some of the pu))ils of that Institution. 



The TiHistees t(M»k iiieasures to ascertain t\w iiunil)er ol" 
Blind in the State. From fifty-nine counties 287 were re- 
l)oi-ted, and it Avas estimated that at least sixty of these 
were proper persons to receive instruction. 

On the od of April, 1S:\7. an Act was jtassed establishing 
the Institution, and the same Hoai'd of Trustees ai>pointed 
to secure land, commence the huilding and go on with the 
school. 

The Ti'ustees did as directed, and having rented suitable 
rooms, and secured Mr. A. W. Pennimari, who Avas educ^ated 
at the New England Institution, as teacher, on the 4th of 
•luly. 1<S:>7, o])ened the school. 

Five pupils wei"e ])resent. H(4ore the close of the year 
there were eleven. 

A\] act Avas passed tlic lUth of March. bSHS, Hxing the 
tuition and board at one hundi'ed and twenty dollars a 
year, and allowing the admission of twelve indigcmt ])U])ils, 
who should be boarded and instructeil at thee.\])ense of the 
State for five years. 

By Act of March Uth, 1S4;>. the 'I'l-ustees were authorized 
to, admit five as many ]>U])ils as tliev thought proi)er, to 
continue two years longer those whom they thought too 
young to be dismissed, and to admit free in<ligent persons 
over twenty-one years of age for the i)uri)ose of learning a 
trade, and i'(4ain them foi- two years. 

March 11th, hSol, the distinction between indigent and 
pay pu]»ils was aliolished, and the maiiitenacc of all pu})ils 
resident in the State was provided for at the pul^lic ex- 
pense, parents being re(iuired to clothe and |)ay traveling 
and incidental expenses. 

Tntil hS.52 the institution was under the direction of a 
separate Board of Trustees : but by Act of A])ri1 -JSth. IS-ri, 
all the State institutions wei'e ])laced under the control of 
otu' Board of nine Trustees. This arrangement continued 
until .Xpi'il S, hS.^H, when the institutions of the State were 
again placed under separate Boards. 

For the first three years the school was undei' the chai'ge 
ol" Mr. A. W. I'(Minimai). In the spring of IMO, Mr. Wm. 



Cha})iu was ai)])ointe(l Superiiiteudeiit. He lu'ld tlie nllice 
till August, l<S4(i' From that date till the spring of 1848, 
Mr. Penuinian acted as Supei'intendent. 

April 1st, 1848. Mr. (leorge McMillen took charge of the 
institution, and eontinued in office till his death, -Inly 25, 
1852. Mr. H. E. Harts was a])iiointed to the position in 
the suinintr of 1852, and remained in charge till July, 
1856. Dr. A. D. Lord was tlien appointed, and conducted 
the institution until .\ugiist, 18(>S, when lie was elected 
Superintendent of the New York State Institution for the 
Blind, at Batavia, New York. 

At Dr. Loi-d's resignation, (J. L. Sniead was ap})ointed 
Superintendent, and continues in office at the present 
date, Fehruary, 187(1. 

The cost of huildings, land, and otliei' permanent im- 
provements up to this date, has been about !$4(>1,8()1.52. 

Thirty-nine annual reports have been made u\) to No- 
vember, 1875. These show the total ex])ense of maintain- 
ing the Institution, including current expenses and salaries 
since it> establishment, to l»e .?711.425.82, foi- each vear an 
average of S18.241.H7. 

The whole numliei' of pupils admitted up to the present 
time is 874, an average of 22 each year. 

The Institution has had :)9 Trustees, (i Sui>eiintendents. 
51 Teachers, 8 Stewards. 10 Matrons. 8 Assistant Matrons, 
2 Housekeepers, and H Physicians. 

The old house proving too small to acconnnodate the in- 
creasing number of pupils, in the spring of ].S7(I a new 
building was connnenced. Its construction occupied foui' 
years, and May 21, 1874, it was first occujtied by the school. 
The old house could not accommodate more than 1(K) jtupils. 
The new iiuilding will lodge 250, or by ci-owding room can 
be made for oOO. 

The old house, including the out-buildings, cost alxtut 
!$84,40^).H4. The new building. includi)ig boilei' and coal 
house, cost S8H7,892.18. 

Tn 1887 the school was o|)ened. with one teach<'i' and five 
scholars. There ai'e now engaged in the Institution thir- 



teen teachers, six in the Literai'v department, three in 
Music, and four in the Industrial department, (^ne hun- 
(h'ed and fifty-tive pupils are now in attendance; 162 have 
been enrolled this term. 

In the Litei'ary department there are now classes pursu- 
ing the following' studies: Arithmetic, Reading, Spelling, 
Grammar, (Teograi)hy, Writing, Rhetoric, Natural Philoso- 
phy, History, Geometry, Mental Scieui-e, and Latin. 

In Music, instruction is given in singing, piano, organ, 
and violin, and in musical com])osition : an orchestra, also, 
is in constant training. 

The following trades and kinds of work are now taught 
in the ln.stitution : Broom-making, <'ane-seating, hand and 
machine sewing, bead-work, knitting and crocheting. The 
following ti'ades have been twught, l)ut are now discon- 
tiinu'd : Bi-ush-niaking, willow basket-making, mattress- 
making, hat braiding, shoe-nude ing, making mats, and 
carpet-weaving. 

According to our present law, l)liud and purblind persons 
between the ages of six and twenty-one nuiy be admitted, 
and allowed to renuiin till they ai-e twenty-one. Males 
over twenty-one may l)e receive<l and permitted to remain 
one year, for tln^ purpose of learning a trade. Females 
over twenty-one may have their time extended to four 
years, if it is thought advisable. 

There are now in the State about l,o()0 blind persons; of 
these jU'obably 225 are under 21 years of age. There are 
12o pu])ils undei" 21 now in the 1 nstitution. leaving KM) 
under 21 years of age who arc not cnjoyiug tlie privileges 
of the Institution. 

It is the intention of the institution to reach, so far as 
])ossibIe, all the blind of suitable age and mental ca])acity 
in the State, and to give them a good ('ommon school edu- 
cation, such as will lit them to gain an inde])endent liveli- 
hood. 

'file graduates of this Institution will be found in this 
State, and in othei' States, succeeding in supporting them- 
selves wholly or partly liy the trades and professions foi' 



\vlii(*h their ti-;iiiiinu- liciv has tittccl tliein. Soiiii- liave 
IkuI peculiarly oood success in husiness. Some have gone 
(in in their education thi'ouuli eollejie with marked ahility 
Many have succeeded as teachers of music ami literary 
studies in this Institution and elsewhere. \'ei'v few will 
l)e fou)\d su]>|)()r1('(l at the puhlic expense. Some have 
failed, of course. Many })ersons with sight fail in the 
struggle of life, l^ut a tair average will show that the 
graduates of this Institution stand w(41 in the world as 
men an<l women of intelligence an<l of independent char- 
acter. 

PRESENT OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTK^N, 1S76. 

Board (if Triisfrr.s — .h)hn (i. Dun, London, Madison county: 
Henry ('. Nolile, Columhus. Franklin county; Thomas Ber- 
gin, ('oluml)us, Franklin county. 

Sir/HY/'iitriidcvt — (i. L. Smead. M. A. 

7V,,r/^.T.v— H. P. Rolte, A. B., ({. B. Lindsay, Miss Kate 
Franklin. Mrs. A. E. Heyl. Miss Nellie B. Holt. Mrs. S. E. 
Smead. 

Trar/ier.f of Music — H. .1. Xothnagel, Miss Mattie Edgerlon. 
Miss Joanna Donovan. 

Miisic Redder — ^Miss Katie Henderlick. 

Teae/iers uf Work De/xirl iiievt — Henry Hauenstein, Miss 
Ruth C. Bartlctl. Miss Mary Wainwright, Miss Bell Mc- 
Kihl)en. 

S/eir((rd—D. M. Brelsford, 

/%//.s/r/V//?— William M. Awl. M. D. 

Mrdron — Miss Olive M. Brown. 

JlniiseLeeper — M I'S. K. .\ . W'rstoM. 

Assl.sfii,,/ lA///v//,N— Miss Marllia I.. .Mcdv'il.i.eii. Mrs. K. E. 
Adams. 



HISTORY OF THE OHIO INSTITUTION 



K (> R THK 



EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB, 

LOCATED ATJ [.COLUMBUS. 



The first movement made in the State of Ohio to estab- 
lish an Institution of its own, for the education of the Deaf 
and Dumb, was at Cincinnati in tlie year 1821. To what 
extent deaf mutes in the State had availed themselves of 
the educational advantag-es offered from 1817, by Eastern in- 
stitutions, is not definitely known. Freeman Burt, from 
Cincinnati, had entered the Hartford school in the spring 
of 1818, and had remained there three years and a half at 
his own expense. -Josiah Price, of Stark County, applied 
for legislative aid during the session of 1819-20, in sending 
his son to Hartford, and a bill was introduced to that effect 
by the appropriate committee, but it was never enacted. 
A pupil from Ohio was a member of the Philadelphia 
school in 1821. 

It was in the spring of this year, 1821, that an 
association of gentlemen was formed in Cincinnati " for 
establishing a school for the instruction of the Deaf and 
Dumb in this part of the Western country." Rev. James 
Chute was selected as Principal of the Institution, and sent 
to the American Asylum at Hartford to acquire the art 
essential to qualify him for the successful discharge of his 
duties. Mr. Chute, upon his arrival in July, was cordially 
received, and was offered every facility available. He spent 
but four months, however, in these preliminary studies — 
a period much too short for the acquisition of even tolera- 
ble skill. In December of the same vear, the association 



applied to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, under 
the name of " The Western Asylum for the Education of 
the Deaf and Dumb," and for pecuniary aid. The applica- 
tion was unsuccessful, on the ground that an Institution of 
this character, designed to meet the wants of the deaf and 
dumb of the State, should be centrally located. 

The interest thus awakened was fostered by a letter, un- 
der date of January 3, 1822, received by the Governor of the 
State from the Directors of the Philadelphia Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb, then recently organized. 

It states that " returns of the deaf and dumb have been 
made from the different counties of the State( Pennsylvania), 
ill accordance with a recent legal enactment, and what was 
apprehended by some is now reduced to a painful certainty — 
their number being found much greater than had been gen- 
erally supposed. This, we presume, will prove to be the case 
in our sister States, considering how much neglect such un- 
fortunate persons too often suffer, and the motive to con- 
cealment which their friends and ]3arents find in tlieir per- 
sonal feelings, when there is no prospect of giving them re- 
lief." The Directors describe at length the facilities which 
they have provided for the education of deaf mutes, and 
invite the attendance of pupils from Ohio upon the same 
terms as from their own State. They also invite the Leg- 
islature to make an annual appropriation, to be applied un- 
der the direction of the Governor, for the education of the 
deaf and dumb, "in some suitable and convenient Institu- 
tion." The invitation was not accepted. 

In the session of 1822-3, an act was passed requiring " the 
listers of the several townships in each county of the State, 
at the time of taking the enumeration of white persons, to 
ascertain the number of deaf and dumb, of all ages, and to 
return said lists to the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas 
of said county." This enumeration, carefully taken, re- 
sulted in the return of four hundred and twenty-eight deaf 
mutes, not including Athens and Hamilton Counties, the 
latter being also the most populous county in the State. 
Two hundred and eighty-eight were returned as under twentv 



years of age. Of the whole number, 279 were returned as 
" poor," 66 as in " middling circumstances," 72 as in " good 
circumstances," and of 11 no report is given. It was plain 
that in the State at that time, possessing a population of 
about 600,000, at least 200 mute children of school age stood 
in need of education, and, furthermore, that without pecu- 
niary assistance, education, in the case of most, would be im- 
possible. 

The way was thus prepared for a successful efitbrt to estab- 
lish an Institution at the legislative session of 1826-7. The 
•Rev. James Hoge, I). I)., of Columbus, a gentleman to whom, 
excepting those within the Institution itself, the deaf mutes 
of the State are more indebted than to any other individ- 
ual, was the immediate agent in attaining this much de- 
sired object. Through the influence of Dr. Hoge, the be- 
nighted condition of the deaf and duml) was brought to the 
attention of Governor Morrow, and the result w^as a strong 
recommendation, in his message to the Legislature in the 
autumn of this year, to establish an Institution for their 
benefit. The subject was referred in the House to a select 
committee of three. An elaborate memorial, prepared by 
Dr. Hoge, and signed by a large number of prominent citi- 
zens, was presented to this committee, detailing, at length, 
the destitute condition of the deaf and dumb — the efforts 
that had been made in foreign countries, and recently in 
our own, for their relief — and the entire success that might 
be attained in their education. Some statements of the 
Tnemorial, with regard to the state of deaf mutes previ- 
ous to instruction, and their ignorance of spiritual and moral 
truths, were, at the time, received even by intelligent per- 
sons with much credulity, although observation and expe- 
rience have abundantly proved their correctness. A bill for 
incorporating the Institution Avas reported by the commit- 
tee, which passed both Houses, without serious opposition. 
The bill appointed a Board of Trustees, with the usual cor- 
porate j^owers — allowed them to hold property for the object 
specified — the annual income of which should not exceed 
S30,000; and provided for the suyjport of one pupil from 



each judicial circuit in the State, at an annual expense not 
exceeding $100 (to be paid out of the Literary Fund), and 
for a period not exceeding three years, the time generally 
fixed upon at the outset by the several States as the proper 
period for the education of the deaf and dumb. 

Before an actual organization was effected under this act 
of incorporation, there was a movement in a different part 
of the State that deserves mention. It was the opening of 
a school for deaf mutes in the town of Tallmadge, in Sum- 
mit County. The object seems to have been to supply an 
immediate want, rather than to establish a permanent In^ 
stitution. 

In the family of Mr. Justus Bradley, of this town, were 
three daughters who were deaf mutes. The sympathy of 
the citizens being excited in their behalf, it was found that 
there were in the neighboring townships a number of other 
individuals laboring under the same misfortune ; and it was 
determined to commence a school for their instruction. For 
this purpose a Board of Trustees was organized, consisting of 
Rev. John Keys, Elizur Wright, Garry Treat, A. C. Wright, 
Philo Wright and Alpha Wright. The school was opened 
in May, 1827, under the instruction of Mr. Colonel Smith, 
a deaf mute, who had been for six years a pupil in the Asy- 
lum at Hartford, and was continued two years. It con- 
tained in all eleven pupils, most of whom Avere afterAvard 
members of the school at Columbus. It was sustained by 
private charity, with the exception of $100 given it by the 
Legislature, in 1S2S, toward paying the salary of the teacher. 
The same bill also granted $100 for the next year, provided 
the school at Columbus did not previously go into operation. 
This last sum does not ayjyjear to have been flrawn from the 
treasury. 

The first Board of Trustees of the Institution at Colum- 
bus, under the act of incorporation, consisted of the follow- 
ing gentlemen : Rev. James Hoge, D. D., and Gustavus 
Swan, Esq., of Franklin County ; Thomas Ewing, Esq., of 
Fairfield CVauity ; Rev. William Graham, of Ross County : 
Rev. W^m. Bui'ton, of Pickaway C!ounty ; John H. James, 



Esq., of Champaign County ; Thomas D. Webb, Esq., of 
Trumbull County, and Samuel Clark, Esq., of Clarke Coun- 
ty. The Governor of the State was ex-officio President of 
the Board, and Dr. Hoge was chosen Secretary. They met 
and organized on the 9th of July, and their first report to 
the Legislature was made in December, 1827. In this re- 
port they estimate that, should an institution be opened, 
there is a reasonable prosj^ect, in the course of the year, of 
from fifty to seventy-five pupils. 

As the revenues of the State were, at this time, princi- 
pally engrossed in a great work of internal improvement — 
uniting the waters of Lake Erie with the Ohio River — the 
sources of income to meet the necessary expenses of the 
Institution were a matter of no small interest. Of these, 
three were proposed by the Trustees : 1st, a share in the 
Literary Fund ; 2d, an a])]^]ication to Congress for a town- 
ship of land ; 3d, opening a paper at the ofiice of the Coun- 
ty Clerk of each County for private subscriptions. The 
trustees close their repoi-t liy i-ecommending that, from 
a due regard for the welfare of the Institution and to pub- 
lic sentiment, as far as they can ascertain, it l)e located at 
Columbus, alleging that "Here it will be under the eye, 
and subject to the inspection, of the Legislature at all 
times ; and, also, that the facilities of intercourse and con- 
veyance which are collected at this point, render it more 
convenient to any point in this State than any other 
place'' — reasons which have lost none of their force by the 
lapse of time. By an act of the Legislature, passed .lanu- 
ary, 1829, the Institution was located at Columbus. 

The gentleman selected as Principal of the Institution 
was Mr. Horatio N. Hubbell, who -went to Hartford in 
March, 1828, to qualify himself for his new duties, and wbo 
remained there in the ])rosecution of his object about a 
year and a half. The school was opened October IB, 1829, 
in a small building, rented for the purpose, standing on the 
northwest corner of Broad and High streets. The building 
has since been removerl. A lady was employed to board the 
pupils at a fixed rate. The prospect at the opening was 



sufficiently discouraging. Only three pupils were present, 
and these were from the immediate vicinity. One of the 
three proved idiotic ; another was a boy of weak intellect, 
and not long afterward became hopelessly insane. Yet 
these were all that could be gathered, notMathstanding a 
circular, stating the objects of the school, had been pub- 
lished for some months previously in the principal parts of 
the ►:^tate. Before the close of the term, however, the num- 
ber of the pupils increased to ten, and in the course of the 
next year to twenty-two, and an assistant teacher was em- 
ployed at the commencement of the second year. After the 
schools were once in operation, the number of pupils began 
steadily to increase, and it was soon necessary to obtain 
other assistance in the department of instruction. 

The school subsequently removed to a building in the 
rear of the present Buckeye House, next to rooms in the 
old Court House, and next to No. 28 North Front street, 
where it remained until its removal to its permanent home 
upon grounds of its own, in l<So4. 

At the outset of the history of tlie institution, it was 
hoped that its support might be provided for by the pro- 
ceeds of the sale of a township of hind, which it was ex- 
peccted could be obtained from the genei-al (lovernment by 
Congressional grants, as had been done in the case of the 
Hartford and Kentucky Asylums. Tli is was urged by the 
Trustees in their first annual re])ort. and had also been 
mentioned by Governor Morrow in his message recommend- 
ing the founding of the institution. Governor McArthur, 
in his message to the Assembly of ISHO-l, advised that a 
memorial be presented to Congress on this subject. This 
was done, and an act'passed the Legislature directing the 
members of Congress from the State to use their influence 
in forwarding the measure. 

A bill granting a township passed one House of Congress 
without opposition, and it was confidentially expected that 
it would meet Avith equal favor in the other branch. The 
bill, however, was not reached in the order of business 
before the body adjourned. 



The first appropriation of money made to the institution 
by the Legislature was during the session of 1827-8- This 
was the sum of $376.60, being, at the time/the unexpended 
balance of the Literary Fund, and was used in defraying 
the expenses of the Principal at the Hartford school. In 
1834, $2,239 were also granted from the same^fund to com- 
plete the buildings. An act was passed during the session 
of 1831-2, appropriating to the use of the Institution one- 
fourth of the money accruing from the auction sales, taxes, 
etc., of Hamilton county. The amount at first annually 
realized from this source was something over $2,000. It 
liecame less in succeeding years, and was finally turned into 
some other channel. The deficienc^y was made up by direct 
appropriations, which eventually became the sole source of 
support. 

During the session of 1829-30, an act was passed author- 
izing the support of one indigent pupil from each of the 
nine judicial circuits of the State, the pupil to be " selected 
by the Board of Trustees, from persons recommended by the 
associate judges of the] counties where they reside." At 
the session of 1830-31, the support of an additional pupil 
from each circuit was authorized. At the session of 1832-3, 
this number was increased to three; and during that of 
1833-4, the Trustees were authorized to admit thirty-six 
State ])upils, and twelve additional ones annually, till the 
number should equal sixty. At each of these periods the 
provision made was intended and supposed to be sufficient 
to meet the probable number of a])plications. During the 
session of 1844 these limitaticjns were repealed, and the 
Trustees were instructed to admit all suitable a])plicants. 

It was ]irovided, in the act of incorporation, that the 
annual expense of each pupil should not exceed $100 for 
the session of ten months. This was reduced, by the act 
of 1881, to $7o, which- was found to be about the actual ex- 
pense at that time. In 1837, it was again fixed at $100. 
By the Constitution of 1852, it was ])rovided that " institu- 
tions for tlie benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, 
sliall always be fostered and supported by the State, and be 



subject to such regulations as luay be ])reseribed by the 
General Assembly." . And from that date on, the expenses 
of the Institution were met by aggregate appro]3riations. 
At present the (Ordinary cost jier annum is about $200 ])pv 
pupil. 

The time at first contemplated as sufiicient for the course 
of instruction was, as has already been stated, three years. 
At the session of 18B3, this time was increased to four 
years, and in 1884 to five years. In 1844, an act was passed 
allowing the Trustees to retain pupils, at their discretion, 
for a period longer than five years, and not exceeding seven. 
This limit, in 1866, was extended to ten. 

One of the first objects of attention on the ])art of the 
Legislature, after incorporating the Institution, was to pro- 
vide a proper location, and to erect suitable buildings for 
its accommodation. Indeed, in the act of incorporation it- 
self, it was made the duty of the Board of Trustees at that 
time appointed to report to the General Assembly, among 
other particulars, with regard to the locality, plans, build- 
ings, &c., necessary for an Institution, and in January, 
1829, prior to the opening of the school, an appropriation 
was made to purchase a site. This was secured in the Feb- 
ruary following. A tract, consisting of tliree outlots, con- 
taining three and a third acres each, lying about half a 
mile east of the State House, was selected and purchased 
for three hundred dollars, the land l)eing considered as 
about one-half a donation at the time. The selection was 
most admirably made. The grounds, embracing an area of 
ten acres, are ample in extent, the soil of the finest quality, 
the water abundant and excellent, and the situation easy 
of access and almost unparalleled as to its healthfulness. 

The first building for the use of the school was com- 
menced in 1832, and was occupied at the opening of the 
fall term of 1834. The building was fifty feet by eighty, 
and three stories high, the general plan of the one 
in New York having been adopted. It was designed 
to provide school, lodging, dining, and sitting rooms for 
from sixty to eighty pupils, and was supjiosed to be large 



enough to meet tlie wunts of the institution for a long time 
to come. The increase of pupils soon showed it to be much 
too small. A wing, seventy by thirty, and four stories 
high, was added to the south end of the original building 
in 1845-6. It 1<S5(), a l)uilding one hundred and thirty-tive, 
and two stories high, designed ultimately for shop rooms, 
was added to thi' acconnnodations of the family, and from 
that time on until the o])ening of the new house, in 1868, 
the attendance continued at <me hundred and fifty. 

In I860, the necessity for enlargement had become so 
urgent that the General Assembly, without a dissenting 
vote, enacted a bill providing for the erection of the present 
structure. It was first occu|)ied in the fall of 1868. It is 
the most extensive ^md commodious structure devoted to 
the education of deaf mutes to be found anywhere, and de- 
serves more particular descri])tion. 

It consists of seven buildings, suitably connected, and 
was erected at a cost of 8650,000. It is built of brick, and 
is elaborately trinnned with stone. The roofing is of slate, 
the cornice of galvanized iron, and the balconies, pillars, 
railing and floor, of iron. The number of bricks required 
was 8,000,000; the roof cornice is 8,800 feet in length; the 
gas pipe measures two miles; the interior walls and ceil- 
ings have a surfac^e of twelve acres, and the floors a surface 
of four acres. The windows number 800. The front build- 
ing, 270 feet in length, is surmounted by seven towers, the 
central one being 115 feet high, the two at its side 105 feet, 
and the four at the corners 97 feet. The center tower has 
been finished to the top, and from it, ascending l^y a spiral 
staircase, visitors have a magnificent view of the city. This 
front building is divided by a hall ten feet wide, running 
its entire length, U]jon every story, each story above the 
V^asement l»eing fifteen feet high. The use of this building- 
is for offices, library, ujuseum, hospitals, parlors, sewing and 
store-rooms, and chambers o('cu])ied by teachers, officers and 
employes. Attached to the front building are three wings, 
running north. Tlie central wing, 145 by 40 feet, is occu- 
pied by the kitchen and adjacent store-rooms, the dining- 



room, and a chapel 28 feet in height. The two exterior 
wings extend north 115 feet, affording a hall the entire 
length, and adjacent rooms for baggage, clothing, washing, 
bathing and water-closets. Attached to these exterior 
wings, and extending at right angles to them 110 feet east 
and west, are two wings, 40 feet wide, called the boys' and 
girls' wings. The lirst story is used as a play-room. The 
second is the sitting or study-room, and is used out of school 
and work hours. The two upper stories are dormitories. 
These side wings return by corridors to the central wing, 
which continues by the bakery and store-rooms in the base- 
ment, and by corridors in every story, to the school build- 
ing in the rear. This building is llo by 55 feet, is three 
stories high, and contains twenty-three school-rooms. Still 
further to the rear is a building 100 feet sfjuare, from the 
corner of which rises the ventilating shaft, 115 feet high. 
This building contains the boilers, engines and pumps used 
•for heating the main building, and for supplying every part 
with water. The second story is occupied by the machinery 
and appliances of the laundry. 

The Institution can accommodate four hundred ])U])ils, 
and has had that number for three years past. 

The yearly period of instruction is forty weeks. The 
vacation, of twelve weeks, pupils spend at their homes. 

Deaf mutes of ordinary health, morals and mental capac- 
ity, are admissible between the years of six and twenty-one, 
and may remain such a portion of ten years as their pro- 
gress and and conduct may justify. The course of instruc- 
tion, with children of ordinary intellect, requires ten years 
of study. It is divided into three departments, called Pri- 
mary, Grammar and Academic, and covering four, three 
and three years, respectively. 

The Primary classes, at present fifteen in number, are 
engaged in the acquisition of the simpler forms of language, 
and use reading books especially prepared for the deaf and 
dumb. These classes also acquire a good knowledge of pen- 
manship, the fundamental rules of arithmetic and a first 
book in geography. 



The Grammar classes, five in number, continue to study 
language, making use of the easy readers of the public 
schools. They continue the study of arithmetic and geog- 
raphy, and also take up histories of the United States. 
Penmanship is succeeded in these classes by drawing. 

The Academic classes, two in in number, continue the 
daily study and practice of composition. They add to 
arithmetic the study of algebra. From physical geography 
they pass to natural history and science, using the current 
elementary text books in natural history, chemistry, phys- 
ics, geology, astronomy and botany. General history is 
taken up, and alst) some practical treatise upon civil gov- 
ernment and political economy. Drawing in these classes is 
(tarried to a point of decided excellence. When called for, 
a section, also, is taught Latin enough to secure admission 
to the National Deaf Mute Gollege at Washington, D. C. 

From all departments and classes daily details are made 
of those pupils who are likely to profit by instruction in 
articulation and lip reading. About one-tenth of the 
whole number are thus taught, and with sufficient profit 
to fully justify the attention and cost. 

Pupils of the two higher departments are encouraged 
in the constant use of the library, which has been selected 
and is replenished, from time to time, with especial refer- 
ence to their wants. A weekly paper, the M/fe'.s Chrordde, 
has been published at the Institution for eight years. 

The pupils of the Academic department, with some from 
below, have sustained for years a flourishing Literary Bo- 
ciet}'-, called the "Clionian." By its regular meetings, held 
upon Saturday evenings, and by its occasional exhibitions, 
it affords voluntary occupation to the more active and am- 
bitious minds, and also contributes to the increase of gen- 
eral intelligence and dignified culture. 

The length of the school-day is five hours, divided into 
two sessions, and combined by a system of rotation, with 
two and one-half hours of manual labor. 

School keeps every day in the week, that of Saturday 
closing at noon, and that of Sunday lasting forty-five min- 



utes, and being occupied with .subjects uppprupjiate tu the 
day. 

On Sabbath morning, also, the oldest third of the school 
attend a religious service, lasting one hour, conducted by 
the Superintendent : and in the afternoon the second third 
attend a similar service, lasting thirty minutes, conducted 
by the Superintendent. An hour of each evening, and 
with the older |)Upils, an hour and a half, is spent in the 
prei)aration of the next day's lessons. 

As to the medium of ctmimunication in the school and 
the household, it is, tirst, oral speech, where possible ; sec- 
ond, written speech, where it is intelligible, and does not 
unduly weary ; and thirdly, where neither oral nor written 
speech are feasible, the mutes own jjantomine, remember- 
ing ever that it is but a scaffolding, employed by the safe 
builder, until the real structure — language^ — is completed, 
to be then laid aside. 

The mute will, indeed, always return to it with the affec- 
tion felt by every person for his own vernacular tongue ; 
but living, as he does, surrounded by speaking persons, he 
will, however reluctantly, conform to their chosen medium 
of ideas, looking forward with earnest hope to that great 
unfolding, when the many tongues of earth, discordant now, 
will blend in one universal language. 

The subject of workshops early engaged the attention 
of the friends of the Institution, and their erection was 
strongly recommended in the reports of that period. It 
was with great force argued that some part of the intervals 
of relaxation from study might be profitably employed in 
learning a useful trade, and thus skill be acquired, and 
habits of industry, formed, which would be of great advan- 
tage to them in after life. Accordingly, in 1888, a two- 
story building, twenty by sixty, was erected for this object. 
The only trade introduced was that of shoemaking. Su(;h of 
the pupils as were of suitable age were employed four hcnirs 
a day, under the instruction of a man engaged for this pur- 
pose. The arrangement was followed for a number of years 
with all the success that could have been expected under 



the circumstances. The system at that time favored was 
evidently an untnrtiinate one. The only com])ensation 
which the person employed to teach the trade received was 
the labor of the boys. His apparent interest would be to 
obtain the greatest possible amount of labor, without refer- 
ence to the improvement of tlie pu])il. The obvious infer- 
ence should have lieen, not that the whole matter should l)e 
abandoned, but that it should be conducted on different 
j)rinciples.~ The contract having expired, it was not 
renewed. In 1863 shoemaking was resumed, the State pro- 
viding a foreman and materials. Under this efficient sys- 
tem the instruction of mutes in useful mechanical labor 
has since continued. 

In 1867 an enactment of the Legislature required the 
addition to the mechanical instruction of the Institution of 
the arts of printing and bookbinding. The (piarters occu- 
pied by these trades were the building, loOby 85, previously 
referred to. 

To foster the operation of this enlargement of the indus- 
trial department without detriment to the literary educa- 
tion of the pupils, a combination of the two was established, 
in accordance with the foUowing method: 

The school is divided into three divisions, cdnsisting at 
present of seven, seven and eight classes. The day is also 
divided into three sessions of two, two and three hours, the 
first extending from half-])ast seven to half-] )ast nine; the 
second from half-past ten to half-past twelve; and the third 
from two to five, with half an hour's recess at half-past 
three. At half-past seven the regular duties of the day 
begin. Two divisions go to their respective class rooms, 
and the third is distributed, the boys to their trades and 
the girls to the bindery and the housework. All are dis- 
missed at half-]:)ast nine. At half-past ten, after the chapel 
service, two divisions go to their class-rooms, and one is dis- 
tributed as before, the boys to their shops and the girls to 
the bindery and the bouse work. All are dismissed at 
half-past twelve, the hour for dinner. At two o'clock, as 
before, two divisions go to school, and the third to the 
trades and housework. 



Thus, in working hours, t'r()ni lialf-past seven in the morn- 
ing until t\xv in the afternoon, two-thirds of the scholars 
are at school, and one-third is ;it work. Kverv ]m])il nttends 
school two sessions daily and works one session. The 
average daily time spent at school is something less than 
five hours, and that spent in manual lahor is about two hours 
and a half. To secure a fair distribution of time, and also 
a desirable variety, the assignment moves forward one 
session the lirst day of each month, so that those who work 
in the morning any month, work the next month in the 
forenoon, and in the afternoon the month after that. Those 
who work in the forenoon any month, work in the after- 
noon the next, and those who work in the afternoon any 
month, work in the morning the next. 

This rotation is so generally understood by the pupils 
that upon the first day of each month the change to occur 
has only to be announced, without explanation, and all go 
to their appropriate departments without confusion. 

The impediments to successful shops in asylums, as they be- 
come large, are these: During school hours, from nine to 
four o'clock, or from eight to one, as the case may be, the 
shops are, as the department is usually organized, necessa- 
rially empty, and the masters unemployed, unless they 
busy themselves in preparing work, as the saying is. 
Again, all necessarilly go to the shops together, before or 
after school, or at both times, and, sui)posing three trades to 
be taught, as is the case with us, the boys, when two hun- 
dred in number, the number we actually have, would aver- 
age over sixty to a shop. No master can give suitable 
attention to sixty a])prentices at one time, however dilli- 
gently he may prepare for it, or be sure that they are all of 
them even at work. A shop, if possible, sliould have its 
operations prolonged through an ordinary working day, 
and, in a, large institution at least, should secure its com- 
plement of pupils in successive sets through the day. The 
wisdom of this method has lieen confirmed by eight years 
of experience. 

The health of the Institution sin(^e its establishment has 



been a matter of conuratulation. During forty-eight years 
there have been but twenty-eight deaths. The average 
duration of schooling has l)een four years and a half, and 
the whole number of pupils received has beeii 1,525. Two 
of the twenty-eight died by drowning, and one by railioad 
accident. By reason of cliolera in the city in LS;*);-), and 
again in 1849, the school was dismissed for a short time 
before the close of the session. In 1(S(I7, also the ])revalence 
of typhoid fevei' occasioned the closing of school in Mai'cli.. 
During the past four years, with a daily attendance of fotir 
hundred, l)ut two deaths have occurred. 

The affairs of the Institution have been under tlie imme- 
diate care of five gentlemen successively. Mr. H. N. Hub- 
bell, by his untiring energy, faithfulness and skill, bestowed 
for twenty-four years, brought it from small and feeble be- 
ginnings to a ])osition of decided importance, and one hold- 
ing a warm place in the affections of the peojjle of the State. 
Few jjcrsons, as they look at an Institution of this charac- 
ter in its mature and pei'fected organization, and in the full 
exercise of its beneficent career, arc able to appreciate the 
difficulties that have l)een encountered in its early history. 
The creation of public synii)athy in an untried and dithcult 
enterprise, securing iniblic confidence, maturing plans, 
erecting buildings, collecting, organizing and controlling an 
Institution of this kind, involves an amount of care and 
perplexity, and demands a fertility of resources that attend 
few other labors undertaken by man. No greater satisfac- 
tion can be conferred U}>t)n a benevolent mind than to have 
been made the agent of effecting such a work. 

Mr. .1. Addison Cary, his successor, succumbed to an acute 
and painful disease, and died in less than a year. His emi- 
nent talents and genial qualities made his death to be deeply 
regretted. 

Rev. Collins iStone was in charge for eleven years, 1852-68. 
He brought to his work full acquaintance with the charac- 
teristics of deaf mutes, and superior skill in the art of their 
education. His knowledge of human nature was thorough, 
and his experience in affairs extensive. Cautious, yet bold. 



fertile in resources and prompt in execution, swayed at all 
times bv a conscientious regard for the duties of his posi- 
tion and by sympathy for mutes in their misfortune, social 
in his temperament, of polished manners, and the soul of 
honor, he united in a remarkable degree the qualities desir- 
able in his othce. 

Mr. (xeorge L. Weed, in charge three years, 1868-6, was 
occupied, in addition to the numerous cares incident to the 
control of a household of nearly two hundred persons, in the 
labors and influences preliminary to the enlargement un- 
dertaken in 1868, and made complete in 1868. 

His successor, and the present incumbent, was Mr. Gilbert 
O. Fay, who for ten years has had the task of developing 
and determining the routine life of a household at present 
numbering nearly five hundred persons, in quarters entirely 
new. 

The Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, the fifth 
in the country in the order of time, is yet, in another partic- 
uhir, the i-tkst. It was the first established u])on the im- 
portant and only true principle, that the entire expense of 
furnishing a complete education to the deaf and dumb 
should be defrayed by the State. Other vStates liave liber- 
ally and nobly made appropriations to su])poi"t their deaf 
mutes in private incorporations, granting a yearly stipend 
for this purpose — in some cases sufficient, in others not so. 
Ohio claims the honor of first providing adequate and 
gratuitous instruction for the deaf and dumb as a matter of 
plain and acknowledged duty. The nobleness of this act is 
not diminished by the consideration that, at the time of 
assuming this duty, the State had been in existence only 
twenty-five years , that three-quarters of its surface was cov- 
ered with the primitive forest ; that the great thoroughfares 
of commerce were not constructed, nor its system of com- 
mon schools in operation ; and that, while the taxes of the 
State were burdensome; its revenues were comparatively 
small. From a work commenced under such circumstances, 
the State, in her subsequent progress to wealth and great- 
ness, has shown no disposition to retreat. 



The material for this sketch, .so far as it a])plies to the 
first twenty-seven years of the history of the Institution, 
as well as the lanu;iia^i>-e in which it is descrihed, have heen 
largely derived from a sketch drawn u]) twenty-two years ago 
by Rev. Collins Stone, at that time Superintendent of the 
Institution. Tliis rcvisal and the filling out (»f the sketch 
as it stands have Ix-endoiu' l)ythe ])resent Su])erintendent. 



PRESENT OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION— 1876. 

trustees. 
Henrv F. Booth, Ansel T. Wali.inc^. Fhilkmon^ Hess. 

Super)vf('ii(Jriif — (-Jil!)ert O. Fay. 

TH E SCHOOL. 

INSTKUC'TORS. 

Acddeinir DcjHirtDicjif — Charles S. Ferry, M. A.. Alfred H. 
Hubbell, U. A. 

Grarinnar Dcparftnciit — John I). II. Stewart, Louisa K. 
Thomp.son. M. \h])\v Hyde, Sarah Noyes, Rol)ert Fatter- 
son, B. A. 

Primary Depart nunl — Flumlt M. Fark, Matthew (i. llaf- 
fington, Cassie H. Smith, Mary C. Bierce, Geo. W. Halse, 
Hannah Davis, Gertie Woofter, Ruth E. Hare, Adaline T. 
Evans, Kate Millikan, Sarah F. Ferry, M. Annie Byers, Lucy 
E. Brown, James M. Fark, B. \., Augustus B. Greener. 

Tforher of Arficii^dfimi — Ida W. Kes.sler. 

DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT. 

Van S. Seltzer, ^I. 1).. Fhysician; Frederic F. Wing, 
Steward; Charlotte A. Babl)itt, Matron; Mary Syler, Assist- 
ant Matron; Helen A. Rose, Assistant Matnm; Mary A. 
Kidder, Housekee])er. 

DEPARTMENT OF TRADES. 

Farley F. Fratt, Master of Shoe Shop; Charles B. Flood, 
Supervisor of Fublic Printing; Mitchell C. Lilley, Master 
of Book Binderv; Thomas Flood, Master of Printing Office. 



THE MANTAI, ALPHABP^T 









JOHN BARBIOK, ENO.. CIN,, O 



HISTORY OF TH1-: OHIO STATli ASYLIM 

KOK THK KDTCATION OF 

IDIOTIC & IMBECILE YOUTH 



To Ohio, through one of her citizens, l)(4ongs the credit 
of first directing public attention to tlie (devation of hliots 
in the United States. At a meeting of Medical Superin- 
tendents of Americ-an Institutions for the Insane, ludd in 
Philadeli)hia in 1.S44. Di-. Win. Awl, of Colinnlms, brouglit 
the matter before that l»ody, and a ("oniuiittcc was raised 
to considci' the sid)ject, from wiiom an al)le report was jtre- 
sented to the Association at a sul)se<|uent session in Wash- 
ington City, May, lS4(i. Institutions were soon estal>lishcd 
in s(^veral of the States. 

No legislati\(' action was had U})on tlic subject in Ohio 
until March, iSoO, wlicn a resolution, i)res(Mited l)y Hon. 
l-^inckney Lewis, of the Senate,, was passed, aj)]iointing Or. 
Han])ury Sniitli, tlieii Superintendent of the Ohio Lunatic 
Asylum, to rcpoi't at the next session of the (leneral As- 
sembly ii]ton bliocy and Idiot Instruction, as follows : 

" Fii'st, to maki' in(|uiry into the ex])<'diency of making 
jirovisions, im the part of the State, foi- tlie su])poi-t of the 
idiotic and imbecile portion of oui' ])opulation ; |)articu- 
larly it shall be his duty to i-eport the results of ex]ieri- 
ments already made, and now being made in the education 
of tln^ idiotic: also, the lunnber of this class of p(^pulation 
in Ohio: and, linally, into the economy (»f supporting and 
educating this class of our population in institutions 
ada]*ted to tlieii' case, as rompai-ed with tli«'ir support as at 
present provided." 

In .biiniary. lSo2. (lovenior Wood, iri liis annual message. 



directed the attention of the General Assembly to the duty 
of providing for the care, protection, and improvement of 
tlu' iniliecile and idiotic. Governor Woods" efforts were 
earnestly seconded by his successor. Governor Medill, who, 
in his annual message to the General Assembly in Janu- 
ary. lNo4. recommended that that unfortunate class be 
eml)raced within the range or l)cneficial operation of our 
benevolent institutions. 

In March, 1S.>4, Dr. X. S. Townsliend (at pi-esent and 
since the organization of this Institution one of its Trus- 
tees), then a mend)er of the Senate, to whom was referred 
so much of the (Governor's annual message as relates to the 
subject of Idiocy, made to the Senate a most interesting 
and aV)le rejiort. which was laid u})on the tal)le and ordered 
to V>e printed. 

During the year is.^i; pultlic attention was calhMi througli 
newspaper articles to the number of idiots in the State, 
their condition, and their ca})abilities for improvement, 1;)V 
Dr. R. .1. Patterson, who had for many years devoted him- 
self to the treatment of insjinity and mental diseases. A 
V)ill to establish an Asylum for Idiots was introduced in 
the House of Re})resentati ves by Hon. Ral]»h Plumb, but 
was ]t]-esented so near the close of the session that it was 
laid ovc)' for want of time to proj)erly considei' and act 
u])on it. 

In January. ISoT, Hon. Ho'man ("anticld. of the Senate, 
introduced a bill to establish an Asylum for the Education 
of Idiotic and Ind»ecile Youth. This bill became a law 
April 17. 1S.57. 

The institution was organized l)y the appointment of 
Hon. William Dennison, Hon. N. S. Townshend, and Hon. 
Asher Gook as Trustees. R.J. Patterson, M. 1)., was made 
Superintendent. A large dwelling house, opposite the In- 
stitution for the Blind, wjis rented, and the first pupil was 
admitted August o, 1857. Sixteen pupils were admitted 
the first year. During the three succeeding years the av- 
erage number of })upils was thirty. 



Hon. William Deunison having been elected (Governor, 
resigned his position on tlie Board of Trustees, and was 
succeeded l)y Hon. Herman Canfield, Novemlier lo, 1859. 
Dr. R. ■]. Patterson resigned the place of Superintendent 
November 15. 1X60, and was succeeded by Dr. G. A. Doren. 
the present Su])ei'intend(mt. 

The accommodations of the Institution wei-e increased to 
fifty pu])ils during the year 1861, which was tlx- nverage 
numl)er under care until the occu])ancy of tlie new build- 
ing in .luly. 1868. 

During the year bS62, Hon. Herman Canfield. wlio was 
killed at the Ijattle of Pittsburgh Landing, was succeeded 
U))on the Board of Trustees l)y Hon. Peter Hitchcock, and 
Hon. Asher Cook by .) . A. Lutz. Es(|. 

In 1864 tlie Legislature ])assed an .\ct to |irriu;ineiitly 
establisli the Asylum for Idiots, and a|)))ro})riated money 
for the ])urchase of a site, and the construction of ]»er- 
mancnt Iniildings. Work upon the liuildings was not 
commencci], Iiowcvcm'. until the autum of 18(v5. The new 
buildings were occupied in July. 186S. and were opened 
with 105 children. The number was increasetl to 150 in 
1869 to 17<». in 1870 to 250, the extent of the capacity of 
the Institution in 1S7L The buildings were then enlarged. 
In 1S72. oOO ])Upils were aeconnnodated. Additions were 
again provided for. Dui'ing the year 187o. olO (children 
wei'e cared for ; in 1874, H51 : in 1875. 'MVA. The number 
now in the institution is 400. 

OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION. 

Triisftes — Hon. N. S. Townshend, M. I).. Columl)Us. Ohio; 
J. A. Lutz. Es(|.. Circhnille. Ohio; Hon. .Iohi> A. Shank, 
•Cincinnati, ( )hio. 

Super/' iitfiifhuif — (Justavus A. Doivn, M. D. 

Matron — Miss Harriet F'. Purple. 

A><>!i>!taiif Matron — Mrs. Sarah Lawrence. 

Hov,.^ekee.per — Miss Sarah Husted. 



Tf<(rher>: — Mrs. N. L. Doreii. Miss M. E. ('lift. Miss Emma 
Wilson, Miss Lucretia Lockwood, Miss L. Seymour, Mis^s ('. 
L. Gregory, Miss Mary A. Penfield, Miss Mary E. Wieks. 
Miss Anna McClrew, Miss Anna J. Pentield, Miss .1. Ricks. 
Miss Anna M. Clark, Miss Ella .1. Stocking. Miss S. P. 
Owens, Miss C. N. Allen. 



OF THE 

OHIO SOLDIERS' & SAILORS' ORPHANS' HOME 



At a Department Encampment of the Grand Army of 
Ohio, held at Sandusky, July 21.st, 1869, a resolution 
was adopted to provide a Home for the care and support of 
Soldiers' Orphans, of the State of Ohio. In accordance 
with this resolution, the Department Comman.der, General 
J. W. Keifer, appointed a Board of Managers, consisting of 
the following members : Rev. P. P. Ingalls, Toledo ; Gen- 
eral James Barnett, Cleveland; Hon. S. D. Griswold, Elyria; 
Colonel H. G. Armstrong, Cincinnati ; General George B. 
Wright, Columbus ; Major M. S. Gunkle, Dayton ; General 
B. F. Coates, Portsmouth. Three ladies were afterward 
added to this Board, namely: Mrs. Lucy W. W. Hayes, 
Columbus ; Mrs. Henrietta L. Monroe, Xenia, and Mrs. 
Rachel White, Springfield. 

At the same time. Chaplain G. W. Collier, of Fremont, 
was appointed to visit the different localities of the 
State and solicit funds for the education and support of 
such soldiers' orphans as might be collected together. This 
work Chaplain Collier zealously pursued, assisted by others, 
and, as the result of these efforts, some time in the follow- 
ing December, a Home for Soldiers' Orphans was opened at 
Xenia, Greene County, Ohio. For several months this In- 
stitution was sui)ported by voluntary contributions, until 
the number of inmates reached the aggregate of 125. Dur- 
ing this time it was conducted in two separate buildings, 
in the business portion of the above named city, and 
managed by Mrs. H. H. Edgeton, Matron, and efficient 
assistants. 



On the 14th of April, 1870, an Act was passed by the 
Ohio Legislature to establish an Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Orphans' Home, locating the same at the Ohio White Sul- 
phur Springs, Delaware, Ohio. Shortly after the passage 
of this Act, a Board of Managers, consisting of seven mem- 
bers, was appointed by the Governor, which met at Colum- 
bus, Ohio, April 21st, 1870, and organized by electing Gen. 
R. P. Buckland, President, and Colonel H. G. Armstrong, 
Secretary. At the same meeting this Board, having found 
that the children collected at Xenia, Ohio, were of the class 
which, by the Act already mentioned, should be educated 
and sustained by the State, adopted them, leaving them 
temporarily under the management of the officers whom 
the G. A. R. had apj^ointed, and whom we have already 
mentioned. • Shortly after this the Board visited and in- 
spected the property at the White Sulphur Springs, a 
portion of which they found occupied by the Reform and 
Industrial School for Girls. Although they found the 
buildings here totally unfit for an Orphans' Home, they 
addressed a communication to the Trustees of the Reform 
School, asking at what time they would give ])Ossession of 
such part of the pro])erty and buildings as had been set 
apart by law for an Orjihans' Home. Finding that posses- 
sion could only be obtained by a resort to legal proceedings, 
and being satisfied that the number of Soldiers' Orphans 
in the State entitled to the benefits sought to be conferred 
by the law establishing the Home could not be comfortably 
provided for here, the Board adopted the following resolu- 
tion : 

Whereas, In the ()i)inion of the Board the White Sul- 
phur Springs property will not accommodate comfortably 
and well all the children of deceased and disabled Soldiers 
and Sailors, of the class contemplated by the law of Ohio 
as orphans to be provided for at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Or- 
phans' Home ; therefore, 

Resolved, That in view of the al>ove ojiinion, the Board 
will accept and receive, under the law of the State, by do- 
nation or bequest, a suital)le tract of land, of the number 



of acres required l\v law, at a convenient and accessible 
point, with the necessary buildings and e(}iiipnients there- 
on, for the accommodation of not less than tAvo hundred 
and fifty orphans, and u})on such accei)tance open and es- 
tablish a Home for Ohio Soldiei's' and Sailors' ()r])hans as 
is prescribed by law. 

The Board of Managers again met April 29th, 1870, and 
elected Dr. L. D. Griswold, of Elyria, Ohio, Sujierintendent 
of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, the In- 
stitution still occupying the rented buildings in Xenia, 
already mentioned. Here it remained until August 25th, 
1870, when it was removed to the property where it is now 
permanently located. This property, when conveyed to the 
State, consisted of one hundred acres of land, situated about 
one mile from the city of Xenia, with buildings sufficient 
to accommodate two hundred and fifty inmates. No more 
beautiful, healthy, or convenient location for an Institution 
of this chai-acter could have been found in the State. The 
property was purchased and buildings erected with funds 
contributed by the citizens of Greene County, and other 
portions of the State, and was duly conveyed to the State 
of Ohio in accordance with the requirements of the law. 
By means of subsequent State appropriations, the number 
of buildings at the Home has been greatly increased. It 
now boasts an elegant Administration and Domestic build- 
ing, twenty Cottages, or family buildings. Church, School- 
house, Hospital, Steam Laundry, and other buildings, in 
all sufficient to accommodate six hundred inmates, and the 
officers and employes of the Institution. All these hand- 
some and convenient buildings were planned by Captain 
Levi T. Scofield, of Cleveland, Ohio, the architect and 
superintendeiit of the work. The farm has been increased 
until now it contains 275 acres. 

On the removal of the Home to its present location, the 
plan was adopted of distributing the inmates into families, 
each family to occupy a separate building, or cottage, and 
to be presided over l)y a Matron, or C'ottage Manager, who 
should stand in the ])liice of Mother to the children under 



her cai'e. Three cottages had ab-eady been erected, which 
were immediately filled, and the number was afterwards 
increased to twenty. Each of these cottages was designed 
to accommodate thirty children, l)ut in some cases it has 
been found necessary to put one or two more than that 
number in a cottage. This plan of distribution is thought 
to l)e much i)referable to the congregate plan adopted by 
many Institutions of like character. 

At this time also the School Department was organized 
on the graded school plan. Itl)egan with four de])artments, 
and with the growth of the Institution increased to eleven. 
The schools are under the general supervision of the Home 
Superintendent, and are conducted by a Principal and lady 
assistants, numbering at first five, now ten. Here are all 
the grades usually found in the town schools of the State, 
and in addition a department of Telegraphing, conducted 
by a practical o|)erator, who instructs from thirty to forty 
pupils daily in this useful branch of business. The whole 
course of study in the schools is sought to be made as prac- 
tical as possible, and in the High School especially nmch 
attention is paid to Book-keeping, and such other studies 
as shall be of practical use to the ])upils in nfter life. All 
inmates of the Home six years of age and over are required 
to attend school. 

The present number enrolled is five hundred and fifty. 
Since the organization of the School Department there have 
been emi)loyed two Principals, and twenty-six assistant 
teachers. 

Dr. L. D. (Iriswold, the first Superintendent of the Home 
after its adoption by the State, was retained in this position 
four years. 

In the spring of 1874, the Ohio Legislature repealed the 
law of 1870, under which the Home was established, and 
reorganized under a new law, the Governor appointing 
a new Board, consisting of five members, of which General 
Durbin Ward, of Lebanon, Ohio, was elected President, and 
Jacol) Haynes, of Bellebrook, Ohio, Secretary. This Board 
met Mav lotli, 1874, and elcctcil Dr. A. E. -Tenner, of Crest- 



line, Ohio, Superintendent. Dr. Jenner resigned the Sup- 
erintendency, October 21st, 1874, and one month after that 
time the Board appointed Hon. W. P. Kerr, of Granville, 
Ohio, to the position, who is the present Superintendent of 
the Home. 

The State Legislature of 1875 passed an Act authorizing 
the Board of Managers and Superintendent of the Home 
to provide some plan by which the inmates could be in- 
structed in some useful trades, and appropriated the sum 
of S5,0(X) for this purpose. In accordance with this pro- 
vision, during the following summer, shops of various 
kinds were fitted up and put in charge of competent me- 
chanics. In these shops nearly one hundred children are 
daily instructed in useful trades. The children in these 
shops spend a portion of the day in school. Shops for the 
following substantial trades are now established and in 
successful operation, namely : Carpentering, Blacksmith- 
ing, Tinning, Tailoring, Shoemaking, Printing, Dressmak- 
ing, and several others of no less importance. 

Since the opening of the Home there have been admitted 
1,087 children. Of this number 615 are still inmates. Four 
have been sent to the Imbecile Asylum at Columbus, Ohio, 
and nine to the Reform Farm at Lancaster, Ohio. Twenty 
have died at the Home. Of the remainder, the greater part 
have been honorably discharged. Some have been removed 
by their friends, and a few having run away, and not being 
returned, have dropjied from the rolls. The age at which 
the children are required by law to leave the Home is 
sixteen. 

In all this army of children we find as great a variety of 
tastes and inclinations, and as large a proportion of minds 
of brilliant jiromise, as in the same number of children in 
our city or town schools. Those who, by the conditions of 
the law, are early forced into the battle of life, are for the 
most i)art fighting their way manfully. Many are already 
filling positions of trust and responsibility. Some are 
striving to complete a college course. It is earnestly to be 
ho]?ed that all may make an honest and useful if not a 



brilliant future, uiid thut each may acconiplisli to the best 
of his ability the work for which he is peculiarly fitted. 

Below we give a list of those who have served on the 
Board of Managers of the Institution since its adoption by 
the State. 

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD UNDER THE LAW OF 

1870. 

R. P. Buckland, President, Fremont, Ohio; James Bar- 
nett, Cleveland, Ohio; J. Warren Keifer, Si)ringfield, Ohio; 
B. F. Coates, Portsmouth, Ohio ; Barnabas Burns, Mansfield, 
Ohio ; M. F. Force, Cincinnati, Ohio ; J. S. Jones, Delaware, 
Ohio; A. Trader, Xenia, Ohio. 

Secretaries of the Board — H. G. Armstrong, Cincinnati, 
Ohio ; R. P. Findley, Xenia, Ohio. 

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD UNDER THE LAW OF 

1874. 

Durbin Ward, President, Lebanon, Ohio ; J. W. Keifer, 
Springfield, Ohio; George Keifer, Troy, Ohio; Oscar White, 
Toledo, Ohio. 

Secretary — Jacob Haynes, Bellel:)rook, Ohio. 



WESTERN OHIO HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSANE 



Dayton, Ohio, February 28, 1876. 

To the Hon. C. H>. Smart, Slate Commissioner of Common 
Schools of Ohio. 

Dear Sir: — In compliance with a request of the State 
Board of Centennial Managers, I herewith submit to you the 
following brief history of the "origin., progress and present 
condition" of this Institution : 

The Western Ohio Hospital for the Insane, formerly 
known as the Southern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Dayton, is 
a Benevolent State Institution, built under an Act passed by 
the General Assembly, April 30, 1852, "To provide for the 
erection of two (2) additional Lunatic Asylums in the State 
of Ohio;" with the necessary appropriation of funds to carry 
out the same. 

The main building, with a wing three (3) stories high, or 
one section with three (3) wards on either side, was com- 
pleted and opened for the reception of patients September 1, 
1855, with a capacity to accommodate one hundred and 
sixty (IGO). 

In the spring of 1866, an additional appropriation was 
made by the State Legislature, and the Board of Trustees 
directed to enlarge the building by extending the wings two 
(2) sections on each side, in accordance with the original 
design. 

The work upon the new addition was commenced during 
the summer of 1866, and was completed in the fall of 1868. 



The basement, which extends under the entire buildinof, is 
built of stone, and the superstructure of brick. The build- 
ing is well arranged for its purpose, and substantially con- 
structed, with moderate regard for architectural aj^pearance, 
but no elaborate ornamentation. 

The central, or administration building, is four (4) stories 
high, and the wings are three (3) stories; in all eight hun- 
dred (800) feet long, and in a good state of repair. 

There are nineteen (19) halls, or Avards, nine (9) of which 
are for males and ten (10) for females, caj)able of comforta- 
bly accommodating five hundred and fifty (550) inmates, and 
by uncomfortable crowding, as at "present a matter of neces- 
sity, six hundred (600) can be cared for. 

The halls, corridors, sitting-rooms and dormitories are well 
lighted and ventilated, well and comfortably furnished, 
according to grade, and are made as pleasant and homelike 
as can well be. 

At present patients are admitted from thirty-two (32) 
counties, composing the Hospital District, but the number of 
counties in the District will be reduced to twenty (20) at the 
completion of the Hospital for the Insane at Columbus. 

The location of the institution is well chosen, on the high 
lands near the city of Dayton, at an altitude of two hundred 
(200) feet above the Great Miami river, overlooking tKe city, 
valley and surrounding country, and is remarkable for its 
heathfulness and salubrity. 

About one hundred and seventy (170) acres are included 
in the grounds, gardens and farm, and are under a high state 
of cultivation and adornment, with a bountiful supply of 
pure water. 

The total cost of lands and improvements approximated 
$520,000. This — as all similar institutions of the State — is 
under the charge of a Board of three (3) Trustees, appointed 
by the Governor of the State, with the advice and consent of 
the Senate. By the Board of Trustees the institution is put 



mider the immediate supervision aud control of a Medical 
Superintendent, with a staff of two (2) Assistant Physicians, 
Steward, Matron and Druggist, all of whom reside in the 
building. The supervisors, night watches, attendants, nurses 
and other employes in and about the Hospital, and on the 
grounds and farm, number about eighty (80) persous. 

An idea of the extent and success of the operations and 
'usefulness of the institution can be gained from the fol- 
lowing statement, to wit: Since the opening of the Hos- 
pital up to the close of the fiscal year, November 15, last — a 
fraction of time over twenty (20) years — 3,818 patients were 
admitted and treated, of whom 1,892 were males, and 1,92G 
were females. Of the whole number received 1,835 were 
discharged as having recovered; 957 of whom were males, 
and 878 were females. 273 were discharged as having im- 
proved ; 434 unimproved ; 252 were transferred to other 
hospitals; 428 died, and 600 remained in the Hospital at the 
close of the year for care and treatment. 

The inmates are maintained, and all the expenses ot the 
institution are defrayed by the State, at an annual cost vary- 
ing but little from $100,000. 



The present officers are as follows: 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

A. G. McBurue^', Esq., President Lebanon, Ohio. 

E.B.Harrison, M. D Napoleon, " 

Thomas A. Legler, Secretary Dayton, " 



RESIDENT officer; 



BIEDICAL SUPERINTEXDEKT, 

JOHN H. CLARK, M. D. 

ASSISTAX'T PHYSICIANS, 

L. R. LANDFEUR, M. D., 
JOHN iM. CARR, M. D. 

STEWARD, 

FREDERICK SCHUTTE. 

MATRON, 

MRS. E. J. CLARK. 

Respectfully yours, 

JOHN II. CLARK. 



OHIO GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL HOME. 



This is a State Institution, created by Legislative Act, 
May 5th, 1<S69, and sustained by annual ai)propriations. 
The necessity for such an institution for girls, that should 
correspond with one for boys., then in successful operation, 
had long been felt l)y the benevolent and coi,isiderate, 
and culminated in the (>x])eriment, as it was then con- 
sidered. 

Its object, and the class of girls for wliich it is designed, 
are shown in the first section of the law by which it was 
established: " That there shall be established, on land con- 
veyed to the State of Ohio for that purpose, a school for the 
instruction. eni])loyment, and reformation of exposed, help- 
less, evil-disposed, and vicious girls." The limit of age is 
" above the age of seven, and under the age of sixteen 
years;" the commitment being by the Probate Court of the 
county where the girl is found. 

The limit of detention is till tiic girl is eighteen years 
of age; though she may l)e indentui'cd oi- discharged at any 
time previous, l)y the Tmstees, at their discretion. 

Soon after the enactment of the law establishing the 
Home, the Governor, Hon. Rutherford 1>. Hays, ap]>ointed 
as Trustees, Frederick Meirick and Al^raham Thompson, of 
Delaware ; ^1. I)» Leggett, of Zanesville ; Clark Waggoner, of 
Toledo, and Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati. Initiatory 
steps were iiniiicdialcly taken by th(Mii, on their organiza- 
tion, for tlic purchase ol' the sj)ecified property, knt»wn as 
the " Wliite Sulphui' S])rings," situated in Delaware 
county, on tlie west bank of the Scioto river, about nine 
miles southwest of the city of Delaware. The location is 
retired, but very pleasant antl salubrious, having been oc- 



ciipied for many years as a wat('ring-i)lace. Among the 
sjjrings on the ])remises are the White Sulphur, Clialy- 
beate, Saline Chalybeate, and Magnesia. The buildings 
were of wood, extensive, but not commodious, or ada})ted 
to winter use. 

The Trustees appointed Dr. John Nichols, of Chardon. 
(leauga county, Sui)erintendent, and Mrs. Mary E. Nichols, 
Matron, for the three years ensuing. The institution was 
formally opened October loth, 1S69, and the first inmate 
received the 4th day of November following. The growth 
from the inception was not rapid, but healthful and satis- 
factory, and in a little moi-c tluui three years the Home 
numbered 150 girls. 

At this time (Fcl)ruary -I-ith, bSTo, ) a disastrous tire de- 
stroyed all the buildings occupied upon the premises for 
their use, and was a serious (dieck uijon the progress of the 
institution, from which it has not fully recovered. Since 
that time four substantial bric-k structures have been 
erected, much better iidapted to the ])urpose designed than 
their predecesscn's. 

At the opening of the Centennial year there were on the 
roll, 295; in tlie Home, ISO. 

Tlu' girls are divide(l into families of thirty each, and 
each family under the united care of an Assistant Matron, 
a teacher, and a liousekeei)er, where they are thoroughly 
instructed in domestic economy, needlework, etc. One-half 
of each day is regularly spent in school, under comjx'tent 
teachers. 

The ])ri)gi-ess of the girls in the difl'erent departments of 
instruction is very t'ncouraging, and the results, as far as 
attained, (piite satisfactory. Fidl two-thirds of those dis- 
ehargeil bid t'air for usefulness and res[)ecta,liility. 

Some ai'e respectablv married, some are in sctiools fitting 
theujselves tor greatei' usefulness, -while many others are 
earning honorable competency by useful domestic sei'vice 



in families. In the (■stiinatioii of those best (qualified to 
judge, the Home has ])roved an undoubted success. 

The Board of Trustees, as now organized, consists of 
Frederick Merrick, President, Delaware; Abraham Thom- 
son, Secretary, Delaware; M. F. Cowdery, Sandusky; V. D. 
►Stayman, Delaware; J. K. Newcomer, Marion. 

Svjteriufciulenf — Dr. John Nichols. 

Matron— Mi-f^. ^larv E. Nichols. 



OHIO REFORM FARM SCHOOL, 



In the year LSoC, the rveuislature of Ohio, in view of the 
ahmning evils of juveniU^ deHn(|uency, a|)pointed a com- 
niision of three gentlemen — consisting of Hon. Charles Reni- 
elin, of Cincinnati, Hon. J. A. Foot, of Cleveland, and.]. T>. 
r^add, Esq., of Steuhenville, to visit the Reform Schools and 
Houses of Refuge of the country, and to report a plan for a 
Reformatory for the State of Ohio. In the })erformance of 
this duty, they visited and cai'efully examined the Houses 
of Refuge of the different States, and found them all con- 
ducted upon the congregate or walled-in system. ( )ne of the 
Commissioners, Hon. C. Remelin, being called to Europe on 
))riva.te business, devoted much time and care in the exam- 
ination of the Reformatories of Oreat Britain, also of the Con- 
tinent. His visits to the colony of Mettray, in Fi'ance, the 
Rauhe Haus, in Germany, and Red Hill, in England, caused 
him to strongly recommend the adoption of the Family 
System for the Ohio Reformatory. The other mendjevs of 
tlu^ commission I'cadily concurred with Mr. Remelin in his 
views, and a unanimous report was presented to the Legis- 
lature in favor of the system, which was at once adopted by 
that body, and an approj)riation of S1"),0()0 was made, with 
which the Commissioners were instructed to j)urchase not 
less than one thousand acres of land, upon which to estal)- 
lish tlie scliool. Addressing themselves earnestly to the 
work, several localities in different parts of the State, where 
land was f)ffered, wen^ visited, and after mature delil)era- 
tion, a tract of 1,17<> acres was selected in Fairlidd Countv 



and piircliased. The Board, in all of their l)iisiuess trans- 
actions, had the approval and enunsel of Sahuon P. Chase, 
who was then (governor of Oliin. 

LOCATION AND DKSCKII'TloN oK THIO 1 Ai;M. 

The Ohio Kefor]u Fai'ni Seliool is located upon a farm of 
1,170 acres, six miles south of Lancaster, Fairfield County, 
Ohio, and thirty-six miles southeast of Columbus, Ohio. 
Lancaster is the nearest railway station to the institution, 
and is reached by the Muskingum ^"alley and Hockino; Val- 
ley Railroads, both of which pass through that city. The 
Farm is situated on the "Hocking Hills," at an elevation 
of about Q0() feet above the Hocking Valley. The climate 
at this altitude is delightful and healthful, and the scenery 
is beautiful. The soil is thin and unproductive, being com- 
posed of clay and sand, and underlaid at a depth of from six 
to eight feet with sand-rock. The timber consists mostly of 
a small growth of pine, oak and chestnut. About one-fourth 
of the Farm is sufUciently level to admit of cultivation 
with the plow — the balance consists of blufi's, slopes and ra- 
vines — a portion of which may profitably be converted into 
vineyards. About 500 acres of the land have l^een cleared, 
the balance being covered with a thick growth of under- 
brush and small timber. The Farm, while not productive 
as a grain and grass producing farm, is very well adapted 
to the growth of many kinds of fruit, especially the peach. 
In consequence of the pure, dry atmosphere, grapes of sui)e- 
rior (juality can also be produced. The orchards, including 
tlie vineyards and small fruits, now cover about two liun- 
dred and fifty acres, the remainder of the cleared i:)orti()n lac- 
ing devoted to gardening, the raising of farm products and 
pasturage. The peach orchard covers 130 acres of land ; the 
apple orchard, 50 acres ; pears and cherries, 15 acres; straw- 
berries and other small fruits, 10 acres; and the vineyards, 
45 acres. The fruit plantations are. enlarged from year to 
year. Fruit growing, gardening, and the raising of nursery 
trees has been found very jtrofitable employment for the 



elev;iti(»ii and ilcvelopiiKMit of the wayward hoys st'iit to the 
Institution. 

The first l)uildinji- tor the i'eee})tion of hoys was erected in 
the fall of 1857, and was made of hewed logs. The follow- 
ing season another log house was built, and two small 
brick houses that cost al)out $2,000 each. A main building, 
of brick, was also erected the same season, cost about 
S6,0D0. A Ijarn of moderate dimensions, sufhcient to meet 
the wants of the Farm, was also l)uilt at a cost of $2,000. In 
these i)lain, simi)le buildings, the experiment of keeping 
wayward and criminal boys, witliout walls, bolts oi- bars, 
was inaugurated. The experiment succeeded so well, that 
eontidence in the system was soon inspired throughout the 
State, and there was a demand for more room. By this time 
it was deemed expedient to erect more permanent buildings, 
to meet the future Avants of the school, and from that date 
to the i)resent nothing l)ut substantial l)rick Iniildings have 
been Iniilt. 

All of the Iniildings first erected have been removed, to 
give place to more substantial and convenient structures, 
which have increased from time to time, as the wants of 
the school demanded more room, until noAv the Ohio Reform 
Farm School village contains one main building, nine fam- 
ily l)uildings, a chapel building, three shop buildings, three 
Imrns, a laundry, two engine houses, an ice house, dry house, 
wood house, bake house, gas house, and a water tower, to- 
gether Avith several outbuildings. 

The main luiilding is 1(51 f(M^t long, Avith a front projec- 
tion of HO feet S(]uare, and 40 feet Avidth of Avings. There is 
also a Aving in the rear of the building 40 by 90 feet. 

The !»uilding is three stories above the basement. In the 
basement are thi'ee furnace rooms, a store ro(mi and several 
capacious celhM- I'ooms. On tlie first floor are the office, re- 
ce]ttion room, icirlor, live dining rooms, ]»antries, store rooms, 
halls, etc. 

On the second lloor are the Acting Commissioner's Fam- 



ily rooms, [larlor, privatt' ollicc, rooms tor Princi})al, four 
guest rooms, hos]>ital and tailor shop. 

On the third Hoor art* the reading and lil)rary rooms, one 
hirge store-room, and rooms for teachers and eini)loyes. 

All the boys and otKcers of the Institution dine in the 
main building. 

The church building is a fine structure, 91 feet in length 
by HO in width, a,nd will comfortably seat 800 boys. 

Four of the family Ijuildings are 57 feet in length l)y 36 
in widtli, with a front })r()jection of oO b}^ 16 feet, and are 
three stories above the basement. The basement contains 
a furnace room, tank room and a large wash room, which is 
also used as a ])]ay room in stormy weather. On the first 
fioor are two rooms for the Elder Bn)ther and his family, 
and a large school room. The school-room is also used as 
the Ijoys' sitting room for the famil}", and for (>vening and 
devotional exercises. The second story contains a lioys' 
dormitory, a room for the assistant Elder Brother, a room 
for the boys' Sunday clothing, and a night closet. The third 
story is used entirely for dormitory purposes. 

The other five family buildings are like the four described, 
with the exception of being only two stories high above the 
basement. All of these buildings are plain, but neatly fin- 
ishcfl and furnished, and make a very })leasant and comfort- 
able home for a family of oO boys. 

The shoi> Imildings are all capacious, the largest being 
120 feet long by 40 in width, and two stories high above the 
basement. The 1 )ascm'ent makes a large and convenient room 
for detailing purposes, and is also used as a playroom when 
too stormy for l)()ys to \)v out of doors. Each of tlie upper 
stories is di\ided into two rooms, with a, hall between them. 
All the sho}»s in this l)uilding are heated by steam. The 
carpenter and blacksmitli sho])sare detached buildings, and 
answci" well the purposes for which they wci'c built. 

The water lowei' is ail octagonal structure, (tf very s(»lid 
masonry. •")('» feci high by L' I t'cet- in diameti'V. ( )u tlie top 
of the tower is an iron tank, with a ca.|iacity (»f 1,000 bar- 



r^ls, from which (list ril)ut in,u- i>i])(,'S coiRluct thr water to 
the l)uilding>: where needed. Conneeted with the nuiiii 
pipe.s are fire-plugs, to whi'-h liose can he attached in case 
of fire. The tank is sui)plied with water from the Arte- 
sian well by the aid of a steam engine. The well is 880 feet 
deep, and produces an abundance of water that cannot be 
surpassed for ])urity and softness. 

The wash house is at a- convenient distance from the 
water tower, from which needed supplies of Avater can be 
drawn. The house is sui)plied Avith two of the " Nonpareil" 
Avashing machines, from the house of Oakley i^' Keating, 
NeAv York City, and a revohnng reel for drying the clothes. 
The machines and I'cel are worked by steam ])ower. One 
Avoman, Avith a class of six boys, does all the Avashing and 
ironing for the Institution, Avh'ich numbers 550 people. 

Each of the two engine houses contains an engine, one of 
40-horse jjoAver, the other of 25-horse poAver. The smaller 
engine is held in reserve for temporary pOAver, in case of 
accident to the larger engine. These engines furnish the 
power for the hame and brush shops, the pump of the Arte- 
sian Avell, the laundry machinery, and for the saAv-mill. 
From the saAv-mill much of the lumber is ol^tained for fenc- 
ing and needed repairs upon the Farm. 

The l_)ake house is a detached building, in Avhicli four l)ar- 
rels of Hour are daily converted into most excellent hreail. 
The work is performed by a baker, Avith the assistance of 
three boys. A Kennedy revolving oven is soon to take the 
place of the oven now in use, Avhich Avill greatly increaso 
the present facilities of V)read making. 

All the l)ui'ldings ai'c lighted Avith gas, manufactured at 
the works belonging to the Institution. 

The buildings are heated mostly Ijy hot-aii- furnaces and 
open grate tires. The hirgc shoji building is lieated by 
steam . 

The cost to the Stale, for t lif' elect ion t»f aJI the huildings, 
is but a, litth' ovei' sSl'I )( M )( X ». The buildings are located 
near the southern line ol' 1 he larni, and, including vards, 



lawns ;i,ik1 play grounds, (x^cupy twenty acres of ground. 
The lawns are taKstefully laid out and ornamented with ever- 
greens, shrubs and flowers. 

mana(;ement. 

The general management of the Institution is vested in 
a Board of three Commissioners, one of whom is designated 
as Acting Commissioner, and is required by law to reside 
upon the Farm. All of the Commissioners hold their ottice 
for the term of three years, receiving their appointment 
from the Governor, and contirmed by the Senate. 

Of the first Board appointed, in 1857, Hon. Charles Rem- 
elin was designated as Acting Commissioner. Upon his res- 
ignation, in January, 1859, George E. Howe, Esq., of Paines- 
ville, was appointed to fill the vacancy, and at once moved 
to the Institution with his family, where he still resides. 
There have been no changes in the Board since the organi- 
zation of the School, excei)t in cases of resignation — the 
members having been rea]>])ointed regularly at the expira- 
tion of their term of office. 

In 186B, James I). Ladd, Esq., resigned, and the place was 
tilled l\v the appointment of Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, of Cin- 
cinnati. In Ai)ril, 1875, Hon. J. A. Foot resigned, and Hon. 
J. M. Pugh, of Columbus, was appointed to the vacancy. 

The Acting Commissioner acts under instructions from 
the Board, and has the general sui)ervision of the Farm and 
School. Monthly meetings of the Board are held, at which 
times all the vouchers for moneys ex])ended during the })re- 
vious month are examined and ])asse(l u]>on. The books are 
also carefully examined each month, to see that all accounts 
are properly registered, journalize(l and ]»oste"d, after which 
an inspection of the monthly Ijalance sheet is made. The 
history of such examination is then written out in the 
Record Hook, ke]tt for that ])ur]jose, and signed by the Board, 
(rreat c.ire nnd economy Iiiiac signalized tlie action of tlie 
Board from tin- carlic^st history of tin' School, and the fre- 
quent accountability of tliose tliat distribute the funds, 
kee))s tbe Board at all times familiar with aJI business 



trau!s;icti<ni.'~ (•((iincctcd with tlw I ust if iil mn. All miittevs 
pertain i 11, li' ti) (lie ucucr;!! wcirnrc of the School arc discussed 
at these monthly meet iii^s, and acted ujjoii wlieii such 
action is necessary. All sultordiiiate ollicers and eni])h)yes 
are a])])()inted hy the Hoard. Vacancies are tcni])ovarily 
filled l»y the Actinj;' Coniniissioiier, when they occur he- 
tween roguhir nieetinus. 

The local ofheers at present are Mrs. F. M. Howe, Matron; 
J. F. Buck and wife, in cliarge of the Hocking Family; J. 
A. Smith and wife, in charge of Muskingum Family; J. G. 
Randall and wife, in charge of Union Family; C. D. Smith 
and Avife, in charge of Cuyahoga Family ; C. C Howe, in 
charge of Scioto Family; 1. A. Shellenberger and wife, 
in charge of Huron Family ; S. B. Loockwood and wife, 
in charge of Miami Family ; John Gallagher and wife, in 
charge of Erie Family ; J. C. Smith and wife, in charge 
of Maumee Family. H. C. Frank acts as Superintendent of 
all work, and Mrs. Susan M. Frank, as Assistant Matron of 
the Institution. 

A family consists of from fifty to sixty hoys. The chief 
officer of the family is called Elder Brother, and the boys 
address him as Brother. The Elder Brothers are required 
to teach half of the day, and go to the field with classes tlie 
other half. The wife, also, of the Brother is expected to 
teach, also to have a general oversight and care of the build- 
ing. The families all have se]>arate ])lay grounds, sit at 
their own tables, and have their own section of seats in the 
chapel. All of the families are alike sul>ject to certain gen- 
eral regulations of the Institution, l)ut each is distinct and 
independent of the otliei', and the fainilies are really in 
many res])ects like so many se})arate institutions. 

rXSTRUCTTON. 

Tlu' hoys labor one-half of each day, and the other half is 
spent in school. The industrial training of tlu^ inmates is 
so conducted as to teach them hal)its of industry and a love 
for labor, and especially are they taught the impt)rtance of 



beconijuu; scir-sustaiiiiug, ami of licino- producei's in the coiu- 
niunities to which they o(> aftci- Icavino- tlic Institution. If 
a, hoy shows tact lor any )iai'f iciilai- kind of lahof, an cH'ort 
is made to jdacc hini wlicic his L;('nius most naturallv leads 
him. Tliei-e is such a. ixvcut di\crsity of eni|ilovnients in 
the Institution, tliat lahov can n-enerally he found a(la])ted 
to the ea.])aeity and desires of every liov sent to it. 

The Farm furnishes a, ui'cat vai'iety of healthful and 
pleasant out-of-door eniploymenl . ,\ garden of fifteen acres 
employs a, force of aJxnit twenty hoys. The cultivation of 
farm products, such as corn, ])ota,toe.s, etc., rei|uires a, force, 
in the summer season, of ahont twenty-five hoys. A force 
of fifteen ho^■s is constantly e)n])loyed in cho])]»in,u- Hre wood 
and in elearinc^ the forest. 

The frnit force is generally lai'gc. Caring for 250 acres of 
oi'charding, including vineyards and small fruits, furnishes 
important labor for a large nundier of l)oys. The care of 
fourteen horses, sixteen cows, and sixty hogs, also calls for a 
small detail of boys. 

Mechanical pursuits have latterly Ixmmi quite (^xtensiv(dy 
introduced. • 

Shoemaking and tailoring are carried on sufhciently to 
manufacture the shoes and clothing for the Institution. 
There is a blacksmith shop in which all of the Institution 
work is done, also some work for the neighl)ors. A carpen- 
ter is em])loved by the year, who, with the help of three or 
four boys, keeps up the repairs of the Institution. A V)rush 
shop has been established, in which '20 l)oys are employed. 
The brush business promises a fail' comi)ensation for the 
labor of the boys, and is a trade easily learned by them. 
The manufacture of hames has also l)een introduced. 
Twenty-five boys work in this shop, and are turning out 
about $400 worth of hames each week. It lias been dem- 
onstrated that the labor of the boys is well ada])ted to the 
manufacture of hames, and at no very distant jieriod, no 
doui)t, a much larger class will be (>ni])loyed in this 
shop. There is also a shop in which from fifty to seventy 



ItKvsai'c ciuiiloycd at canc-scatiuL!; chairs. Latterly this shop 
lias Ix'cn closed a portion of th(> time for want of work. 

Many of (he discliaructl Ijoys are ea.rnin,u; an honest liv- 
injr by imrsuing the trades they k'arned ut the Institution, 
and a hirge nnml)er are successful farmers, gardeners, and 
fruit-growers in differ(Mit parts of the country, having 
actjuired a taste for these employments Avhile at'the Reform 
School. 

SCHOOLS. 

The lioys are classified according to their scholarship, 
and the grades are taught by tlie best teachers that can he 
]irocured. The school for each grade continues through 
the half day, which gives a session of from four and a half to 
tive hours in length. The school rooms are neatly kept 
and furnished, and the text books are of the most approved 
kinds. Any boy that has capacity and will study, has the 
o])portunity of obtaining a first-class common school edu- 
cation. Several of the l)oys, after leaving the Institution, 
have entered college, and graduated from the same with 
honors. About one-third of the boys, when received at the 
Institution, can neither read nor write. The Board of C'om- 
missioners have always felt it an imperative duty to the 
C'ommonwealth to provide amply and wisely for the intel- 
h'ctual culture of these children of misfortune. 

.MOKAL AND HELKUOFS INST lircTroN. 

Ex))erience has proved that the discipline of the Insti- 
tution is perfectly relial)le in sui)pressing all present and 
apparent evil that seems to exist in the mind of any bov, 
but t(» eradicate it from the heart, and to implant the prin- 
ciples of a new and l)etter life, requires the divine agency 
of truth and love. Recognizing their moral and spiritual 
necessities, and that the only avenue to reach the heart is 
through the understanding, they are taught the simple 
lessons of revealed religion that underlie a useful life and 
l)lesse(l immortality. The Bible is the book of moral and 
ivligious instruction used. The bovs are )»rovid(Ml with 



this divine text-liook. ;iuil ci icon raged to st'arch the Seri])- 
tures as the only ruU' of faith and «hity, and to gather from 
its sacred pages what (hcv arc to liclicvc and to [nvK'tice 
to secure tlie favor of (iod and the a]i|irol)at ion of their 
own consciences. Without douht a hirgc nurnhci' of tlie hoys 
sincerely and honestly accept the o})j)ortunity atiorded for 
moral and religious culture, while some remain indifterent 
and unimpressed, (iood tidings may he ex})ected from the 
tirst class, while failure in the struggh' of life may nat- 
urally l)e expected from the other. 

In the work of moral and religious education, the f^ab- 
bath School is found a relialde and ethcient agency. The 
boys appear to love the school and its exercises, and it 
'affords them pleasure to attend. The '' International Les- 
sons '' are used in the School. The leaves are distributed 
among the boys, who, during the Aveek, commit the Scrip- 
ture text to memory. On Sunday morning they all meet 
in the Chapel, and, after the opening service, responsive 
readings of Scripture, singing, and prayer, they recite the 
lesson from memory, and are examined on its teachings. 
On Sunday afternoon divine worship is held in the Chapel, 
conducted by the ministers of the different churches at 
Lancaster. All Christian ministers or laymen interested 
in the work, are cordially welcomed, and enjoy equal 
privileges. 

The meetings on Sunday evening are frequently con- 
ducted by the ofhcers and boys of the Institution con- 
jointly. These meetings are of great interest, and much 
good has resulted from them. 

There is a good library and reading-room connected with 
the School, to which any boy by good conduct may have 
access. There is also a circulating library for general dis- 
tribution. 

A brass band is well sustained among the lioys, the 
teacher and leader being an officer of the Institution. 



1)AII,V H(»|-TINK. 

In this, as far as is itracticalilc oi'dcr, proiiiptncss, jind 
variety are eoiiitiincd, so as to avoid weariness and indiffer- 
ence. From April toOetohei- the l><»ys rise at 5:80 o'clock in 
the morning, and during the remainder of the year at 6 o'clock 
and retire athalf past eight. Immediately after rising the 
boys pass to the basement, where they enjoy a good wash 
in pure soft water ; from thence they pass to the school- 
room, where the Elder Brother reads a chapter from the 
Bible and leads in })rayer; after which, upon the ringing 
of the second bell, all pass to their respective dining rooms 
in the main building for breakfast. Properly seated at the 
tables, before partaking of the meal, all unite in asking 
the Divine blessing upon their food, and returning thanks 
for mercies received. After the meal, they pass in order to 
a large basement room, where they are detailed for their 
respective duties for the forenoon, half going to school, and 
the other half to lal)or in the shops, fields, orchards, and 
gardens. 

At 11:80 A. M. the schools are dismissed, and the working 
forces relieved. After washing and a short time for rest 
and recreation, the bell invites them to their noon meal. 
At one o'clock the line is again formed in the basement, 
and they are detailed for afternoon duty, reversing the or- 
der of the morning, so that each class works and attends 
school half of the day. At 5 p. m. all work and study are 
closed for the day, and the boys go u]5on the play-grounds 
for recreation. 

After supper the l)oys are called in to tlieir respective 
family buildings, their own home, where an hour is spent 
in a moral review. Each boy, in the presence of his com- 
rades and officers, renders an account of his conduct during 
the day. His honesty, candor, and truthfulness are put' to 
the test. The wrong, if committed, is acknowledged, his 
case settled, and a record made upon the grade-book of the 
family. This is an hour of much interest and profit, and 
generally very pleasantly spent. After singing, reading of 



the Sci-i]»tuvc, and ])i'iiy('i', they retire. At tlieii' hedside 
tliey arc allowed a few minutes toi- a \(iluntai-y sei-vice, 
wlien they sinmltaneoiisly kneel and oiler a jirayer. Alter 
whieh tliey greet each other with a cheerful "good night," 
enter their comfortahle heds to enjoy refi'(>shing sleep till 
the next morning's light a2ipears. 

An effort is made at all times to make the l^oys hap]\v 
and contented. They are supplied with plenty of good, 
wholesome food, suitable clothing, and comfortal)le beds. 
They are taught habits of cleanliness, a i)ro])er care of 
their clothing, and a high regard for propriety and deco- 
rum in all their conduct and social intercourse with each 
other. They are given ample time for recreation, and no 
(dass of l)oys can be found that gives a higher degree of 
manifest appreciation for such j»rivileges. All prison ap- 
pliances are removed, and the boys are trusted. No high 
walls, bolts or bars are used to restrain them or prevent 
them from escaping. By kind treatment and judiciovis 
management at least three-fourths of tliem can at all times 
be trusted to go to any part of the farm, or even to Lan- 
caster, six miles away, on business, without supervision, 
and without any danger of tludr esca])ing. In their gov- 
ernment and management, the necessity of law, authority, 
and penalty is fully recognized. The boys are taught and 
made to understand that obedience and duty faithfully 
performed have their sui'c and a])propria,te rewards, and 
that transgression has its inevitable penalty. 

The punishments consist in jiersonal admonition and 
reiu'oof, loss of grade, de})rivation of some personal and 
cherished comfort, and sometimes, when other means fail, 
the rod of correction is employed, but with great discretion. 
The })rincii)les of reform developed and applied in the 
Family system, strike with a firm and loving power at the 
very root of evil as found in the heart and life of a way- 
ward boy, and supplies all the means and motives of his 
reformation. 

The first ten boys were received at the Institution from 
the Cincinnati House of Refuge, .laiuuiry ;'>(), 1S5S. Since 



that date to March 1, 1876, 2,270 difierent boys have been 
admitted. The number discharged to the same date was 
1,766, leaving 504 in the Institution. The number admit- 
ted to the School during the last fiscal year was 214. The 
number discharged was 209. Of those discharged 97 re- 
turned to their parents, 59 were sent to the care of friends, 
43 to the care of themselves, 9 hired out for wages, and one 
died. Of those admitted, 94 were of American parentage, 
5 English, 38 Irish, 32 German, 1 Italian, 17 American 
(colored), and 27 unknown. Fifteen were sent for grand 
larceny, 65 for petit larceny, 15 for burglary, 2 for house 
breaking, 46 for petit larceny and incorrigibility, 1 for 
arson, 3 for assault with intent to rape, 10 for vagrancy, 47 
for incorrigibility, 1 for manslaughter, 1 from the Peniten- 
tiary, 3 for horse stealing, 2 for cutting wdth intent to 
wound, 2 for obtaining property underf alse pretenses, and 
1 for obstructing railroad track. The average time of deten- 
tion of boys at the School is a little more than twenty- 
three months. 

The Ohio Reform Farm School was the first Reformatory 
established in this country upon the Famil}^ plan. It was 
established as an experiment, and notwithstanding its con- 
ception originated in the minds of some of the most tal- 
ented and philanthropic citizens and statesmen of the 
State, still the great majority regarded it as a very danger- 
ous experiment, and it was looked upon as a visionary 
scheme that would soon explode and disappear. But its 
history and results are the proof of its success. 

Founded ui)on the right basis, and under a continuous 
management for eighteen years, with economy in expendi- 
tures, efficiency of administration, and the reformation of 
such a large percentage of its inmates, are its credentials 
to public confidence and support. 

The Institution has clearly demonstrated that kindness 
and love will do more to soften and reclaim the obdurate 
heart than prison walls, bolts or bars. The success of the 
School has been such that its influence has caused a modi- 
fication of the discipline and management of many of the 
Reformatories of the land. 



HISTORV OF THE OHIO PENITENTIARY. 



The lirst Penitentiary building was erected iu 1813. 
It was built of brick, 60 by 30 feet on the ground, and 
three stories high. The basement w^as divided into a 
kitchen and dining room for the prisoners. The next 
story above the kitchen was the keei)er's residence, and 
the third or upper story was laid off into cells for prisoners. 
There w^ere thirteen cells in all, four dark ones and nine 
light ones. The entrance to the cells or upper story was 
from the inside of the yard. Such is a brief description 
of the original Penitentiary building as it existed from 
1813 to 1818, when a new Penitentiary (as it was then 
called), was built, and the yard enlarged to about 400 
feet east and west by 160 feet north and south, the 
ground covered by buildings included. The yard was 
divided into three parts, called the upper, middle and 
lower yard. The workshops were principally arranged 
along the south side of the up[)er yard, some cooper and 
blacksmith shops in the middle yard, there being no 
shops iu the lower yard. The new prison house was of 
brick, 150 feet long, 34 feet wide, two stories high, with 
the east gable front to the street, and joined to the 
original building. The accommodations consisted of two 
adjoining rooms on tlie second floor for hospital purposes, 
and fifty-four cells or lodging rooms above ground, and 
live dark, solitary cells below ground, accessible only by 
a trap door opening u[» into the hail. Tlie old original 
building, after being remodeled, served as a comfortable 
residence for the kee[»er. 

The trades carried on by the convicts were coopering, 
blacksniithiiig, shoenuiking, wago)i making, gunsmithing, 
cabinet making, tailoring and weaving. The articles 



thus iiuiuutactured were stored in a room connected with 
the institution, and sold or exchanged for provisions or 
raw materials, such as staves, sawed lumber, hoop poles, 
coal and firewood. 

The first convict was John Evans, sent from Pickaway 
County, for five years, for assault and battery with intent 
to kill. He was received October S, 1815, and is marked 
No. 1 on the Convict Register. He, with his brother 
David, who was received the same time, was pardoned 
by the Governor, January 26, 1817. The total number 
reeeive<l from October 8, 1815, to July 3, 1834, was 931 ; 
this was up to the time the new prison was occiyiied. 

The Legislature on the 11th of February, 1832, passed 
an act providing for the erection of a new Penitentiary, 
Three Directors were a[)pointed for the purpose of se- 
lecting and procuring a site, and controlling the erection 
of the buildings. Thev were to receive a salary of $100 
per year for their services, and were required to appoint 
a Superintendent, who should direct and oversee the 
work. The manual labor was to be performed by con- 
victs ; the stone taken from quarries owned by the State, 
only paying for guards and transportation. This build- 
ing was completed on the 27th of October, 1834, and on 
the day following, the convicts from the old prison were 
removed to the new, where they were subjected to strict 
discijtline and severe punishments. The store room was 
abolished, and the convicts hired by the day on large 
contracts, the shops to be furnished by the State, the tools, 
materials and traiis])ortation by the contractors. 

Within a few years the rules of the prison have been 
giving way to more kind and humane treatment. Before 
this the punishments consisted of "the cat" or whipping 
post, shower bath, underground dungeons, &c. These 
punishments were abandoned, and there were substituted 
solitary confinement for first and slight ofi:enses, the ring 
for the repetition of the same, and the last, together with 
short rations and a plunge l)ath, for frequent and serious 
oti'enders. The lockstep formerly used was slightly 



altered a few years since, the convicts being directed to 
take tiieir hand from the shoulder of the man j (reced- 
ing them ; but it was not until very recently that the con- 
victs were ordered to march in military order. What 
was then called a "gang" is now termed a company, and 
tlie marching to meals and to the cells is a spectacle all 
seem anxious to observe. 

There are now twenty-eight acres of land and forty- 
four shops, employing one thousand men on contracts. 
The lowest price paid for convict labor is seventy cents 
]ter day; this amounts to about $16,600 per month as 
wages accruing to the State, or about the same as the 
receipts for the year in 1836. 

The cells are three feet live inches wide, six feet nine 
inches high, and seven feet long, containing about 161 
cubic feet of air. They are entirely without ventilation, 
except through a grated door opening into the hall, ten 
feet from the outer walls. The ventilation of this hall is 
through grated windows, and it is to be hoped, for the 
benefit of the lungs of both guards and prisoners, this 
state of affairs will soon be remedied. 

The hospital is situated in what was formerly the 
chapel. It is on the third floor, entirely above the walls, 
windows cut down to the floor, so the ventilation is as 
good as it can be until a regular system is discovered. 
The beds are neat and clean, dispensing chemists careful 
in attending to their duties. A regular physician is em- 
ployed, and, withal, the health of th'e inmates is made an 
object of special attention. 

Although we can never hope, if we include the costs 
of ]>rosecution, to make the institution self supjiorting. 
Still, outside of this item of expense, the receipts of the 
prison are not only equal to the expenses, but return a 
large dividend to the Treasury. And in regard to the 
costs of prosecution, if we include the rise in value of 
land belonging to the State and State work doneby convicts, 
there is no doubt the net income would largely exceed 
even this expense. The first land i>urchased for the 



erection ot" the prison, cost the State |5() [>er ucre. It is 
now wortli, tor nuumtactiiriiig imritoses. $/J,()()0 per acre, 
showing an increase ot" 247 per cent, per annum on tlie 
investment. During the fiscal year ending Novem- 
ber 30, 1836, there were nine sliops, working about 
130 men ; the receipts for tiie year amounted to |17,500. 
November, 1875, there were fort3'-tbur shops, employing 
one thousand men, and the recei[)ts were 1 16,600 per 
month, almost as mucli in one month as for a year forty 
years ago. The cash earnings for the year 1875-76 will 
not be less than $215,500, with an annual running ex- 
pense of $145,900, and the net cash receipts $69,600. 

Forty years ago the manufacturing interests were con- 
fined to stone cutting, coopering, tailoring, stone breaking, 
blacksmithing, webbing, making saddle trees, shoes and 
soap. Now the products of industry are buckles, harness, 
hames, saddlery hard\yare, wire, brushes, chairs, infants' 
carriages, buggy and wagon bodies, wheels, shafts, spokes, 
hubs, rakes, forks, hoes, snaths, grain cradles, barrels, 
carpenter's tools of all kinds, stoves and furniture, car 
wheels, plating, blacksmithing,wagon and carriage bolts, 
wagon skeins, &c. Lately there has been erected a shop 
of brick, two stories high, which is occupied by Brooks & 
Patton, for the purpose of manufacturing enamel hol- 
lowware, the only factory of the kind in the State of 
Ohio. They employ 120 men, and their monthly pay- 
sheet to the State averages about $3,000. 

There is also connected with the institution a gas 
manufactory, erected in 1873, which is sufficient to sup- 
ply the Penitentiary, State House, Deaf and Dumb and 
Blind Asylums with light. The gas thus manufactured 
costs the State about 64 cents per thousand feet, includ- 
ing labor and salary of officers. 

The Chapel, used for divine service, speeches on holi- 
days. Sabbath School and Christian Association Room, is 
large enough to comfortably seat 1,800 persons. It is a 
brick structure, well built, the floor well laid, containing 
9,000 square feet, agallery for the female prisoners, and seats 



tor male convicts and place tor visitors on main floor. Near 
the rostrum on one side are scats tbi- the choirand space tor 
the organ ; on the other, seats tor jiarticular friends and the 
families of the officers. The rostrum itself has seats for 
the Warden, Deputy Warden, Chaplain, and any minis- 
ters who may he present. It is well carpeted, and, taken 
together with the frosted windows, adds much to the 
general appearance of the room. The services on Sab- 
bath consist of Christian Association or prayer meeting 
at 8 o'clock A. M.; Sabbath school at 9:30, consisting of 
600 scholars; church at 11 A. M., which all attend but 
those whose conscience forbid — about fifteen or twenty 
in number. At 8 A. M. high mass is held in a room 
over the offices of the Chaplain and Deputy Warden. 
About one hundred attend this service. On tlie first 
floor, between the Deputy's office and Chapel is a i)rint- 
ing ofiice, where bill heads, labels, and all such little job 
printing for the institution is done by convicts. Directly 
opposite, between the Chaplain's office and Chapel is the 
Library, containing 2,500 volumes, consisting of novels 
by standard authors, together with a liberal supply of 
histories, books of travel, magazines, readers, bibles and 
a few slates. The prisoners are also allowed to subscribe 
for any paper, religious, local or political, for which they 
are willing to pay from their private funds; also, to re- 
ceive any reputable papers sent them by their friends. 

The men work from 6 o'clock A. M. to 6 o'clock P. M. 
in the summer, and from 7:30 A. M. to 4:30 P. M. in the 
winter. They can then read till 9 P. M., which gives an 
average of three hours reading time. Thus men who, 
when they came in, were not at all posted in the litura- 
ture of the age, become, in two or three years' time, really 
well read men, both as to works of fiction and the more 
solid productions. 

There is also connected with the institution a slaughter 
house, where the butchering for the inmates is done by 
butchers who are prisoners. The meats of all kinds used 
are bought on toot, and the slaughtering is done inside of 



tlje walls. Thus the iiiithonties are brouglit in contact 
witli stock raisers instead of the butchers about the 
city. 

The flour and corn meal used are ground in the 
State mill inside the prison wall, by prison labor which 
would not otherwise be used. The men thus grind their 
own wheat and bake their own bread. The same engine 
which is used for the steam power in the mill is used to 
propel the washing machines. The store room used for 
packing eatables until wanted is directly back of the 
kitchen and near the mill. 

A lunatic asylum, containing about twenty subjects, is 
between the mill and the store room. The park inside 
the walls is covered with fresh green grass, and contains 
a bed of flowers directly in front of the Chai)el. This 
gives a cheerful appearance to the premises not other- 
wise to be gained, and has also a benelicial effect on the 
spirits of the men there confined. 

The health of the inmates has averaged well everything 
considered. The cholera broke out in the prison in 
1849 and in 1873, but it prevailed in the city at the same 
time, and it was not remarkable tl^at it should overleap 
the walls. Only thirteen deaths occurred in 1875, out of 
1,257 men. 

As to the reformatory powers of the institution, the 
police of the city do not give a very favorable account. 
But the public should bear in mind that of those who go 
out and lead a uniform consistent lite nothing is heard, 
while those whose first free act is getting drunk and all 
the misdemeaners which follow, have their names duly 
published as appearing before the Mayor's Court, and 
thereby become the subject of comment by all those who 
argue that a man's character never changes. The pro- 
portion of these last are about one-third of the whole 
number discharged. This, taken together with the self- 
sustaining powers of the Penitentiary, as heretofore 
shown, argues well for what our reformatory institutions 



niii^^lit become by judicious? selection of officers and 
guards. 

There is, however, a class of " |»rotessionals," so-called, 
who never have done a da3''s honest work in their lives, 
and who live by burglary, horse theft or forgery, 
who might as well — and, indeed, as soon as found 
positivel}' to belong to this class, much better — be 
sent to prison for life. These, when caught, say : " Well, 
we are beaten tliis time, but we'll get ahead of you yet ;" 
thus showing themselves willing to divide their time 
between a life of crime outside and one of penalty inside 
of some penal institution. 

Although "ignorance of the law excuses no man," 
when justice is untem[tered with mercy, still some who 
commit criminal offenses not knowing them to be such, 
are fit subjects for the mercy of the Executive, and demand 
our sympathy. Some, by their uniform good behavior, 
have gained, almost against their own wills, the respect 
of their guards, just as they will and do gain the respect 
of just men outside, after they have shown themselves 
determined to curb their evil propensities. 



CINCINNATI ORHPAN ASYLUM, 

MT. AUBURN. CrNCINNATl. O. 



Incorporated in 1832 Under the Laws of Ohio— General Manage- 
ment of the Institution under a Board of Lady Managers— Man- 
agement of Endowment Fund under a Board of Trustees — Insti- 
tution Protestant, but not Sectarian. 



MANAGERS. 



Mrs. Catharine Bates, Walnut Hills ; Mrs. John D. Jones, 
Glendale ; Mrs. Eliza J. Funk, 94 West Eighth Street ; Mrs. 
Henry Probasco, Clifton ; Mrs. Aaron F. Perry, Mt. Auburn; 
Mrs. S. M. Hinsdale, 394 West Seventh Street; Mrs. John 
Davis, 323 Elm Street; Mrs. S. J. Broadwell, 66 Lawrence 
Street ; Mrs. A. D. Bullock, Mt. Auburn ; Mrs. J. H. Cheev- 
er, Mt. Auburn ; Mrs. G. H Barbour, 90 East Fourth Street; 
Mrs. John R. Wright, Walnut Hills; Mrs. A. S. Winslow, 
Cor. Broadway and Fourth ; Mrs. William Judkins, Corner 
Race and Center Streets ; Mrs. M. F. Force, 89 West Eighth 
Street; Mrs. L. E. Yorke, Clifton; Mrs. C. T. H. Stille, 
85 Broadwav ; Miss Janet C. Brown. 183 West Seventh 
Street. 

OFFICERS. 

President — Mrs. Catharine Bates. 
Mac- President — Mrs. Aaron F. Perry. 
Recording Secretary — Mrs. J. R. Wright. 
Corres'ponding Secretary — Mrs. A. D. Bullock. 
Treasurer— Mr^. i\ T. H. Stille. 



(MjM.MrrPKKS. 

Admittiiiii — Mrs. (Jheever, Mrs. Judkins, Mrs. Broadwell, 
Mrs. Hinsdale. 

Binding — Mrs, Bates, Mrs. Funk, Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Force. 

Purchadng — Mrs. Jones, Mrs. Bullock. 

Auditiuf/ — Mrs- Bullock, Mrs. Barbour. 

School — Mrs. Perry, Mrs. Probasco. 

Setimig — Mrs. Cheever, Mrs. Bullock. 

Hov,-^(' keeping — Mrs. Hinsdale, Mrs. Barbour, Mrs. Broad- 
well. 

Infirmary and Nurftert/ — Mrs. Probasco, Mrs. Wright, 
Miss Brown. 

Visiting — Mrs, Davis, Mrs. Funk, Mrs Stille. 

Matron — Mrs. A. J. C. Wilson. 

TRUSTEES. 

Robert Buchanan, Clifton ; Henry Probasco, Clifton ; Rich- 
ard Smith, Clifton ; George W. McAl])ine, Clifton ; George 
W, Jones, Cincinnati: Samuel J. Broadwell, Cincinnati; 
John R. Wright, Walnut Hills. 

ORIGIN AND HISTORY, 

The origin and history of this Institution, the oldest organ- 
ized charity in Ohio, and })erhaps in the West, cannot be 
better presented, than by giving the recollections of the ven- 
erable President of the Board of Managers (who has been 
continuously a member of the Board since its organization, 
and is now in her seventy-ninth year), as stated by her on the 
occasion of the forty-second anniversary of the Institution, 
June 6, 1875, as follows : 

My friends, we bring you not to-day our usual annual re- 
port, but intend, rather, giving a brief sketch of the origin 
and history of this Institution. 

The disastrous flood of 1831, and the cholera that followed 
in 1832, caused much suffering among the poor; and many 
hearts and homes were made desolate, and many children left 
entire orphans. Among the first to respond to the calls for 



relief wa.s a Masonie Lodge — (aiul we believe thaf fraternity 
are always ready for every good word and work). They 
placed in the hands of the Lady Managers of the Bible Socie- 
ty a sum of money, knowing that, in their distribution of the 
Bible through the city, they could best ascertain who needed 
relief After ministering to the wants of all who came in 
their way, the sum of eight dollars remained ; and the ques- 
tion arose, How shall this be apj)ropriated? One of the ladies 
suggested that they seek divine direction. They knelt in 
prayer, and the indications were that a home should be pro- 
vided for the orphan and the destitute. Thus you see that 
our Asylum was founded in faith and prayer, and with the 
princely sum of eight dollars. 

On the 2d of May, 1833, a meeting of citizens was held at 
the First Presbyterian Church. It was well attended, the 
subject was discussed, and the result was the election of twelve 
ladies, who should carry out the wishes and intentions of the 
philanthropic and the benevolent of our city and vicinity. 
On the same afternoon the Society was organized in the par- 
lor of Mrs. Philip Young. The original Board of Managers, 
as elected at this meeting, were : Mrs. Jeptha D. Garrard, 
Mrs. S. W. Davies, Mrs. Edward King (now Mrs. Peter), 
Mrs. Gen. Mansfield, Mrs. Ezekiel Hall, Mrs. Louisa Staugh- 
ton, Mrs. Jcmathan Bates, Mrs. Philip Young, Mrs. Dr. 
Moorehead, Mrs. G. R. Gilmore, Mj-s. H. Todd and Mrs. 
Jacob Burnet, four of whom are now living, but only one re- 
maining in the present Board. 

Charles Hammond obtained a chart ei- from the Legislature, 
but with tha proviso that we should i'Aka pauper children, re- 
ceiving a. small compensation from the Township Trustees for 
their support. A portion of the auction funds was also grant- 
ed us, and subscriptions were received. We accepted the con- 
ditions, and on the 6th of June, /'or^y three years ago, entered 
upon our work by assuming the care of twenty-five dirty, 
ragged childi-en at the Pest House, whi(rh, with six acres of 
ground, was donated to ns by Jeptha L). Garrard, and by the 
city. The home of these childi'en had been the Connnerciid 
Hospital, where the insane, the sick, and many of ade])raved 



character were congregated. At the suggestion ot the kite 
Dr. Fore, then physician of the hospital, they were removed 
to this ])lace. 

We can scarcely describe the location, so great have been 
the changes. It was near Mill Creek bottom; a green, stag- 
nant pond near by ; there was no road leading to it ; riding 
was dangerous, an<l carriages tew; there was no pavement; 
here and there was a rail fence, and by [ilacing our hands on 
the top rail, and our feet on the lower one. to avoid tlu; mud, 
we got along the best way we could. 

After a year or two, feeling that the location was unhealthy, 
we exchanged our six acres (which included a burial-place for 
the poor), for a lot on Elm Street, known as potter's lield, 
where Exposition Hall now stands, and which is destined to 
become the site of the magnificent Music Hall, toward which 
Mr, Springer has made so grand a donation. 

Our next step was to erect a building. We had no money; 
not a cent for that purpose; so we resolved ourselves into a 
committee of the whole, and the city was canvassed. We 
visited manufactories, workshops, stores and dwellings, and 
we met with a ready response — save in one instance, a wealthy 
woman refused, and in no ladylike manner. One poor wo- 
man gave six and a fourth cents ; and various sums were giv- 
en, some as high as one hundred dollars — some even larger. 
Building material was also given, and one man gave a wheel- 
barrow, vvhicli was very useful. 

In J 836 our building was completed, and we felt very 
grand. We had hard work to get along, but our children, 
sometimes two hundred in number, never lacked bread. One 
very cold morning we visited the Asylum, and learned that 
there was not money enough in the treasury to buy the chil- 
dren a dinner. At that moment a letter was handed us, ad- 
dressed to Mi's. Kurnet, containing a twenty-dollar note. 
We never knew the giver, but it came in answer to prayer. 

In 1840 the auction funds were withdrawn, and when the 
City Infirmary was established, the Township Trustees took 
from us the small pittan(;c that had been allowed, hut they did 
not take f/if citlldrcn. (I would sMy here that (he impression 



has l)t'eii given that we received aid from the eiti/. It is not 
so; although nearly all the children we take belong to the 
city.) 

We had to de|)end on subscriptions, donations, contribu- 
tions, fairs, festivals, etc. We struggled along in this way for 
s(tine time, until, finding we could no longer sustain the Insti- 
tution, we reluctantly decided to dispose of our jiroperty, in 
order to enlarge our income. 

In January, 1858, our Trustees, Wm. Grossman, John D. 
Jones, and Robert Buchanan, effected an arrangement with 
the City Council to purchase our property for one hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars. 

The cost of the ground and iujprovements here at Mt. Au- 
burn was about fifty thousand dollars; the hundred thousand 
was invested in city bonds at six per cent, interest. We re- 
ceive also about two thousand a year interest from legacies, 
becpiests, and other sources, but this has not been sufficient 
for our support. Some years our expenditures have been 
twelve thousand dollars, other years not so much; but kind 
friends have ever responded to our calls, and the deficiency 
has been made up. 

From small beginnings the Lord has led us on, even forty 
years and more, and we are here to-day to praise Him for all 
His goodness unto us; and we thank you, dear friends, for so 
generously aiding us in carrying on this noble work. May 
the Blessed One who has said, "Inasmuch as you have done 
it unto the least of one of these, ve have done it unto me," 
richly reward you for all the benefactions you have bestowed. 

Wc present you not to-day, twenty-five unwashed, poorly- 
clad (;hildren, l)ut nearly one hundred healthy, happy, well- 
clothed, and well-fed children, who share in common with 
the sons and daughters of their benefactors, in all the advan- 
tages of our c(jmmon schools. 

The Board of Managers, compo.sed of eighteen ladies, is di- 
vided into standing an(i weekly committees. 

To the Admittipg C^ommittee applications are made for the 

admission of children lo the Asylum. It is their duty to sat- 

. isfy themselves that the (iandidates arc proper subjects for ad- 



mission, and when found to Ije so, to anthorize their 
reception. 

The Binding Committer is charged with the duty of inves- 
tigating applications for children, and report upon them to the 
Board. No child is given out without the sanction and au- 
thority of this Committee. 

The Purchasing Committee make all ])urchases of clothing 
and supplies for the Institution, except the daily marketing. 
Their bills are presented at the regular monthly meeting for 
approval and payment. 

The Auditing Committee audit all books and bills of the 
Treasurer, Purchasing Committee, and Matron, once in three 
months. 

It is the duty of the School Committee to know that every 
child, not younger than six years, is regularly in school when 
not sick ; that lessons which should be learned at home are 
studied under proper supervision ; to have personal cognizance, 
by frequent visits to the school, of the standing and progress 
of the children, and to supply them with books and stationery. 

The Sewing Committee are expected to have knowledge of 
all material for clothing ])urchased, of its being properly and 
economically cut out and well made, and for the employment 
of a seamstress. 

The Committee on Housekeeping shall have a general su- 
})ervision of tl)e manner in which the housekeeping is carried 
on ; of the supplies brought into the house, and the disposition 
made of them. The weekly Visiting (committee will report 
any want of care on the ])art of servants and attendants, or any 
noticeable defect of hoiisekee])ing, to this Committee, who 
will report it to the Matron. 

The Committee on the Intirmary and Nursery will have 
an active supervision over the children in Nursery and In- 
firmary. They shall see that they are well clothed, well fed, 
amused and occupied in a manner suited to their age. The 
cleanliness of these rooms shall be particularly looked after, 
and suitable attendance insisted on ; and the sick shall be pro- 
vided by them with such varieties of food, and such delicacies 
and care as their condition may require. 



Ill aiUlitioii to the.st! staiuliiig coiuiniltees there are regular 
weekly <;ommittee.s of three ladies each, who, separately and 
together, visit the Institution during their week, and report 
in writing to the monthly nioeting of the general condition of 
things during each particular week. 

There is also a committee whose special duty it is, in co- 
operation with the Binding Committee, to inform themselves 
whether those who aj)|)ly for children are suitable persons to 
take charge of them ; and also to kee|) up some knowledge of 
the children after thev are placed out, both by correspondence 
and, when practicable, by visiting them. 

By unceasing and diligent application of these means, the 
ladies in charge of tiie Asylum endeavor to fulfil the wishes 
of its friends, and to assure a prudent use of its means Their 
duties are only not burdensome because of the interest felt in 
them. There may be no need to say, but it is nevertheless 
proper to say, that the office of Manager is neither a nominal 
nor idle one, nor is it free from fatigues and anxieties. 

It has been sometimes said that the average expense of su})- 
porting children in tliis Asylimi has not been reduced to the 
lowest possible limit. The lady Managers are happy to say 
that the average expense per child has never been, and they 
trust will never be, reduced to the lowest possible sum. The 
object is to avoid useless expense, and to guard against careless 
or wasteful use of means. In this they believe they have been 
reasonably successful. But the children entrusted to them, 
however unfortunate now, are not assumed to have been sen- 
tenced to a state of pau})erism. It is not forgotten that they 
have their chances of future usefulness and respectiibility. 
The Managers would not do justice to themselves, nor to those 
who give their means to support the Institution, if they should 
do or permit anything to diminish these chances, or should 
fail to do anything in their power to encourage them to self- 
respecting and hopeful habits. 

A public Institution of this kind is at best a poor substitute 
for a home. It must be a jwor home indeed which is not 
better than an Orphan Asylum. We make no pretense nor 
affectation of doing for them what all sensible j)ersons know 



ciuinot be done. The special affections, so tlear to ciiildliood, 
cannot he criven here. We ciiu only make n|) for tlieii- al)sence 
bv jjjeneral (^^re for physical comfbi't, and <;»'neral kindness of 
bearing, so as not to shnt i»n1 from the children the idea of 
regard. ' 

Nor do we make extreme haste to jjlace them ont in ttimilies. 
It is easy for families who want an nnpaid servant to talk of 
adopting a child, and treating it as their own, and to do this 
withont mnch consciousness at the time how unre:«i the idea 
is. The Managers are well aware that in most cases, the rela- 
tion thus formed is, on the part of the child, a relation of ser- 
vitude and dependence. We do not conceal from ourselves, 
nor disguise from the patrons of the Institution, that this is 
what is to be looked for as the general result of j)lacing chil- 
dren out in families. 

It is a hard relation for a child, but in many cases it is the 
best that can reasonably be done. We endeavor to do it, not 
without care, and assuredly not without solicitude. Some- 
times when the relation has proved itself especially unjileasant 
to children, it is a satisfaction to the Managers to know that 
they look back to the Asylum with gratitude and affection for 
the kindness they had there. In several instances, children 
thus situated have escaped, and come back to us alone, and 
unannounced, saying they had " come home. " We prefer 
they should leave us with this feeling, and if necessary, return 
to us with it. 

An increase of our means would enable us to increase the 
number of children, and thus diminish the average cost of sup- 
port. It may be that by some perfect system some small 
economies may be effected. But it should be understood, once 
for all, that we do not intend to try any experiment to see 
how small an expenditure may be sufficient to keep the chil- 
dren alive. 

Good homes are sought for orphan children, but to place 
them in homes is not a controlling idea. In fact, a consider- 
able portion of the children who enter the Asylum have one 
or both parents, who, in naany (;ases, i-etain the j)arental hold 



ii|»()ii tlu'iii, not always without l)onefit to the chihlren, and 
wo conhl not, if we wouhl, phice tiieni out in fauiilie.s. 

To n)ake the Institution vahiahle to tlie children received 
in it, to obliterate, as far as may l)e, the shadows and stain*^ 
with which misfortune has darkened their young existence, 
by surrounding them with the life-giving influence of com- 
fort and kindness, of education and happiness — to secure to 
each one, in some measure, the |)ossihility of virtue, are lead- 
ing aims in its management. 

The Managers make no appeal to tlie parsimonious side of 
human nature, by showing how little we can do for children 
and still call the Institution an Asylum. We appeal to the 
children themselves as our witnesses. As they pass out from 
us, arrive at maturity, and become a part of society at large, 
let them testify. To the patrons of the Institution let the 
lives thus rescued and hel]ied, if not redeemed, stand as 
memorials. 

One of the By-laws requires that no child shall be given 
out till it has been in the Institution one year. Thus one 
year's schoolmg is secured. Also, in placing a child out, the 
parties taking it are required to pledge the benefits of a com- 
mon school education to a reasonable extent, as well as regu- 
lar attendance at Church and Sunday School. 

While habits of domestic industry are cultivated as far as 
practicable, in housework, sewing, knitting &c,, the Managers 
believe they are fitting each child for the best use of its fac- 
ulties in the business of life by allowing nothing but sickness 
to interrupt regular attendance at school. In their different 
grades these children compare favorably with those from 
higher walks of life. Their names arc frequently found on 
the "Monthly Roll of Honor," and at the head of classes. 
About seventy (70) children are regularly sent from the Asy- 
lum to the 16th District School of Cincinnati. 

The following extract is from the address of the Honor- 
able Manning F. Force, on the 39th Anniversary of the In- 
stitution : 

" In looking over the records of vour institution, I have l)e<»n 
struck with three thing's. 



" The growth, from its littU? beginning, is something won- 
derful. Just forty years ago a few ladies, ch)sing up a special 
charitable enterprise, found eight dollars left on hand. They 
met together, conferred, and determined to found an Orphan 
Asylum. This little sum was the seed that germinated, grew 
and flourished into the noble institution which you now 
control. 

" This Asylum has always been singidarly identified with 
our society. A notice of its contributors would be a social his- 
tory of Cincinnati. The names of Burnet, Groesbeck and 
Shillito, Longworth, Anderson and King, Pendleton, Bowler 
and Dandridge, Shoenberger, Lytle, Haines, Kilgour, Taylor, 
Carlisle, Bates, Hooper and Jones, have been on the list from 
the beginning. If one were to name the persons of social 
mark who have died or left the city, he could only go over 
the names of former supporters of the Asylum. Reading 
the list of its present contributors is almost calling the roll 
of society. No other institution is so thoroughly socially 
identified with Cincinnati. 

" The other thing I noticed is, the generous spirit in which 
the Asylum is conducted. When I was taking the first les- 
sons in campaigning, an officer of old experience said : ' You 
must make the men comfortable. If they would be efficient, 
they must be comfortable. At any rate, it is your business 
to see that they are comfortable.' It is your rule to see that 
the children are comfortable. Mrs. Perry and Mrs. Broad- 
well, two of your honored Secretaries, have said emphatically 
in their reports that this Asylum is no experiment to see on 
how little a child can be brought up. The intention is to 
make them comfortable. And while care is taken to make 
the administration economical, even economy is subordinate 
to the comfort and happiness of the orphans. You have 
resolved that these waifs, before they are sent adrift again on 
the stream of life, shall have the advantage of a hap])y child- 
hood." 

Number of children at present in the Institution, 115. 
Whole number received down to Juno <J, 1875, 16,632. 



Annual receipts and expenditures do not vary tnucli from 
$10,000. 

The Endowineiit ^^ind, wliicii is int'reasing from year to 
year, does not entirely support the Institution, The deficiency 
is made up by yearly subscriptions, donations, etc. 

The permanent assets, including the asylum lot and im- 
provements on Mount Auburn, $207,200.00. 
Respectfully sul)mitted, 

Mrs. AARON F. PERRY, 

Vice- President Cincinnati Orphan Asylum. 

Mount Auburn, February 24th, 1876. 



ia:iSTOK,"Y" 



JEWISH ORPHAN ASYLUM 

OF DISTRICT Nos. 2, 6 and 7, I. O. B. B. 



The Order of "Benai Berith," or "Sons of the Covenant," 
whose fundamental principles are Benevolence and Charity, 
is divided into various Grand Lodges in the United States. 
In the West and Southwest, District Grand Lodge No. 2 is 
located at Cincinnati, Ohio, under whose jurisdiction at the 
time the following States had Sulwrdinate Lodges and were 
working, viz : Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, 
Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, Mis- 
sissippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama. 

In these States were 76 Subordinate Lodges, with an ag- 
gregate membership of 2,200. 

In the year of 1863, at the session of the District Grand 
Lodge No 2, held at Cleveland, Ohio, it being apparent that 
the Order of Benai Berith in the West had attained suffi- 
cient strength to initiate some project of usefulness outside, 
and additional to the great ])rinciples of the Order, it was, 
on motion of Hon. B. F. Peixotte, of Cleveland, Ohio, and 
Joseph Abraham, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio, unanimously 
resolved that the members of the Order in the territory of 
District No. 2, should pay, in addition to their regular dues, 
a quarterly subscri])ti()n of twenty-five cents, or one dollar 
per year, under the following conditions, and that no ex- 
penditure to be made from such fund for any purpose 
whatever, until a ])hin sliould be ado])ted by the Grand 
liodge for its dis])ositi(ni, .-ind then the wlio]e to he ;iiniilga- 
mated under its dii'ection. 



This resolution was submittcfl to the several Sub- 
ordinate fjodges and unanimously adujitcd. Kaeh Tvodge 
forthwith ele<"tpd a Treasurer to take eai'e of and invest the 
■funds, wdiicli often reeeived additions from donations and 
other sources. It had grown, in the year 18(17, only four 
years after its passage, to the sum of ten thousand dollars 
($10,000). In the year of 18(i7, at the annual meeting of the 
Grand Lodge at Milwaukee, Wis., it was evident that the 
time was fast approaching when the fund raised could be 
used effectively, and resolut;ions were unanimously passed 
to further the object of estal)lishing an Orphan Asylum. A 
Board of Commissioners, consisting of the following five 
gentlemen, w^ere elected, viz : A. Anb, Esq., of Cincinng,ti, 
Ohio; William Kriegshaber, Louisville, Ky ; Isidor Bush, 
St. Louis, Mo. ; A. E. Frankland, Memphis, Tenn. ; E. Bud- 
wig, Cleveland, Ohio. 

They were fully empowered to select a suitable place to 
locate the Orphan Asylum, and collect the funds from the 
various Lodges. 

The Executive Committee had various offers to locate the 
Asylum, but after due and careful consideration they resolved 
to select Cleveland as the healthiest and most desirable spot, 
the more so as a ver}^ eligible and cheap piece of property 
and improvements was offered. 

The Committee unanimously resolved to purchase the 
same at a cost of $31,000, known formerly as the Water Cure 
(with 5^ acres of ground), on Kinsman street, Cleveland, 
Ohio. The time the Committee had to prepare this house 
for its purposes w^as very short, barely four months. The 
entire building underwent repairs to adapt it to its useful- 
ness. Gas and water- works, new sew^ers, bath rooms, closets, 
ventilations, improvements of the grounds w^ere made, in 
fact, all that could be done, with a view to health, safety 
and durability — new wdngs were built. The committee 
expended, in addition to the purchase price, from $25,000 
to $30,000 more for re^iairs and furnishing the house. 



THE ASYLUM 

l8 the tine brick edifice at the upper end of Woodhiwn ave- 
nue, formerly used as a Water Cure establishment. It is 
conceded to be one of the finest pieces of property on the 
continent, and in every way well calculated for the purposes 
for Avhich it is intended. It is situated in the midst of five 
and one-fourth acres of land, beautifully laid out. The 
structure is 350 feet long in the front, and 260 feet deep. 
The Asylum is four stories high, and has upwards of fifty 
large rooms, including school rooms, chapel, offices, Super- 
intendent's apartments, sleeping, eating and cooking rooms. 
The dining room, kitchen, wash and store rooms are in the 
basement ; the laundry is located in a separate building, 
adjoining the main structure, and has been lately erected at 
a cost of $10,000. All the rooms and halls are commodious, 
comfortable, and well ventilated. On the first floor are 
the reception rooms, play rooms. Secretary's and Superin- 
tendent's offices. The second story contains bed rooms, hos- 
pital, wash and bath rooms, wardrobe and linen rooms. On 
the third floor are the school rooms and reserved apart- 
ments. Complete' gymnastic apparatus have been erected 
in the yards in rear of main building. 

INAUGURATION. 

On the 14th day of July, 1868, the Grand f A)dge met at 
Cleveland, Ohio, to receive the report of the Executive Com- 
mittee and to inspect the work. They approved of the Com- 
mittee's actions, and unanimously extended them a vote of 
thanks. The Orphan Asylum was then inaugurated by the 
Grand Lodge oflicers, in the ]ire^ence of a large number of 
friends and i)atrons of the Institution. 

The membershii) of the various Lodges amounted then to 
about 2,500, who, by a unanimous vote, consented to i:>ay 
two dollars per year for each meml)er toward the support of 
the Asyhnn. At tliis (Iraiid Lodge meeting, fundamental 
hiws were adopted witli tiuly phihmthrojtic views, the lead- 
ing governing i>rin('ij)les were, to treat the inmates as mem- 



bers of one family of friends, to fraternize the orplians, to 
make them feel at home, and to ignore in every way any 
feelings of pau})erism or dependence, instilling those nni- 
versal feelings of humanity that all should feel and practi- 
cally promulgate 

Whilst the Asylum is exclusively under the control of the 
various Grand Lodges, yet they passed a law that children, 
whether their jnirents were members of the Order of Benai 
Berith or not, should be entitled to its benefits, and whether 
whole or half ori)hans. 

The mission of an organization such as ours is as much 
to soothe the feelings and elevate the manhood and self- 
esteem of its beneficiaries as to provide for their material 
wants. We intend to provide for the orphan, not alone for 
his bodily wants, not alone for his school education, and not 
alone for his spiritual wants, but we desire to fit him or 
her out fully with the knowledge of a mechanical trade, 
and bring them up as good members of society, to be able, 
after they leave the Asylum, to take care of themselves. 

Without any undue yielding to sentimentality, it is be- 
lieved that, so far, we have accomplished our object. Eight 
years nearly have ])assed since the Institution Avas opened, 
and during this time many practical improvements in all 
departments liave l)een made. New wings were built, to 
enlarge the school rooms, etc., and it is with feelings of 
pride we say that the Jewish Orphan Asylum has attained, 
with its usefulness, a prominence as one of the most cher- 
ished eleemosynary organizations in the United States. 

District (Irand Lodge No. 2 divided itself in two more 
Districts, viz: District Ncj. (5 and No. 7, all in the former 
territory, and this three District Grand Lodges, viz : No. 2, 
6 and 7, elect yearly the requisite number of Trustees, to 
whom is intrusted the entire control and management of 
the Institution. 

THK MANAOKMKN'I' OK 'I'llK .IIOWISll OlIl'llAN ASYLPM. 

The sole managenKmt of the Orphan Asylum is intrusted 
to twelve Trustees, ele(;ted now froni Districts No. 2, 6 and 7, 



the latter two Districts having been formed out of the ter- 
ritory which was originally embraced as District Grand 
Lodge No. 2. 

The various Lodges, Societies and yearly subscribers elect, 
in addition to the Managing or Executive Trustees, thirty 
Directors out of their own Societies, who compose the Board. 
All through the Districts there are local Boards, consisting 
of ladies and gentlemen, who are charged with certifying as 
to the propriety of admitting children from their respective 
localities, superintending their transportation, securing 
proper and legal guardianship, and for providing places 
for the inmates Avhen discharged from the Asylum. 

This feature of securing the services of a number of well 
known charitable persons of both sexes, dispersed over a 
large area, has been developed and maintained; in fact, a 
commendable rivalry, has arisen in some localities that is 
encouraging and of great benefit. 

The Trustees and Directors, who are elected by the re- 
spective Grand Lodges, Societies and yearly subscribers, live 
at i)oints far distant from each other, but they manage to 
attend the regular meetings at Cleveland, Ohio, although 
their duties are arduous and a very severe task on their 
time and patience. 

The Trustees form an Executive Board; they elect their 
respective officers, also the Superintendent, Matron and 
teachers, and appoint all committees. 

The present Board of Trustees consists as follows : 

*A. Aub, President Cincinnati, O 

*A. Wiener, Vice President Cleveland, 

^William Kriegshaber, Secretary Louisville, Ky 

*Jac. Rohrheimer, Treasurer Cleveland, O 

Abe Hart, Trustee Chicago, Ills 

Dr. S. Wolfenstein, '" St. Louis, Mo 

Lazare Kahn, jr., - Selma, Ala 

A. E. Frankland, " Memphis, Tenn 

D. Adler, '• Milwaukee, Wis 

Gus. Levi, ' Quincy, Ills 

M. Selig, " Memj)his, T<'nu 

TL S. Ottenlii'inicr, - Peoria, Ills 



*L. Aufrecht, Es(i Superintendent 

*Mrs. L. Aufrecht Matron 

The officers' names marked *, have been in office since 
the opening of the Asylum. 

APPLICATIONS OF ORPHANS. 

Since the opening of the Orphan Asylum for the recep- 
tion of orphans, from July 14th, 1868, till January 14th, 
1876, or in seven years and six months, we have received 
petitions for 422 orphans, of which, during the period, 206 
left the Asylum, leaving remaining at present 216 orphans, 
which are divided as follows : 

Boys 114 

Girls 102 

Total 216 

Some of the boys discharged are learning trades, such as 
saddler, cigar-maker, candy manufacturer, shoemaker and 
watch making, others are with their relatives or guardians 
in stores. Some of the girls learned the dress making, mil- 
linery, others house and needle- work. Many of those dis- 
charged boys and girls found pleasant homes in families. 

Since July, 1875, the Borrd of Trustees and Directors have 
resolved to establish, in connection with the Asylum, an 
Industrial School on the premises. The shoemaking depart- 
ment has been chosen to commence with, and, if successful, 
other branches will soon be commenced. 

TABLE OF INMATES 

Remainining in the Asylum at the end of the year : 

Ist year, from 1868 till 1869 118 Orphans 

2d " '• 1869 " 1870 138 

3d " " 1870 '' 1871 155 " 

4th " " 1871 " 1872 1&5 

5th - " 1872 " 1873 166 

6th " " 1873 '^ 1874 188 

7th " " 1874 - 1S75 2(X) 

Sth " i>art 1875 " 1S76 216 " 



Age 
o 


1 
yviin 

a 
li 


AKI.K 


OK a<;k 


•< AND 


SKXliS 


OK 


THE IN^ 

Boys. 
2 

.. <i 
.. 9 
.. 4 
.. l(i 
.. 17 
.. 20 
.. 1() 
.. 14 


lATKS. 

Girls. 

1 

8 

7 

10 
15 
14 

9 
13 
13 
11 

1 


Total. 
3 


H 












14 


7 












16 


8 












14 


9 












31 


10 












31 


11 












29 


1'^ 












29 


13 












27 


14 












.. 7 
.. 3 


18 


15 












4 



114 102 216 

TABLE OF FORMER RESIDENCES. 

Prom the State of Ohio 49 Orphans 

" " Indiana 17 '' 

" Illinois 19 

" " Kentucky 17 

" loAva 2 

" " Michigan 15 

" Tennessee 30 

" " Missouri 37 

" " Mississippi 11 

" Texas 1 

" " Wisconsin 5 

" " Minnesota 2 

" " Kansas 3 

" " Arkansas 3 

" Alabama 2 

" " Louisiana 3 

Total 216 



TABLE 



Showing the number of inmates and total expense each f/ear, and the pwpoiiioii 
of expense for each inmate per i/ear and per da>/. 



Year. 



N»^ber Nearly : Per capita J^%^ 
inmate.. «^''«°^«- P^'" y^'^'"- p^ly. 



1st. 1869 •. 

2d. 1870 

3d. 1871 

4th, 1872 

5th, 1873 

C.th,1874 

7th. 1875 

8th, 1876, calculated only ti month? 

Total 



118 
138 
155 
165 
166 
188 
200 
216 



$22,000 00 
23,179 91 
25,442 39 
25,912 81 
26,377 21 
27.088 45 
29.302 85 
15.000 00 



1.346 «194.303 52 



186 44 
167 97 
]tV. 16 



51 
46 
45 



157 07 


43 


158 96 


43 


144 09 


40 


141 51 


39 


69 44 


38 


155 50 


43 



In the above calculation of yearly and daily average ex- 
penses of the inmates, it is remarked here that the sum 
includes all expenses for salaries, wages, ordinary repairs, 
printing, etc. 

THE HEALTH. 

, Great care is taken b}- the Board as to the sanitary condi- 
tion of our inmates. Sufficient room is allotted to all sleeping 
departments. Cleanliness, ventilation and regularity in 
habits are the rules most rigidly adhered to. The depart- 
ments for the boys and girls are sejiarated. A very large 
space of the grounds is allotted for exercises, such as drill- 
ing, gymnastic and general useful plays. In case of unfa- 
vorable weather at various seasons, where no outside sports 
can be had, large halls are provided to exercise in the same 
sports in comfortable rooms. 

When it is considered that the very severe weather in 
winter, and the great heat in summer, must necessarily be 
very injurious to children of tender ages, who all came from 
different climes, it is with pride to state that the general 
condition of health is very good — beyond expectations. 



Twic'c has the Institution l)cen visitinl vvitli scarl(;t fever, 
and at each and every year witii other ailments, such as 
colds, sore throats, and kidney and other sporadic cases of 
acute diseases. During all the time we have only lost four 
children — two boys and two girls. 

Plenty of good, substantial and well prepared food, at three 
regular meals daily, is gi ven to the children. Warm clothes 
and stout shoes in the winter, as })rotectien against cold 
weather, and lighter clothes in the summer, open air exer- 
cises after school hours, preserve the excellent state of health 
enjoyed by its inmates. 

Three physicians have kindly volunteered to render all 
assistance in case of need, and nobly have they at all times 
performed their duty. Their names are Dr. P. Roeder, Dr. 
M. Rosenwasser, and Dr. Joseph Aub. 

THE DISCIPLINE 

Is rarely ever infringed upon, as a general rule. The chil- 
dren are very tractable, and obey all orders, rules and regu- 
lations of their superiors with alacrity, cheerfulness and 
pleasure. Among themselves, they are very social and 
obliging in manner, and act toward each other more as 
brothers and sisters than as strangers. This happy result, 
suit, in the beginning, caused a great deal of labor and 
patience to bring about, but the fruit is now abundantly 
reaped without much trouble by the new comers, who at 
once find themselves in their situation, and cheerfully 
behave themselves as they see and notice from the older 
inmates. No undue strength or force of rules are used, or 
permitted to be used. 

EDUCATION. 

The education of our orphans forms the main feature of 
our Institution. We have established in the asylum an 
elementary school since the last seven years. There are 
seven teachers engaged, under the supervision of the Super- 
intendent, Mr. L. Aufreeht. All the children are classified 
according to knowledge, and taugiit in well graded classes 



the following branches, viz : Residing, S))elling, Avithnietic, 
Penmanship, (Iramniar, (re()iira])hy, Hel)iew and (lerman, 
Drawing and Singing. As soon as a cjiild is lit to enter the 
C Grammar grade, it is sent to the Puljlic h^ehool for its 
(secular) education. At present thirty-seven of our inmates 
attend the Public Schools. Our Institution is greath^ in- 
debted to the city school authorities for this privilege. 

Our female inmates are also taught the different kind of 
needle-work, such as knitting, sewing, crocheting and em- 
brodering. They have also to assist in the different branches 
of the housework. The boys, after school hours, are kept at 
all kind of work about the house and grounds, assisting the 
gardener in the cultivation of flowers and vegetables. The 
happiest results in the educational department have been 
achieved in all its branches, and Ave may proudly say our 
school is second to none. 

We have four sessions daily, two in the forenoon and two 
in the afternoon ; a recess of twenty minutes between the 
sessions, and two hours' intermission at noon. This inter- 
val between the sessions, with the two hours of play between 
breakfast and school time, and one and a half hour of leis- 
ure from the close of school until supper, give the scholars, 
during the day, fully six hours of recreation for play, gym- 
nastic exercises, drill and useful Avork about the house. 
Fully one hour before breakfast in the Avinter, and tAvo 
hours in the summer, all the children have to rise, dress and 
wash themselves, and repair to the chapel for the morning 
prayers. 

In the Avinter season the smaller children retire one hour 
after supper, Avhile the older ones remain in the school- 
rooms to prepare for their various lessons. In the summer 
season the time is extended, and the inmates have to rise 
earlier and retire later. 

Divine service is held every Sal)bath and holiday, which 
is conducted by the older boys, with the choir of the in- 
mates. At the yearly anniversaries of deceased donators to 
the " Sinking Fund," prayers are offered by the orphans. 



The follow ill*;" table will show the present classilieatioii of 
the schohirs, <>iviiiii". also, their average ajjji^ in each iii-ade. 

^AT THE ASYLUM. 

No. of Scholars. Av. Age. 

In the Nursery 11 5 years 2 mos 

DPrimary 27 (5 " 6 " 

*' C Primary 32 i) " 1 '' 

B Primary 58 10 '' 3 " 

APrimary 27 11 " 8 " 

" D Grammar 23 12 " 6 " 

AT THE PTTBLTC SCHOOLS. 

In the C Grammar 15 13 " 3 " 

" B Grammar 14 12 " 9 " 

" A Grammar 6 13 " 8 " 

D High School 3 14 " 6 " 

C " 2 15 " 3 " 

Doing house work, girls 3 15 " 6 " 

Total 216 

It will be noticed at once that the children are rather 
young for their intellectual standing, especially if it is taken 
in consideration that they come from different States and 
climes, many of them having had in their early days, on 
account of poverty, very little chances of getting even a 
school education. 

THE REVENUE 

Of the Orphan Asylum is secured from — 

1st, The regular dues of the members of Lodges. 

2d, The regular dues of Auxiliary Associations. 

,3d, The earnings and interest of the sinking fund. 

4th, Payment of reguhir life and annual members. 

5th, Annual donations and voluntary contributions. 

6th, From any other available source, such as proceeds of 
balls, concerts, fairs and pic-nics. 

7tli, Legacies. 



'Vhv t'ollovviug tal)lf' will show the number of Ii(><l«;ps and 
their meiiihershi]) in each Distiict, also the iiuniher of Aux- 
iliary Societies : 

Lodges. Members. 

District Grand Lodge No. 2 : 31 2,586 

" 6 28 1,785 

" 7 44 1,859 

Total 108 *6,230 

Number. Members. 

Auxiliary Societies 24 Societies 

Paying, in the aggregate, about $5,000 00 

Yearly members " " 10,000 00 

CONCLUSION. 

We beg to state that the ruling ]Hirpose and intention of 
the friends and patrons of this Institution, is a disposition 
to prevent pauperism. It is lamentable to observe, in gen- 
eral, how pauperism is nourished and increased in conse- 
quence of the humiliating manner in which relief is fre- 
quently offered. Independent, then, of the actual work 
done by this Asylum, the managers, for themselves and for 
the supporters, believe that they are solving the great social 
problem, whether it is not best so to treat dependers on char- 
ity that they will be able to enter on the trials of life with 
feelings clouded with no humiliating memories. It has 
often been asserted that union is one of heaven's blessings, 
and true it is, for wherever its beneficial sway is felt, there 
prosperity and happiness abide. 

Thanks to the Almighty, who, in His infinite wisdom 
and goodness, has instilled such noble feelings of charity 
into the hearts of the friends and benefactors of our Insti- 
tution. Without exaggeration it may be justly said we 
have achieved victories ; we have reared a monument which 
is an honor to the Benai Berith and to our country. 

The Order of "Benai Berith" in general, the District 
Grand Lodges Nos. 2, 6 and 7, and the friends and patrons 

'■'At S2.00 dues per annum. 



in particular, have reason to be proud of tlie result of their 
philanthropic actions, and see the living monument, the 
Jewish Orphan Asylum, at Cleveland, Ohio, flourishing as 
the result of united action. The past and generous and no- 
ble etibrts of our co-religionists are ample guarntee for the 
future, for 

"The broad principle of charity is our foundation, 
And unity our success." 

Respectfully submitted, 

WM. KRIEGSHABER, Secj/. 



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WIDOWS' HOME. 



The Widows' Home uud Asylum tor Aged and Indigent 
Women is located on Mount Auburn, in Cincinnati. 

In 1848 Mrs. Lyman Beecher, Mrs. Mansfield and 
others, had occasion to visit a friend sick at the hos})ital 
— one who had been reared in affluence. They found 
her in one of the crowded wards, sad and troubled because 
of her unpleasant surroundings. 

These ladies were moved to provide for their friend 
some place where, while her poverty was accepted, her 
associations would be more pleasant. And thus moved, 
they called a meeting in Ajtril, 1848, in the basement of 
the Second Presbyterian Church, and proceeded to organ- 
ize an association to provide a home for aged and indigent 
women. 

The association prospered, and in May, 1851, they ob- 
tained a charter from the Legislature, and became a cor- 
poration. Messrs. Shillitp, Burnet, Reeder and McLean 
donated ground. Dr. Wesley Smead donated fourteen 
thousand dollars towards the erection of a suitable building, 
which was completed in 1852. Dr. Smead also gave six 
thousand dollars as a nucleu* for an endowment fund to be 
used for current expenses. Dr. Smead devoted much 
time to the advancement of the project, and afterwards 
donated five thousand dollars additional. 

By bequests and donations the fund is now about one 
hundred and twelve thousand dollars, exclusive of house 



and grounds, worth some forty to titty thousand doUars. 
The interest on this fund, with the annual voluntary sub- 
scriptions of the citizens of Cincinnati, pay the current 
expenses, and keep up the house and grounds. 

The present number of inmates is forty-six. Since its 
organization, one hundred and twenty-seven iiave been 
admitted, sixty have diefl in and Ijeen buried from the 
Home, fourteen have left the Home to reside with 
friends ; four were dismissed, and three sent to lunatic 
asylums. Tlie cost of maintenance is about one hundred 
and tifty dollars per annum for each inmate. 

The house has been full for years. There are many 
applications for admission which have to be refused. 

There are liundreds who would receive the benefits of 
the Home were the accomodations ample and means suf- 
ficient. 

The management is under the control (>f twenty-four 
ladies. There are three fiscal trustees, who have charge 
of the funds and property of the incorporation, 

The applicants for admission must be of good moral 
character, not less than sixty years of age, and able her- 
self, or b}' aid of friends, to pay an admission fee of one 
hundred dollars. 

When received, tliey have a home for the remainder 
of theii- lives. 

The average age of present inmates is seventy-four. 

The discipline adopted has been with a view to make 
the Institution a home for the inmates. There are no 
ascetic rules, but a tone of domestic, home-like influence 
is sought. No uniformity of dress is required, no rigid 
discipline as to conduct, but, so far as practicable, the 
individuality of each inmate is recognized. 

The details of the household, and so all the atfairs of 
the Institution, are carefully watched over by the Man- 
agers ; anil to this end the Managers are divided into com- 
mittees of two, who, in weekly rotation, su[)erintend the 
house. 



There iire, in addition, eight comtnittees, to whom are 
distributed the various duties of suppUes and manage- 
ment. The action of all are directed and revised by the 
entire Board monthly. 

Mr. O. J. Wilson has recently donated to the Widows' 
Home, and a proposed Old Man's Home, twenty acres of 
valuable and highly improved land on College Hill, near 
the city, together with money to aid in the erection of 
suitable buildings. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



022 166 930 7 



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